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Dīn (Template:Lang-ar, also anglicized as Deen) is an Arabic word with three general senses: judgment, custom, and religion.^[1] It is used by both Muslims and Arab Christians.

In Islamic terminology, the word refers to the way of life Muslims must adopt to comply with divine law, encompassing beliefs, character and deeds.^[2] The term appears in the Quran 98 times with different connotations, including in the phrase yawm al-din (Template:Lang-ar), generally translated to "Day of Judgment" or the famous verse "La ikraha fid din" which translates to "Let there be no compulsion in religion." (Abdullah Yusuf Ali Translation).

Etymology

The Arabic dīn "judgement, debt, etc.." has Semitic cognates, including the Hebrew dīn (דין‎), Aramaic dīnā (דִּינָא), Amharic dañä (ዳኘ) and Ugaritic dyn (𐎄𐎊𐎐). However none of these cognates carry any form of religious connotations, further supporting the etymological proposition

The Arabic sense of judgment is likely analogous to the Hebraeo-Aramaic cognate root.^[1] The Hebrew term "דין", transliterated as "dīn", means either "law" or "judgement". In the Kabbalah of Judaism, the term can, alongside "Gevurah" (cognate to the feminine form of Arabic adjective "Jabārah جَبَّارَة"), refer to "power" and "judgement".^[3] In ancient Israel, the term featured heavily in administrative and legal proceedings i.e. Beth Din, literally "the house of judgement," the ancient building block of the Jewish legal system.^[4]^[5] The Arabic sense "custom, usage" has been derived by classical and modern lexicologists from the Arabic verbal forms dāna (دانى, "be indebted") and dāna li- (-دانى لِ, "submit to").^[1] Louis Gardet sees the Hebraic and Arabic senses as related through the notions of retribution, debt, obligation, custom, and direction, prompting him to translate yawm al-din as "the day when God gives a direction to each human being".^[1] This view is not supported by the majority of scholars, who translate yawm al-din as "the day of judgement".^[6]^[7]

Use in Islam

It has been said that the word Dīn appears in as many as 79 verses in the Qur'an,^[8] but because there is no exact English translation of the term, its precise definition has been the subject of some misunderstanding and disagreement. For instance, the term is often translated in parts of the Qur'an as "religion".^[9]

Some Qur'anic scholars have translated Dīn in places as "faith".^[10] Others suggest that the term "has been used in various forms and meanings, e.g., system, power, supremacy, ascendancy, sovereignty or lordship, dominion, law, constitution, mastery, government, realm, decision, definite outcome, reward and punishment. On the other hand, this word is also used in the sense of obedience, submission and allegiance".^[11]

In addition to the two broad usages referred to so far, of sovereignty on the one hand and submission on the other, others have noted^[12] that the term Dīn is also widely used in translations of the Qur'an in a third sense. Most famously in its opening chapter, al-Fātiḥah, the term is translated in almost all English translations as "judgment":

1:3 مَٰلِكِ يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ transliterated as "Maliki yawmi ad-Dīni," and (usually) translated as "Master of the Day of Judgment".

The well-known Islamic scholar, Fazlur Rahman Malik, suggested that Dīn is best considered as "the way-to-be-followed". In that interpretation, Dīn is the exact correlate of Shari'a: "whereas Shari'a is the ordaining of the Way and its proper subject is God, Dīn is the following of that Way, and its subject is man".^[13] Thus, "if we abstract from the Divine and the human points of reference, Shari'a and Dīn would be identical as far as the 'Way' and its content are concerned".^[13]

In many hadith, the din has been described as a midway lifestyle:

Narrated Abu Huraira, the Prophet said, "Religion (Dīn) is very easy and whoever overburdens himself in his religion will not be able to continue in that way. So you should not be extremists, but try to be near to perfection and receive the good tidings that you will be rewarded; and gain strength by worshipping in the mornings, the nights."
— Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:2:38, (Fath-ul-Bari, Page 102, Vol 1)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gardet, L. (2012). "Dīn". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0168.
^ John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Din". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ "Ten Sefirot: Din, Gevurah".
^ Fox, Tamar "The Beth Din" http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-beit-din/ 9/5/2016
^ Rabbi Jonathan Reiss http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/divorcebeit.html Winter 1999
^ Wehr, Hans (1994). "A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic". Spoken Language Services. p. 352. ISBN 0-87950-003-4.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Gulam Ahmed Parwez, "Exposition of the Qur'an", p. 12, Tolu-E-Islam Trust
^ For instance, translations of the Qur'an by Marmaduke Pickthall, Shakir, and others
^ For instance, the translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, 60:9
^ Lugh’at-ul-Quran, Ghulam Ahmed Parwez, Tolu-e-Islam Trust, 1941
^ "Let Us Be Muslims, Abu Ala Maududi U.K.I.M. Dawah Center, 1960
^ ^a ^b Rahman F, Islam, p. 100, University of Chicago Press, 1979

External links

Definition of Deen

[EI2-1] Gardet, L. (2012). "Dīn". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0168.

[2] John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Din". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[3] "Ten Sefirot: Din, Gevurah".

[4] Fox, Tamar "The Beth Din" http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-beit-din/ 9/5/2016

[5] Rabbi Jonathan Reiss http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/divorcebeit.html Winter 1999

[6] Wehr, Hans (1994). "A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic". Spoken Language Services. p. 352. ISBN 0-87950-003-4.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[:0-7] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[8] Gulam Ahmed Parwez, "Exposition of the Qur'an", p. 12, Tolu-E-Islam Trust

[9] For instance, translations of the Qur'an by Marmaduke Pickthall, Shakir, and others

[10] For instance, the translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, 60:9

[11] Lugh’at-ul-Quran, Ghulam Ahmed Parwez, Tolu-e-Islam Trust, 1941

[12] "Let Us Be Muslims, Abu Ala Maududi U.K.I.M. Dawah Center, 1960

[autoA-13] Rahman F, Islam, p. 100, University of Chicago Press, 1979

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 {{Islam|practices}}
-According to  [[Arthur Jeffery]] ''dīn "related to religion"'' and ''dīn "judgement, debt etc..."'' are two separate words of different origin, he derives the ''dīn'' related to religion from the [[Middle Persian]] ''den'', itself derived from the [[Zoroastrian]] [[Avestan]] notion ''[[daena]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jeffery |first=Arthur |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217779 |title=The Foreign Vocabulary Of The Quran (Gaekwad's Oriental Series; 79) |date=1938 |publisher=Baroda: Oriental Institute |pages=133 seqq}}</ref> Most scholars, such as [[Theodor Nöldeke|Nöldeke]], [[Karl Vollers|Vollers]], Mushegh Asatrian and Johnny Cheung  are in agreement with this etymology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asatrian |first=Mushegh |date=2006 |title=Iranian Elements in Arabic: The State of Research |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030944 |journal=Iran & the Caucasus |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–106 |doi=10.1163/157338406777979386 |issn=1609-8498 |jstor=4030944}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Cheung |first=Johnny |title=On the (Middle) Iranian borrowings in Qur'ānic (and pre-Islamic) Arabic |date=2016-06-06 |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01445860 |access-date=2022-12-29 |language=en}}</ref> Others like [[Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes|Gaudefroy-Demombynes]] and [[Louis Gardet|Gardet]], have found this derivation unconvincing.<ref name="EI2" /> Nonetheless, Al Khafaji and Tha'ahbi have included the ''dīn'' that is related to religion in their list of foreign words, due to its lack of verbal root.<ref name=":0" />
-The Arabic ''dīn "judgement, debt, etc.."'' has Semitic [[cognate|cognates]], including the [[Hebrew]] ''dīn'' ({{Script/Hebrew|דין}}),  [[Aramaic]] ''dīnā'' ({{lang|arc|דִּינָא}}), [[Amharic]] ''dañä'' (ዳኘ) and [[Ugaritic]] ''dyn'' (𐎄𐎊𐎐). However none of these cognates carry any form of religious connotations, further supporting the etymological proposition made by Arthur Jeffery.<ref name=":0" />
+The Arabic ''dīn "judgement, debt, etc.."'' has Semitic [[cognate|cognates]], including the [[Hebrew]] ''dīn'' ({{Script/Hebrew|דין}}),  [[Aramaic]] ''dīnā'' ({{lang|arc|דִּינָא}}), [[Amharic]] ''dañä'' (ዳኘ) and [[Ugaritic]] ''dyn'' (𐎄𐎊𐎐). However none of these cognates carry any form of religious connotations, further supporting the etymological proposition
 The Arabic sense of judgment is likely analogous to the Hebraeo-Aramaic cognate root.<ref name="EI2" /> The Hebrew term "[[wikt:דין|דין]]", transliterated as "dīn", means either "law" or "judgement". In the [[Kabbalah]] of [[Judaism]], the term can, alongside "Gevurah" (cognate to the feminine form of Arabic adjective "''Jabārah'' <big>جَبَّارَة</big>"), refer to "power" and "judgement".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Din.html|title = Ten Sefirot: Din, Gevurah}}</ref> In ancient Israel, the term featured heavily in administrative and legal proceedings i.e. [[Beth Din]], literally "the house of judgement," the ancient building block of the Jewish legal system.<ref>Fox, Tamar "The Beth Din" http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-beit-din/ 9/5/2016</ref><ref>Rabbi Jonathan Reiss http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/divorcebeit.html Winter 1999</ref> The Arabic sense "custom, usage" has been derived by classical and modern lexicologists from the Arabic verbal forms ''dāna'' (<big>دانى</big>, "be indebted") and ''dāna li-'' (<big>-دانى لِ</big>, "submit to").<ref name="EI2" /> [[Louis Gardet]] sees the Hebraic and Arabic senses as related through the notions of retribution, debt, obligation, custom, and direction, prompting him to translate ''yawm al-din'' as "the day when God gives a direction to each human being".<ref name="EI2" /> This view is not supported by the majority of scholars, who translate ''yawm al-din'' as "the day of judgement".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wehr |first=Hans |date=1994 |year=1994 |title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=365,ll=985,ls=5,la=1467,sg=400,ha=235,br=345,pr=59,vi=152,mgf=314,mr=239,mn=437,aan=196,kz=767,uqq=109,ulq=737,uqa=137,uqw=563,umr=379,ums=312,umj=262,bdw=334,amr=232,asb=304,auh=586,dhq=186,mht=306,msb=85,tla=50,amj=253,ens=1,mis=685 |url-status= |publisher=Spoken Language Services |pages=352 |language=English |isbn=0-87950-003-4}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Islam and Iman
Part of a series on
Islam Iman Ihsan
Individuals
Mumin – Believer Muslim – Submitter (to God) Martyr – Arabic: Shaheed Fasiq – Open sinner, corrupt Fajir – Sinner (by action) Kafir – Disbeliever Munafiq – Hypocrite
Groups
Ahl al-Kitab – People of the Book Ahl al-Fatrah – People of the Interval
Terms
Dīn – Religion
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Revision as of 12:13, 10 December 2023

Etymology

Use in Islam

See also

References

External links