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[[File:Provincial Transportation, Carabao Sled (1913).png|thumb|A carabao sled in the Philippines (c. 1913)]]
[[File:Provincial Transportation, Carabao Sled (1913).png|thumb|A carabao sled in the Philippines (c. 1913)]]


Water buffalo are well adapted to a hot and humid climate. Water availability is of high importance in hot climates since they need wallows, rivers, or splashing water to reduce the heat load and [[Stress (mechanics)|thermal stress]].<ref name="Borghese2005">{{cite web |last1=Borthese |first1=Antonio |last2=Mazzi |first2=M. |title=Buffalo Production and Research: Buffalo Population and Strategies in the World |url=http://www.cienciaanimal.ufpa.br/CA_selecao/M/2010/biblio/Prod/complem/Borghese_2005.pdf |website=[[Federal University of Pará]] |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], Regional Office for Europe |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020232147/http://www.cienciaanimal.ufpa.br/CA_selecao/M/2010/biblio/Prod/complem/Borghese_2005.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |pages=1–39 |date=October 20, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Swamp buffaloes prefer to wallow in a mudhole that they make with the horns. Their objective is to acquire a thick coating of mud. They thrive on many [[aquatic plant]]s and in time of flood will graze submerged, raising their heads above the water and carrying quantities of edible plants. They eat [[Reed (plant)|reeds]], the [[Arundo donax|giant reed]], [[bulrush]], [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], the [[Eichhornia crassipes|common water hyacinth]], and [[Juncaceae|rushes]]. Green fodders are used widely for intensive milk production and for fattening. Many fodder crops are conserved as hay, chaffed, or pulped. Trials in the Philippines showed that the carabao, on poor-quality roughage, had a better feed conversion rate than cattle.<ref name= Cockrill1977/>
Water buffalo are well adapted to a hot and humid climate. Water availability is of high importance in hot climates since they need wallows, rivers, or splashing water to reduce the heat load and [[Stress (mechanics)|thermal stress]].<ref name="Borghese2005">{{cite web |last1=Borthese |first1=Antonio |last2=Mazzi |first2=M. |title=Buffalo Production and Research: Buffalo Population and Strategies in the World |url=http://www.cienciaanimal.ufpa.br/CA_selecao/M/2010/biblio/Prod/complem/Borghese_2005.pdf |website=[[Federal University of Pará]] |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], Regional Office for Europe |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020232147/http://www.cienciaanimal.ufpa.br/CA_selecao/M/2010/biblio/Prod/complem/Borghese_2005.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |pages=1–39 |date=October 20, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Swamp buffaloes prefer to wallow in a mudhole that they make with the horns. Their objective is to acquire a thick coating of mud. They thrive on many [[aquatic plant]]s and in time of flood will graze submerged, raising their heads above the water and carrying quantities of edible plants. They eat [[Reed (plant)|reeds]], the [[Arundo donax|giant reed]], [[bulrush]], [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], the [[Eichhornia crassipes|common water hyacinth]], and [[Juncaceae|rushes]]. Green fodders are used widely for intensive milk production and for fattening. Many fodder crops are conserved as hay, chaffed, or pulped. Trials in the Philippines showed that the carabao, on poor-quality roughage, had a better feed conversion rate than cattle.<ref name= Cockrill1977/> An average Carabao give birth every 2 years, young ones can be useful for farming after six years at least, there is a Bill that a carabao should be Slaughtered onece every year if their exponential stats are alarming.


The carabao cools itself by lying in a waterhole or mud during the heat of the day. Mud, caked on to its body, also protects it from bothersome insects. The carabao feeds mainly in the cool of the mornings and evenings. Its lifespan is 18 to 20 years. The female carabao can deliver one calf each year.
The carabao cools itself by lying in a waterhole or mud during the heat of the day. Mud, caked on to its body, also protects it from bothersome insects. The carabao feeds mainly in the cool of the mornings and evenings. Its lifespan is 18 to 20 years. The female carabao can deliver one calf each year.

Revision as of 10:38, 6 December 2023

For other uses, see Carabao (disambiguation).

Carabao
A water buffalo in the Philippines
DistributionSoutheast Asia and Guam
TypeSwamp
UseAgriculture, draught, riding, hide, meat
Traits
Height
  • Male:
    127–137 cm
  • Female:
    124–129 cm
Coatlight grey to slate-grey
Philippine carabao
A carabao wallowing at a mudhole in the Philippines

Carabao (Template:Lang-fil; Template:Lang-ceb; Template:Lang-ilo) is the Philippine English term for the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).[1] In the Philippines, Carabao represents hard work.[2]

In Malaysia, carabaos are expectedly known as kerbau in Malay and are the official animal of the state of Negeri Sembilan.[3] Water buffalos were introduced to Guam from the Philippines in the 17th century. They have acquired great cultural significance to the Chamorro people and are considered the unofficial national animal of Guam.[4]

The Military Order of the Carabao, a social club started in 1900 by American enlisted men fighting in the Philippine-American War, believes that the water buffalo symbolizes the "camaraderie that grows among members of the armed forces who face the dangers and privations of extensive military service far from home."[5]

Etymology

The English word carabao is borrowed in the 19th century from the Castilian word carabao which also borrowed it in the 16th century as a common term from various Philippine languages such as the Tagalog term kalabáw and the Eastern Visayan term karabàw. These Philippine languages obtained the term from the Malay language which was commonly used by the ruling and merchant classes in Southeast Asia at the time and which has the term kerbau.[6][7]

Other Filipino terms for the water buffalo are anwang and damulag. Water buffalos are more widely known as nuang in the Ilocano language in Northern Luzon.[7][8]

Throughout Southeast Asia, similar terms for water buffalo with some reference to the Malay term kerbau include Cebuano kábaw,[9] Minangkabau kabau, Indonesian kerbau, Javanese kebo.

The word's resemblance to caribou is coincidental, and they do not share a common etymology; as such it is an example of a false cognate. In Spanish, a new term caraballa was created to refer to female carabaos.[10]

Characteristics

Carabao and calf in the Philippines

Carabaos have the low, wide, and heavy build of draught animals. They vary in colour from light grey to slate grey. The horns are sickle-shaped or curve backward toward the neck. Chevrons are common. Albinoids are present in the proportion of about 3% of the buffalo population. Mature male carabaos weigh 420–500 kg (930–1,100 lb), and females 400–425 kg (882–937 lb). Height at withers of the male ranges from 127 to 137 cm (50 to 54 in), and of the female from 124 to 129 cm (49 to 51 in).

Water buffaloes imported to the Philippines from Cambodia in the early 20th century are called "Cambodian carabaos". They have white or yellowish hair on a pinkish skin, but the eyes, hooves, and mouth are dark, and the skin may be speckled. They are slightly bigger and have larger horns. Males weigh on average 673 kg (1,484 lb) and measure 141 cm (56 in) at the withers.[10]

Behavior

A carabao sled in the Philippines (c. 1913)

Water buffalo are well adapted to a hot and humid climate. Water availability is of high importance in hot climates since they need wallows, rivers, or splashing water to reduce the heat load and thermal stress.[11] Swamp buffaloes prefer to wallow in a mudhole that they make with the horns. Their objective is to acquire a thick coating of mud. They thrive on many aquatic plants and in time of flood will graze submerged, raising their heads above the water and carrying quantities of edible plants. They eat reeds, the giant reed, bulrush, sedges, the common water hyacinth, and rushes. Green fodders are used widely for intensive milk production and for fattening. Many fodder crops are conserved as hay, chaffed, or pulped. Trials in the Philippines showed that the carabao, on poor-quality roughage, had a better feed conversion rate than cattle.[10] An average Carabao give birth every 2 years, young ones can be useful for farming after six years at least, there is a Bill that a carabao should be Slaughtered onece every year if their exponential stats are alarming.

The carabao cools itself by lying in a waterhole or mud during the heat of the day. Mud, caked on to its body, also protects it from bothersome insects. The carabao feeds mainly in the cool of the mornings and evenings. Its lifespan is 18 to 20 years. The female carabao can deliver one calf each year.

The Philippines

The oldest evidence of water buffalo discovered in the Philippines is multiple fragmentary skeletal remains recovered from the upper layers of the Neolithic Nagsabaran site, part of the Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens (~2200 BCE to 400 CE) of northern Luzon. Most of the remains consisted of skull fragments, almost all of which have cut marks indicating they were butchered. The remains are associated with red slipped pottery, spindle whorls, stone adzes, and jade bracelets; which have strong affinities to similar artifacts from Neolithic Austronesian archeological sites in Taiwan. Based on the radiocarbon date of the layer in which the oldest fragments were found, water buffalo were first introduced to the Philippines by at least 500 BCE.[12][13]

In the early 20th century, other breeds of water buffalo were imported from China (the "Shanghai buffalo")[14] and Cambodia for work in sugarcane plantations. These were generally larger and have bigger horns. Murrah buffaloes were first introduced from India in 1917. A few representatives of the Nili-Ravi breed have also been acquired. The word carabao is now used for the imported river-type buffalo as well as for the local swamp buffalo.[10]

Carabaos are widely distributed in all the larger islands of the Philippines. Carabao hide was once used extensively to create a variety of products, including the armor of precolonial Philippine warriors.[15]

In the late 1980s, the carabao puppet character Kardong Kalabaw became popular as a symbol of the Philippine people's hard work and sense of industry.[16]

In 1993, the Philippine Carabao Center was established to conserve, propagate, and promote the carabao as a source of draught animal power, meat, milk, and hide to benefit the rural farmers through carabao genetic improvement, technology development and dissemination, and establishment of carabao-based enterprises, thus ensuring higher income and better nutrition. The National Water Buffalo Gene Pool in Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, is a facility for continuous selection, testing, and propagation of superior breeds of dairy buffalo.[17]

In 2003, 3.2 million carabao were in the Philippines; 99% belonged to small farmers who have limited resources, low income, and little access to other economic opportunities.[11]

One of the many reasons for the failure of the attempted Japanese pacification of the Philippines during their 1941–1945 occupation was their indifference to the basics of the Philippine economy. The carabaos provided the necessary labor that allowed Philippine farmers to grow rice and other staples. Japanese army patrols would not only confiscate the rice, but would also slaughter the carabaos for meat, thereby preventing the farmers from growing enough rice to feed the large population. Before World War II, an estimated three million carabaos inhabited the Philippines. By the end of the war, an estimated nearly 70% of them had been lost.[18]

The old payatak method of farming is still the method of choice in Northern Samar. The soil of the rice paddy is first softened with rainwater or diverted watershed, then the farmer guides a group of carabaos in trampling the planting area until it is soggy enough to receive the rice seedlings. This time-consuming task produces lower yields and lower income when compared with the advancement in irrigated fields.[19]

Despite the popular notion that the carabao has been declared the national animal of the Philippines,[20] the National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines has stated that this has no basis in Philippine law.[21]

Carabao racing

Carabao racing at the fiesta of Aliaga Nueva Ecija
Carabao race in Pulilan, Bulacan, Philippines. This picture was taken around the time of the Carabao Festival honoring the patron San Isidro Labrador.

Carabao racing is a widely popular sport among farmers and carabao enthusiasts in the Philippines. In central, southern Luzon and South Cotabato some fiestas are highlighted with carabaos racing up towards the finish line. Training and conditioning of the race carabao to its full extent is a serious job. Farmers and their trustworthy carabaos gather together to race in a 500 metres (1,600 ft) dirt road. Spectators fill up this unique spectacle, some betting on their best carabaos, others watch for the thrill. The carabaos, geared with their carts on their back, race together with their farmer to win prizes. The race is divided into two classes, one for amateur or first-time carabao racers and the other is for the veteran carabao racers. A race carabao can be bought for ₱35,000 to ₱60,000, with the price increasing with the number of races that it wins. Proven race winners can command a price as high as ₱200,000.

In Guam

Carabaos were introduced to Guam by Spanish missionaries in the 17th century from domestic stock in the Philippines to be used as beasts of burden. A feral herd on the US Naval Magazine in central Guam was classified as protected game, but the population has been declining since 1982, most likely due to illegal hunting.[22]

Carabaos were used for farming and for pulling carts. They were fairly common on Guam before the 20th century, with a population numbering in the thousands. Today, they are rare in most parts of the island except in the US Naval Magazine near the village of Santa Rita, which is fenced on all sides. The carabao population of Naval Magazine has grown to several hundred, to the point that they have become a pest and caused environmental damage, and polluted the water supply in the Fena Reservoir. In 2003, the Navy began a program of extermination to control the carabao population of Naval Magazine, a move that was protested by many Chamorro people.[citation needed]

The carabao is considered a symbol of Guam. In the early 1960s, carabao races were a popular sport in the island, especially during fiestas. Today, carabaos are a part of the popular culture. They are often brought to carnivals or other festivities, and are used as a popular ride for children. Carabao meat is sometimes eaten as a delicacy.[23]

In Malaysia

The carabao is the official animal of the state of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.[3]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carabao.
Wikispecies has information related to Bubalus bubalis.

References

  1. ^ FAO 2013. Philippine Carabao/Philippines In: Domestic Animal Diversity Information System. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
  2. ^ Hsu, Chia Chi (February 28, 2022). "The Philippines: Carabao". Southeast Asia Globe. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  3. ^ a b "..:: Majlis Perbandaran Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, MALAYSIA ::" (in Malay). Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved March 9, 2008.
  4. ^ Minahan, James B. (December 23, 2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.
  5. ^ Hsu, Chia Chi (February 28, 2022). "The Philippines: Carabao". Southeast Asia Globe. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  6. ^ Roberts, E. A. (2014). A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots. Vol. I (A–G). XLibris LLC. p. 311. ISBN 9781493191109.
  7. ^ a b William Henry Scott (1990). "Sixteenth-century Visayan Food and Farming". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 18 (4): 291–311. JSTOR 29792029.
  8. ^ Zorc, R. David Paul (1982). Core Etymological Dictionary of Filipino (PDF). Vol. fasc. 3. Darwin Community College, PNC-La Salle-Ateneo Consortium, Linguistic Society of the Philippines, Surian ng Wikang Pambansa.
  9. ^ "Kabaw". Binisaya – Cebuano Dictionary and Thesaurus. Bin. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d Cockrill, W. R., ed. (1977). The Water Buffalo (PDF). Animal Production and Health Series. Vol. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 978-9251001080. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  11. ^ a b Borthese, Antonio; Mazzi, M. (October 20, 2013). "Buffalo Production and Research: Buffalo Population and Strategies in the World" (PDF). Federal University of Pará. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Europe. pp. 1–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  12. ^ Amano, Noel; Piper, Philip J.; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Bellwood, Peter (2013). "Introduced Domestic Animals in the Neolithic and Metal Age of the Philippines: Evidence From Nagsabaran, Northern Luzon". The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. 8 (3): 317–335. doi:10.1080/15564894.2013.781084. hdl:1885/22954. S2CID 131368496.
  13. ^ Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). "The early Austronesian migration to Luzon: perspectives from the Peñablanca Cave Sites". Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin. 26: 72–78. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.403.7868.
  14. ^ Cruz, L. C. (March 15, 2016). "Trends in buffalo production in Asia". Italian Journal of Animal Science. 6 (sup2): 9–24. doi:10.4081/ijas.2007.s2.9.
  15. ^ Bulletin – United States National Museum. Smithsonian Institution Press. 1917. p. 107.
  16. ^ Alfie Vera Mella, May Natutunan Ka Ba kay Kiko Matsing?, The Filipino Journal, archived from the original on February 11, 2009, retrieved December 18, 2007
  17. ^ Philippine Carabao Center (2011). Annual Report[permanent dead link‍]. Department of Agriculture.
  18. ^ Schmidt, L. S. (1982). American Involvement in the Filipino Resistance on Mindanao During the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945. M.S. Thesis. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
  19. ^ Philippine Daily Inquirer, 8-18-2007. Archived October 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Aquino, Dante M.; Persoon, Gerald A. (2013). "Tradition and Change: Beer Consumption in Northeast Luzon, Philippines". In Schiefenhovel, Wulf; Macbeth, Helen (eds.). Liquid Bread: Beer and Brewing in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Volume 7 of Anthropology of Food & Nutrition. Berghahn Books. p. 197. ISBN 9781782380344.
  21. ^ Pangilinan, Leon Jr. (October 3, 2014). "In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  22. ^ Conry, P. J. (1988). "Management of feral and exotic game species on Guam" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 24: 26–30.
  23. ^ Cunningham, Lawrence J.; Beaty, Janice J. (2001). Guam: A Natural History. Bess Press. ISBN 978-1-57306-067-7.
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