Jump to content

Elizabeth J. Feinler: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,416,926 edits
Alter: template type. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | #UCB_webform 2450/3568
Elizabeth j. Feinler Assignment
Tags: Reverted Visual edit
Line 26: Line 26:
}}
}}


==Education and Background==
''' Elizabeth Jocelyn''' "'''Jake'''" ''' Feinler''' (born March 2, 1931) is an American [[information scientist]]. From 1972 until 1989 she was director of the Network Information Systems Center at the [[SRI International|Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI International). Her group operated the [[InterNIC|Network Information Center]] (NIC) for the [[ARPANET]] as it evolved into the [[Defense Data Network]] (DDN) and the [[Internet]].<ref name="oral2009">{{cite book |last=Weber |first=Marc |date=10 September 2009 |title=Feinler, Elizabeth oral history |series=Oral histories online |volume=102702199 |location=Mountain View, CA |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |id=X5378.2009 |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102702199 |access-date=September 29, 2013}}</ref>
Elizabeth J. Feinler, nicknamed “Jake”, was born on March 2nd, 1921, and raised in Wheeling, West Virginia [4][5]. She completed her undergraduate studies at West Liberty University in West Virginia, earning a B.S. degree in chemistry in 1954 [2]. She then went on to Purdue University to pursue graduate work in biochemistry. Elizabeth is credited with originating the term "dot com" and played a pivotal role as a trailblazer in the Internet's development [2]. Her contributions include overseeing the Network Information Center for the Science Research Center, where she played a key role in developing menu-driven computer interfaces and establishing the naming registry for global web domains [1]. Elizabeths contributions to the early stages of Internet search engine development, showcases her versatile expertise in the STEM field.

==Early life and education==
Feinler was born on March 2, 1931, in [[Wheeling, West Virginia]], where she also grew up.<ref name="oral2002"/><ref name="oral2009"/> In 1954, she received an undergraduate degree from [[West Liberty State College]], the first from her family to attend college.


==Career==
==Career==
After graduating Purdue University, Elizabeth joined Shuman Chemical Co., where she worked on creating nutritional supplements for individuals with phenylketonuria. In 1958, she joined Chemical Abstracts Service in Columbus, OH, as the role of Assistant Editor for the Chemical Abstracts 5th Decennial Index [4]. Elizabeth's journey into information science continued in 1960 when she headed the Information Research Department at SRI International. In 1972, she delved into Internet-related work as a member of Dr. Douglas Enelbart's Augmentation Research Center [4]. During this time, she played a pivotal role in pioneering and managing ARPNET - at which she became an expert at - and the Defense Data Network (DDN), including network information centers (NIC), under a Department of Defense contract [3]. At ARPANET, she compiled and wrote documentation to help users access and use the network [1]. She also created the first ARPANET Resource Handbook, which in turn led to the development of the ARPANET directory [5]. Gaining a higher position, by 1974, Elizabeth had become the Principal Investigator for the NIC project. From 1985 to 1989, she served as the Director of the Network Information Systems Center at SRI International [4]. Managing the host Naming Registry of the Internet from 1972 to 1989, Elizabeth and her team were vital in developing the .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, .org, and .net domains, which are still used on the Internet today. [2] Their work extended to creating the first ‘yellow’ and "white page" servers, pioneering WHOIS servers and they developed the early model for the current email system, PCSam, facilitating the download of emails from server machines to personal computers [3]. Elizabeth's role expanded to editor-in-chief for various Internet publications, including the DoD Protocol handbook, DoD Protocol Implementations, Vendors Guide, Arpanet/DDN Resource Handbook, and more. In 1989, she transitioned to Sterlin Software Corporation, working as a contractor for NASA Ames Research Center [4]. Her responsibilities included Network Requirements Manager, aiding in the setup of the NASA Science internet and Globe NICs, and contributing to the development and management of the NASA World Wide Web [4].
===Early career===
Feinler was working toward a [[Ph.D.]] in [[biochemistry]] from [[Purdue University]] when she decided to earn some money by working for a year or two before starting on her thesis. Working at the [[Chemical Abstracts Service]] in [[Columbus, Ohio]], she served as an assistant editor on a huge project to index the world's chemical compounds. There she became intrigued with the challenges of creating such large data compilations and never returned to biochemistry. Instead, in 1960, she relocated to [[California]] and joined the Information Research Department at the [[Stanford Research Institute]] (now SRI International) where she worked to develop the ''Handbook of Psychopharmacology'' and the ''Chemical Process Economics Handbook''.<ref name="CHM">{{cite news |title= Internet History Buff: Jake Feinler |author= Eleanor Dickman |work= Focus on People section in CORE 2.2 |publisher= Computer Museum History Center, Moffett Field, California |page= 14 |date= May 2001 |url= http://www.computerhistory.org/core/backissues/pdf/core_2_2.pdf |access-date= April 8, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121001061700/http://www.computerhistory.org/core/backissues/pdf/core_2_2.pdf |archive-date= October 1, 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>


Throughout the rest of her life, Elizabeth was a founding member of the Internet Engineering Task Force, founder of the USing working group a member of ASIS, IEEE, and ACM, and became a Delegate at Large to the White House Conference on Libraries and Information Centers [1]. In 2000, Elizabeth rightfully so earned induction into the SRI Alumni Hall of Fame [4]. Although she is currently retired, Elizabeth remains active by volunteering for the Computer History Museum Elizabeth, where she donated, organized, and described over 350 boxes of archives from the Engelbart and NIC projects, continuing to leave a lasting impact in the the STEM field [4].
===ARPANET and NIC===
Feinler was leading the Literature Research section of SRI's library when, in 1972, [[Doug Engelbart]] recruited her to join his [[Augmentation Research Center]] (ARC), which was sponsored by the [[Information Processing Techniques Office]] of the US [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Project Agency]] (DARPA). Her first task was to write a ''Resource Handbook'' for the first demonstration of the [[ARPANET]] at the International Computer Communication Conference. By 1974 she was the principal investigator to help plan and run the new Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET.<ref name="SRIBio">{{cite web |title= Elizabeth J. Feinler |work= SRI Alumni Hall of Fame |year= 2000 |url= https://archive.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler |access-date= 2020-02-17 |archive-date= 2022-02-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220210093554/https://archive.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/gallery/photos/w11.html|title=Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler|work=Stanford MouseSite|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|access-date=2012-07-29}}</ref>


== Impact ==
The NIC provided reference service to users (initially over the phone and by physical mail), maintained and published a directory of people (the "white pages"), a resource handbook (the "yellow pages", a list of services) and the protocol handbook. After the Network Operations Center at [[BBN Technologies|Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] brought new hosts onto the network, the NIC registered names, provided access control for terminals, audit trail and billing information, and distributed Request for Comments (RFCs).<ref>{{cite IETF |last1=Crocker |first1=Steve |authorlink1=Steve Crocker |date=April 1969 |title=Documentation Conventions |rfc=3 |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]}}</ref> Feinler, working with [[Steve Crocker]], [[Jon Postel]], [[Joyce K. Reynolds|Joyce Reynolds]] and other members of the Network Working Group (NWG), developed RFCs into the official set of technical notes for the ARPANET and later the [[Internet]]. The NIC provided the first links to on-line documents using the [[NLS (computer system)|NLS]] Journal system developed at ARC.<ref name="SRIBio"/> Engelbart continued leading-edge research in the ARC, while the NIC provided a service to all network users. This led to establishing the NIC as a separate project with Feinler as manager.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author1= Thierry Bardini |author-link= Thierry Bardini |author2= Michael Friedewald |title= Chronicle of the Death of a Laboratory: Douglas Engelbart and the Failure of the Knowledge Workshop |series= [[History of Technology (book series)|History of Technology]] |year= 2002 |volume= 23 |pages= 192–212 |isbn=978-0-8264-5616-8 |url= http://www.friedewald-family.de/Publikationen/HoT2002.pdf }}</ref>
Elizabeth Fienler made an immense impact on the cyberspace world due to the many roles she took on through working at ARPANET, DDN, and NIC, which are the forerunners of today’s Internet. Her work and research, influenced other researchers and the greater population which is especially shown through her creating the concept behind the model of modern email systems and influence on domain phrasing. There is no one else like her, especially not a female, who was as involved with creating one of the first computer networks in the world. It’s inspiring how one woman’s innovations were so monumental in advancing technology that life in the 21st century, which is fully reliant on the Internet, would not function as it is now if it weren’t for Elizabeth.


⚫
==References==
The NWG and Feinler's team defined a simple text file format for host names in 1974,<ref>{{cite IETF |last1=Kudlick |first1=M.D. |date=January 10, 1974 |title=Host names on-line |rfc=608 |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]}}</ref> and revised the format several times as the networks evolved.<ref>{{cite IETF |last1=Feinler |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Harrenstien |first2=Ken |last3=Su |first3=Zaw-Sing |last4=White |first4=Vic |date=1 March 1982 |title=DoD Internet Host Table Specification |rfc=810 |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite IETF |last1=Harrenstien |first1=K. |last2=Stahl |first2=M. |last3=Feinler |first3=E. |date=October 1985 |title=DoD Internet Host Table Specification |rfc=952 |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]}}</ref> The host table itself was continuously updated on almost a daily basis. In 1975, the [[Defense Information Systems Agency|Defense Communication Agency]] (DCA) took operational control and support, and over time split the ARPANET into research and military networks. DCA used the name [[Defense Data Network]] to refer to the combination, and the NIC served as its information center. When [[e-mail]] and the [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP) became available around 1976, the NIC used them to deliver information to users via the network.<ref name="SRIBio"/> In 1977, Postel moved to the [[Information Sciences Institute]], and the RFC editor and number assignment functions moved with him, while the NIC stayed at SRI. By 1979, Feinler and her group were working on ways to scale up the name service.<ref>{{cite IETF |last1=Pickens |first1=John R. |last2=Feinler |first2=Elizabeth J. |last3=Mathis |first3=James E. |date=July 1979 |title=The NIC Name Server—A Datagram Based Information Utility |rfc=756 |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]}} Also published in the proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Conference on Distributed Data Management and Computer Networks.</ref> In 1982, an Internet protocol was defined by Ken Harrenstien and Vic White in her group to access the online directory of people, called [[Whois]].<ref>{{cite IETF |last1=Harrenstien |first1=Ken |last2=White |first2=Vic |date=1 March 1982 |title=NICNAME/WHOIS |rfc=812 |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]}}</ref> As the Internet expanded, the [[Domain Name System]] was designed to handle the growth by delegating naming authority to distributed name servers. Her group became the overall naming authority of the Internet, developing and managing the [[Domain name registry|name registries]] of the [[top-level domain]]s of <code>.mil</code>, <code>.gov</code>, <code>.edu</code>, <code>.org</code>, and <code>.com</code>.<ref>{{cite IETF |last1=Postel |first1=J. |author1-link=Jon Postel |last2=Reynolds |first2=J. |author2-link=Joyce K. Reynolds |date=October 1984 |title=Domain Requirements |rfc=920 |publisher=[[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]}}</ref> Even the names of the top-level domains, based on generic categories such as <code>.com</code> were suggestions of the NIC team, approved by the Internet developer community.
1. ''Elizabeth Feinler and the History of the Internet''. (n.d.). New-York Historical Society. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/elizabeth-feinler-and-the-history-of-the-internet


2. ''Elizabeth J Feinler - Wall of Honor''. (2022, July 6). Alumni Affairs. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://westliberty.edu/alumni/wall-of-honor/name/elizabeth-feinler/
===Later career===
After Feinler left SRI, in 1989, she worked as a network requirements manager and helped develop guidelines for managing the NASA Science Internet (NSI) NIC at the [[NASA Ames Research Center]].
Feinler donated an extensive collection of early Internet papers to the [[Computer History Museum]] in [[Mountain View, California]], and after she retired from NASA in 1996 worked as a volunteer at the museum to organize the material.<ref name="CHM"/>
She published a history of the NIC in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |title= The Network Information Center and its Archives |journal= Annals of the History of Computing |author= Elizabeth Feinler |date= July–September 2010 |volume= 32 |issue=3 |pages= 83–89 |doi= 10.1109/MAHC.2010.54 |s2cid= 206443021 }}</ref> In 2012, Feinler was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 2012 Inductees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213033309/http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 |date=2012-12-13 }}, [[Internet Hall of Fame]] website. Last accessed April 24, 2012</ref> In July, 2013 she received<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetsociety.org/Elizabeth-Feinler-2013-Postel-Award|title=Elizabeth Feinler Receives 2013 Jonathan B. Postel Service Award - Internet Society|website=internetsociety.org}}</ref> the Jonathan B. Postel Service Award "for her contributions to the early development and administration of the Internet through her leadership of the Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET".


3. ''Elizabeth Feinler | Internet Hall of Fame.''(n.d.). Internet Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/elizabeth-feinler
'''<big>Retirement</big>'''


4. ''Official Biography: Elizabeth Feinler | Internet Hall of Fame.'' (n.d.). Internet Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.internethalloffame.org/official-biography-elizabeth-feinler
At the turn of the 21st century, Feinler was inducted into the [https://srialumni.org/halloffame-archive.html#2000 SRI Alumni Hall of Fame]. In retirement she consistently volunteers at the [[Computer History Museum]] located in Mountain View, California. Feinler describes her role at CHM:<blockquote>"Over the years, while running the Network Information Center (NIC) on the Internet, I collected close to 1500 shelf feet of papers pertaining to the Internet. Currently I am working as a volunteer at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View to organize these papers. I am also writing a Finding Aid to assist scholars who may want to use the collection. It will describe the contents, significance, and organization scheme of the collection. While most in Silicon Valley are charging ahead, I can safely say I am going backwards. :-) If you haven't been to the museum, check it out. It has a great collection of artifacts, exhibits and documents. In May the Babbage Machine exhibit opens. Who can resist a computer with 8,000 mechanical moving parts!!!!"<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>


5. ''People in Computing #5: Women Who Shaped the Internet.'' (2021, March 8). ACM Selects. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://selects.acm.org/selections/people-in-computing-5-women-who-shaped-the-internet
==Nickname==
Feinler explains how she got her nickname, "Jake":
<blockquote>When I was born, [[double name]]s were popular. My real name is Elizabeth Jocelyn Feinler, and my family was going to call me Betty Jo to match my sister’s name, Mary Lou. Only two at the time, my sister’s version of Betty Jo sounded like Baby Jake. I always say, Thank goodness they dropped the "Baby".<ref name="CHM"/></blockquote>

⚫
==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 62: Line 52:
*[http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/ "Internet History 1969"], web pages, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA, US
*[http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/ "Internet History 1969"], web pages, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA, US
*[http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/gallery/photos/w11.html "Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler photos"], MouseSite Photo Gallery, Science and Technology in the Making (STIM) web site, Stanford University, Stanford, California, US
*[http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/gallery/photos/w11.html "Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler photos"], MouseSite Photo Gallery, Science and Technology in the Making (STIM) web site, Stanford University, Stanford, California, US
* {{cite web |title= Jake Feinler |author= Frode Hegland and Fleur Klijnsma |work= Invisible Revolution Web documentary |location= London |url= http://www.invisiblerevolution.net/video-jake.html |access-date= April 13, 2011 }} Video of interview.
* {{cite web |title=Jake Feinler |author=Frode Hegland and Fleur Klijnsma |work=Invisible Revolution Web documentary |location=London |url=http://www.invisiblerevolution.net/video-jake.html |access-date=April 13, 2011}} Video of interview.
* {{cite web |title= ARPANET Protocol Handbook |editor= Elizabeth Feinler and Jon Postel|url= http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102659862 |work= NIC 7104 |publisher= Network Information Center (NIC), SRI International |date= January 1978 |access-date= April 13, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121001061727/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102659862 |archive-date= October 1, 2012 |url-status= dead }}
* {{cite web |title= ARPANET Protocol Handbook |editor= Elizabeth Feinler and Jon Postel|url= http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102659862 |work= NIC 7104 |publisher= Network Information Center (NIC), SRI International |date= January 1978 |access-date= April 13, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121001061727/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102659862 |archive-date= October 1, 2012 |url-status= dead }}


Revision as of 19:01, 5 December 2023

Elizabeth "Jake" Feinler
Jake Feinler, c.2011
Born
Elizabeth Jocelyn Feinler

(1931-03-02) March 2, 1931 (age 93)[1]
Wheeling, West Virginia, U.S.
Nationality
  • American
Alma materWest Liberty State College and Purdue University
Known forRunning the original ARPANET NIC at SRI
Scientific career
FieldsComputer science
InstitutionsSRI, NASA Ames, Computer History Museum

Education and Background

Elizabeth J. Feinler, nicknamed “Jake”, was born on March 2nd, 1921, and raised in Wheeling, West Virginia [4][5]. She completed her undergraduate studies at West Liberty University in West Virginia, earning a B.S. degree in chemistry in 1954 [2]. She then went on to Purdue University to pursue graduate work in biochemistry. Elizabeth is credited with originating the term "dot com" and played a pivotal role as a trailblazer in the Internet's development [2]. Her contributions include overseeing the Network Information Center for the Science Research Center, where she played a key role in developing menu-driven computer interfaces and establishing the naming registry for global web domains [1]. Elizabeths contributions to the early stages of Internet search engine development, showcases her versatile expertise in the STEM field.

Career

After graduating Purdue University, Elizabeth joined Shuman Chemical Co., where she worked on creating nutritional supplements for individuals with phenylketonuria. In 1958, she joined Chemical Abstracts Service in Columbus, OH, as the role of Assistant Editor for the Chemical Abstracts 5th Decennial Index [4]. Elizabeth's journey into information science continued in 1960 when she headed the Information Research Department at SRI International. In 1972, she delved into Internet-related work as a member of Dr. Douglas Enelbart's Augmentation Research Center [4]. During this time, she played a pivotal role in pioneering and managing ARPNET - at which she became an expert at - and the Defense Data Network (DDN), including network information centers (NIC), under a Department of Defense contract [3]. At ARPANET, she compiled and wrote documentation to help users access and use the network [1]. She also created the first ARPANET Resource Handbook, which in turn led to the development of the ARPANET directory [5]. Gaining a higher position, by 1974, Elizabeth had become the Principal Investigator for the NIC project. From 1985 to 1989, she served as the Director of the Network Information Systems Center at SRI International [4]. Managing the host Naming Registry of the Internet from 1972 to 1989, Elizabeth and her team were vital in developing the .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, .org, and .net domains, which are still used on the Internet today. [2] Their work extended to creating the first ‘yellow’ and "white page" servers, pioneering WHOIS servers and they developed the early model for the current email system, PCSam, facilitating the download of emails from server machines to personal computers [3]. Elizabeth's role expanded to editor-in-chief for various Internet publications, including the DoD Protocol handbook, DoD Protocol Implementations, Vendors Guide, Arpanet/DDN Resource Handbook, and more. In 1989, she transitioned to Sterlin Software Corporation, working as a contractor for NASA Ames Research Center [4]. Her responsibilities included Network Requirements Manager, aiding in the setup of the NASA Science internet and Globe NICs, and contributing to the development and management of the NASA World Wide Web [4].

Throughout the rest of her life, Elizabeth was a founding member of the Internet Engineering Task Force, founder of the USing working group a member of ASIS, IEEE, and ACM, and became a Delegate at Large to the White House Conference on Libraries and Information Centers [1]. In 2000, Elizabeth rightfully so earned induction into the SRI Alumni Hall of Fame [4]. Although she is currently retired, Elizabeth remains active by volunteering for the Computer History Museum Elizabeth, where she donated, organized, and described over 350 boxes of archives from the Engelbart and NIC projects, continuing to leave a lasting impact in the the STEM field [4].

Impact

Elizabeth Fienler made an immense impact on the cyberspace world due to the many roles she took on through working at ARPANET, DDN, and NIC, which are the forerunners of today’s Internet. Her work and research, influenced other researchers and the greater population which is especially shown through her creating the concept behind the model of modern email systems and influence on domain phrasing. There is no one else like her, especially not a female, who was as involved with creating one of the first computer networks in the world. It’s inspiring how one woman’s innovations were so monumental in advancing technology that life in the 21st century, which is fully reliant on the Internet, would not function as it is now if it weren’t for Elizabeth.

References

1. Elizabeth Feinler and the History of the Internet. (n.d.). New-York Historical Society. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/elizabeth-feinler-and-the-history-of-the-internet

2. Elizabeth J Feinler - Wall of Honor. (2022, July 6). Alumni Affairs. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://westliberty.edu/alumni/wall-of-honor/name/elizabeth-feinler/

3. Elizabeth Feinler | Internet Hall of Fame.(n.d.). Internet Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/elizabeth-feinler

4. Official Biography: Elizabeth Feinler | Internet Hall of Fame. (n.d.). Internet Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://www.internethalloffame.org/official-biography-elizabeth-feinler

5. People in Computing #5: Women Who Shaped the Internet. (2021, March 8). ACM Selects. Retrieved December 5, 2023, from https://selects.acm.org/selections/people-in-computing-5-women-who-shaped-the-internet

  • Elizabeth Feinler's bibliography from dblp: Computer Science Bibliography
  • "Internet History 1969", web pages, Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA, US
  • "Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler photos", MouseSite Photo Gallery, Science and Technology in the Making (STIM) web site, Stanford University, Stanford, California, US
  • Frode Hegland and Fleur Klijnsma. "Jake Feinler". Invisible Revolution Web documentary. London. Retrieved April 13, 2011. Video of interview.
  • Elizabeth Feinler and Jon Postel, ed. (January 1978). "ARPANET Protocol Handbook". NIC 7104. Network Information Center (NIC), SRI International. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
  1. ^ Interviewed by Janet Abbate (July 8, 2002). "Oral-History:Elizabeth "Jake" Feinler". Interview # 597. IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_J._Feinler&oldid=1188485007"