Alliance of Small Island States: Difference between revisions

Alliance of Small Island States
Abbreviation	AOSIS
Established	1990
Type	Intergovernmental organization
Headquarters	New York City, New York
Membership	39 members and 5 observers
Website	www.aosis.org

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Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) is an intergovernmental organization of low-lying coastal and small island countries. AOSIS was established in 1990, ahead of the Second World Climate Conference. The main purpose of the alliance is to consolidate the voices of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to address global warming.

These island countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change and its related effects on the ocean, including sea level rise, coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion. The members are among the nations least responsible for climate change, having contributed less than 1% to the world's greenhouse gas emissions.^[1]^[2]^[3] These states advocate for international policy and mechanisms for addressing the inequity of climate impacts.

Organization

AOSIS functions primarily as an ad hoc lobby and negotiating voice for SIDS through the United Nations (UN) system.^[4]^[5] It has no regular budget, permanent secretariat or formal charter.^[6] There is a Bureau, which is made up of the chair-person and two vice chairs.^[7]^[8]

AOSIS also uses partnerships, for example with the United Nations Development Programme and the European Commission.^[9]

Mission

AOSIS' core focus areas are climate change, sustainable development and ocean conservation.^[9]

SIDS are among the nations least responsible for climate change, having contributed less than 1% to the world's greenhouse gas emissions. They are particularly vulnerable to its effects, with some islands at risk of becoming uninhabitable due to sea level rise.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[10] AOSIS has consistently raised this threat of uninhabitability created by climate change in climate negotiations.^[11]

SIDS, of which AOSIS is predominantly comprised, account for less than 1% of the global GDP, territory, and population,^[12] meaning that individually SIDS hold little political weight in international climate negotiations.^[4] The aim of AOSIS is to amplify the voices of its members by joining together states which face similar issues. This is to increase their ability to influence climate negotiations and raise awareness for its concerns.^[9]

Actions

AOSIS has been very active from its inception. It has played a leading role in the global arena in raising awareness on climate change and advocating for action to address climate change.^[11] The creation of the alliance marked the beginning of the growth in influence of SIDS in climate politics.^[6] Despite their size and their relatively small economic and political weight, AOSIS member states have pulled above their weight in climate change negotiations.^[11]

AOSIS played an important role in establishing the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and was an important actor in the negotiations of the Framework in 1992.^[11] Its advocacy was instrumental to the inclusion of references to the greater vulnerability and special needs of SIDS in Article 4.8 of the UNFCCC.^[6]^[13] However, AOSIS was unsuccessful in its attempts to persuade nations to include commitments to specified greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in the Framework.^[6]

AOSIS continued to advocate for the special needs of SIDS during the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992^[14] and the 'special case' of SIDS was recognised in Agenda 21,^[15] the political action plan which resulted from the Summit. AOSIS' proposal to create an 'international insurance fund', funded by developed countries to compensate SIDS for damage caused by climate change, was turned down.^[16] In Rio, AOSIS broadened its mandate beyond climate change to also include the sustainable development of SIDS. AOSIS negotiated for the inclusion of a small program area on the sustainable development of small islands in Agenda 21.^[14]^[17] Agenda 21 was not legally binding, and some academics contend that the program was too vague to promote meaningful action.^[6]

AOSIS did manage to secure the inclusion in Agenda 21 of a call for a global conference on this issue,^[14]^[18] which led to the first Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island States, held in Barbados in 1994.^[16]^[6] AOSIS played a prominent role at the Conference.^[16] It was the first UN conference entirely devoted to SIDS. The Conference resulted in the translation of Agenda 21 into a more comprehensive programme, the Barbados Programme of Action on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.^[19]^[6] The five year review of the Barbados Conference, conducted at a special session of the UN General Assembly in 1999, found that the SIDS efforts to make progress towards sustainable development had been limited,^[6] while the ten year review of the Barbados Conference, which took the form of an international meeting in Mauritius in 2005, found that its implementation was largely unsuccessful.^[20]

AOSIS put forward the first draft text in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations as early as 1994. AOSIS member states Fiji and Antigua and Barbuda were the first states to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 1998.^[11]

AOSIS has used formal and informal meetings scheduled in advance of UN climate change conferences to raise awareness and political momentum for its mission.^[11] AOSIS has also used the media to raise awareness for its concerns. For example, in the lead up to the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC) in Copenhagen, members of the cabinet of the Maldives, an AOSIS member state, held an underwater cabinet meeting to create awareness of the threat that climate change poses to the very existence of the Maldives. The stunt garnered international attention.^[21]^[22]^[23]^[21]

At the UN Climate Change Conference in Berlin in 1995, AOSIS advocated very strongly for a commitment to timetables and target measures for climate change. It gained the support of developed nations including China, Brazil, and India.^[16] AOSIS had advocated since 2008 for the inclusion of a temperature target to restrain global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. Many of the AOSIS member states were present at the Conference in Copenhagen. Democracy Now! reported that members from the island state of Tuvalu interrupted a session of the Conference on 10 December 2009 to demand that global temperature rise be limited to 1.5 °C instead of the proposed 2 °C.^[24]^[25] This advocacy continued in the lead up to the 2015 UNFCCC in Paris. AOSIS initiated the negotiating agenda item which would lead to the inclusion of the 1.5 °C target and was important in gaining support for its inclusion from vulnerable African and Asian countries and LDC countries.^[11] According to writer and activist Mark Lynas, the inclusion of the 1.5 °C target in the Paris Agreement was 'almost entirely' due to the advocacy of SIDS and other developing countries.^[26]

At the 2013 Warsaw climate change conference, AOSIS pushed for the establishment of an international mechanism on loss and damages stressed by the wreckage of Supertyphoon Haiyan.^[27] As the existence of many AOSIS member states are put at risk by climate change, AOSIS has threatened lawsuits. The results of a recent review of the literature ^[28] show that potential liability for climate change-related losses for AOSIS is over $570 trillion. AOSIS raised this issue again at the 2015 UNFCCC in Paris. AOSIS was instrumental in the inclusion of Article 8 in the Paris Agreement,^[11] which 'recognizes the importance of averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage' caused by climate change,^[29] although the article does not 'provide a basis for any liability of compensation'.^[30] As in previous climate agreements, AOSIS members were among the first to ratify the Paris Agreement, with Fiji ratifying first, followed days later by the Republic of Marshall Islands, Palau, the Maldives, and others.^[11]

AOSIS member state Fiji co-hosted the UN Oceans Conference in 2017.^[31] Ministers from AOSIS member states, including Fiji, Tuvalu, and Palau used this conference to again raise awareness of the real risk that the impact of climate change poses to the very existence of their nations and to advocate for action to address climate change.^[32] Fiji also presided over the 2017 UN Climate Change Conference, making it the first SIDS to preside over a UN conference on climate change,^[1] although the event took place in Bonn due to Fiji's remote location, small size and limited infrastructure.^[33]

AOSIS membership

AOSIS has a membership of 39 global states, of which 37 are members of the UN while 2 (Cook Islands and Niue) participate within the UN, and an additional five states are observers. The alliance represents 28% of the developing countries, and 20% of the UN's total membership.^[11] Most SIDS are AOSIS members.^[34]

AOSIS has a heterogeneous membership. Member states are spread across many global regions. AOSIS' focus is SIDS, however its membership also includes low-lying coastal countries, for example Belize and Guyana, and larger islands, for example Papua New Guinea. As well as geographical differences, the member nations also vary economically, as AOSIS includes both wealthy member nations, for example Singapore, and LDC countries, for example Comoros.

The common factor which unites AOSIS members is their particular vulnerability to climate change.^[14]

Some academics contend that AOSIS' heterogeneity has weakened it effectiveness, particularly in regard to its lobbying for sustainable development.^[6]^[35]

Member states

The member states are:^[36]

In the Atlantic Ocean (3 countries):

In the Caribbean (16 countries):

In the Indian Ocean (4 countries):

In the Pacific Ocean (15 countries):

In the South China Sea (1 country):

Singapore

AOSIS also has five observers^{[citation needed]}: American Samoa, Guam, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands.

Chairmanship

There have been 13 chairs of AOSIS since its establishment, with the Permanent Representative of Samoa, Ambassador Pa’olelei Luteru, as the current chair.^[37]

Term	Duration	Name	Country
1	1991 – 1994	Robert Van Lierop	Vanuatu
2	1994 – 1997	Annette des Iles	Trinidad and Tobago
3	1997 – 2002	Tuiloma Neroni Slade	Samoa
4	2002 – 2005	Jagdish Koonjul	Mauritius
5	2005 – 2006	Enele Sopoaga (acting)	Tuvalu
6	2006	Julian R. Hunte	Saint Lucia
7	2006 – 2009	Angus Friday	Grenada
8	2009 – 2011	Dessima Williams	Grenada
9	2012 – 2014	Marlene Moses	Nauru
10	2015 – 2017	Ahmed Sareer	Maldives
11	2017 – 2018	Ali Naseer Mohamed	Maldives
12	2019 – 2020	Lois Michele Young	Belize
13	2021 – 2022	Walton Alfonso Webson	Antigua and Barbuda
14	2022 – 2023	Dr Pa’olelei Luteru	Samoa

Honours

In 2010, AOSIS was awarded the first Frederick R. Anderson Award for Outstanding Achievement in Addressing Climate Change by the Center for International Environmental Law.^[38]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Small Island nations at the frontline of climate action". UNDP. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ ^a ^b "Climate change and small islands: more scientific evidence of high risks". Climate Analytics Blog. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ ^a ^b "Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (Art 3)" (PDF). 1994. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Climate Change Diplomacy and Small Island Developing States - United Nations University". unu.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ Lefale, Penehuro Fatu (2016). "Climate Clubs and the alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)". Berlin Conference on Global Environmental Change: 2. doi:10.17169/refubium-23174 – via Frei Universitat Berlin.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Grote, Jenny (2010). "The Changing Tides of Small Island States Discourse - A Historical Overview of the Appearance of Small Island States in the International Arena". Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 43 (2): 183–186. doi:10.5771/0506-7286-2010-2-164. JSTOR 43239555 – via JSTOR.
^ Nick Heath-Brown, ed. (2016). The Statesman's Yearbook. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-137-43998-7.
^ "[:en]Bureau of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)[:fr]Le bureau d'alliance des petits etats insulaires[:]". UN-OHRLLS. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c "About Us – AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States)". www.aosis.org. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ "Small island developing states in numbers; climate change edition" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Ourbak, Timothee; Magnan, Alexandre (2018). "The Paris Agreement and climate change negotiations: Small Islands, big players". Regional Environmental Change. 18 (8): 2201–2206. doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1247-9. S2CID 158547600 – via SpringerLink.
^ "Island states have had an outsized influence on climate policy". The Economist. 2019-09-19. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Art 4.8)" (PDF). 1992. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chasek, Pamela (12 August 2005). "Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small Island States". Review of European Community and International Environmental Law. 14 (2): 132. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x – via Wiley Online Library.
^ "Agenda 21 (Article 17.123)" (PDF). 1992. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shibuya, Eric (Winter 1996–1997). ""Roaring Mice Against the Tide": The Pacific Islands and Agenda Building on Global Warming" (PDF). Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia. 69: 552–554. JSTOR 2761186 – via JSTOR.
^ "Agenda 21 (G. Sustainable development of small islands)" (PDF). 1992. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ "Agenda 21 (Art. 17.130)" (PDF). 1992. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ "Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States" (PDF). October 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ "Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States" (PDF). 10–14 January 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ ^a ^b "Maldives cabinet makes a splash". 2009-10-17. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ "Maldivas realiza singular junta bajo el mar" [Maldives holds unique meeting under the sea]. El Universo (in Spanish). 2009-10-17. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ "Reunión de gabinete bajo el agua" [Underwater cabinet meeting]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ "Citing Its Survival, Pacific Island of Tuvalu Interrupts Copenhagen Summit to Call for Binding Climate Commitments". Democracy Now!.
^ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2011). Conference of the Parties – Sixteenth Session: Decision 1/CP.16: The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (English): Paragraph 4 (PDF) (Report). UNFCCC Secretariat: Bonn, Germany: UNFCCC. p. 3. "(...) deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels"
^ "Island states have had an outsized influence on climate policy". The Economist. 2019-09-19. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
^ "For Immediate Release: Small Islands Call For Urgency in Warsaw in Wake of Deadly Typhoon". AOSIS. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
^ Heidari Negin, Pearce Joshua M (2016). "A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Liabilities as the Value of Renewable Energy for Mitigating Lawsuits for Climate Change Related Damages". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 55: 899–908. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.025.
^ "Article 8 of the Paris Agreement" (PDF). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session(Art.51)" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
^ "The Ocean Conference, 5-9 June, 2017 - United Nations, New York". www.un.org. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ Richard Roth (7 June 2017). "At first UN Ocean Conference, island nations plead for help". CNN. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ "Fiji and Bonn, an unusual partnership to host COP23 climate talks". France 24. 2017-11-05. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
^ Shultz, James M.; Cohen, Madeline A.; Hermosilla, Sabrina; Espinel, Zelde; McLean, Andrew (2016-01-02). "Disaster risk reduction and sustainable development for small island developing states". Disaster Health. 3 (1): 32–44. doi:10.1080/21665044.2016.1173443. ISSN 2166-5044. PMC 5314939. PMID 28229013.
^ Chasek, Pamela (12 August 2005). ""Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small Island States"". Review of European Community and International Environmental Law. 14 (2): 133 et seqq. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x – via Wiley Online Library.
^ "Member states". Archived from the original on 2012-04-01. Retrieved 2019-08-16.
^ "About AOSIS: Chair of AOSIS". AOSIS - Alliance of Small Island States. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
^ "2010 Frederick Anderson Climate Change Award Recipient - Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)". Center for International Environmental Law. Retrieved 2020-11-10.

External links

Official website

[undp.org-1] "Small Island nations at the frontline of climate action". UNDP. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[:5-2] "Climate change and small islands: more scientific evidence of high risks". Climate Analytics Blog. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[:6-3] "Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (Art 3)" (PDF). 1994. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

[unu.edu-4] "Climate Change Diplomacy and Small Island Developing States - United Nations University". unu.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[5] Lefale, Penehuro Fatu (2016). "Climate Clubs and the alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)". Berlin Conference on Global Environmental Change: 2. doi:10.17169/refubium-23174 – via Frei Universitat Berlin.

[:0-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Grote, Jenny (2010). "The Changing Tides of Small Island States Discourse - A Historical Overview of the Appearance of Small Island States in the International Arena". Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 43 (2): 183–186. doi:10.5771/0506-7286-2010-2-164. JSTOR 43239555 – via JSTOR.

[7] Nick Heath-Brown, ed. (2016). The Statesman's Yearbook. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-137-43998-7.

[8] "[:en]Bureau of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)[:fr]Le bureau d'alliance des petits etats insulaires[:]". UN-OHRLLS. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[:1-9] "About Us – AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States)". www.aosis.org. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[10] "Small island developing states in numbers; climate change edition" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

[:2-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Ourbak, Timothee; Magnan, Alexandre (2018). "The Paris Agreement and climate change negotiations: Small Islands, big players". Regional Environmental Change. 18 (8): 2201–2206. doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1247-9. S2CID 158547600 – via SpringerLink.

[12] "Island states have had an outsized influence on climate policy". The Economist. 2019-09-19. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[13] "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Art 4.8)" (PDF). 1992. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

[:3-14] Chasek, Pamela (12 August 2005). "Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small Island States". Review of European Community and International Environmental Law. 14 (2): 132. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x – via Wiley Online Library.

[15] "Agenda 21 (Article 17.123)" (PDF). 1992. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

[:4-16] Shibuya, Eric (Winter 1996–1997). ""Roaring Mice Against the Tide": The Pacific Islands and Agenda Building on Global Warming" (PDF). Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia. 69: 552–554. JSTOR 2761186 – via JSTOR.

[17] "Agenda 21 (G. Sustainable development of small islands)" (PDF). 1992. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

[18] "Agenda 21 (Art. 17.130)" (PDF). 1992. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

[19] "Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States" (PDF). October 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[20] "Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States" (PDF). 10–14 January 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-03-06. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[BBC_Splash-21] "Maldives cabinet makes a splash". 2009-10-17. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[22] "Maldivas realiza singular junta bajo el mar" [Maldives holds unique meeting under the sea]. El Universo (in Spanish). 2009-10-17. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[23] "Reunión de gabinete bajo el agua" [Underwater cabinet meeting]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[24] "Citing Its Survival, Pacific Island of Tuvalu Interrupts Copenhagen Summit to Call for Binding Climate Commitments". Democracy Now!.

[25] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2011). Conference of the Parties – Sixteenth Session: Decision 1/CP.16: The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (English): Paragraph 4 (PDF) (Report). UNFCCC Secretariat: Bonn, Germany: UNFCCC. p. 3. "(...) deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels"

[26] "Island states have had an outsized influence on climate policy". The Economist. 2019-09-19. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2020-11-14.

[27] "For Immediate Release: Small Islands Call For Urgency in Warsaw in Wake of Deadly Typhoon". AOSIS. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2013.

[28] Heidari Negin, Pearce Joshua M (2016). "A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Liabilities as the Value of Renewable Energy for Mitigating Lawsuits for Climate Change Related Damages". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 55: 899–908. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.025.

[29] "Article 8 of the Paris Agreement" (PDF). 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

[30] "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session(Art.51)" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

[31] "The Ocean Conference, 5-9 June, 2017 - United Nations, New York". www.un.org. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[32] Richard Roth (7 June 2017). "At first UN Ocean Conference, island nations plead for help". CNN. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[33] "Fiji and Bonn, an unusual partnership to host COP23 climate talks". France 24. 2017-11-05. Retrieved 2020-11-13.

[34] Shultz, James M.; Cohen, Madeline A.; Hermosilla, Sabrina; Espinel, Zelde; McLean, Andrew (2016-01-02). "Disaster risk reduction and sustainable development for small island developing states". Disaster Health. 3 (1): 32–44. doi:10.1080/21665044.2016.1173443. ISSN 2166-5044. PMC 5314939. PMID 28229013.

[35] Chasek, Pamela (12 August 2005). ""Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small Island States"". Review of European Community and International Environmental Law. 14 (2): 133 et seqq. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x – via Wiley Online Library.

[36] "Member states". Archived from the original on 2012-04-01. Retrieved 2019-08-16.

[37] "About AOSIS: Chair of AOSIS". AOSIS - Alliance of Small Island States. Retrieved 2023-12-11.

[38] "2010 Frederick Anderson Climate Change Award Recipient - Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)". Center for International Environmental Law. Retrieved 2020-11-10.

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@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 == Organization ==
-AOSIS functions primarily as an ad hoc lobby and negotiating voice for SIDS through the [[United Nations]] (UN) system.<ref name="unu.edu">{{Cite web|title=Climate Change Diplomacy and Small Island Developing States - United Nations University|url=https://unu.edu/publications/articles/climate-change-diplomacy-and-small-island-developing-states.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=unu.edu|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lefale|first=Penehuro Fatu|date=2016|title=Climate Clubs and the alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)|url=https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/19526|journal=Berlin Conference on Global Environmental Change|pages=2|doi=10.17169/refubium-23174|via=Frei Universitat Berlin}}</ref> It has no regular budget, permanent secretariat or formal charter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Grote|first=Jenny|date=2010|title=The Changing Tides of Small Island States Discourse - A Historical Overview of the Appearance of Small Island States in the International Arena|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43239555|journal=Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America|volume=43|issue=2 |pages=183–186|jstor=43239555|via=JSTOR|doi=10.5771/0506-7286-2010-2-164|doi-access=free}}</ref> There is a Bureau, which is made up of the chair-person and two vice chairs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Palgrave Macmillan|title=The Statesman's Yearbook|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|location=London|pages=45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=[:en]Bureau of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)[:fr]Le bureau d'alliance des petits etats insulaires[:]|url=http://unohrlls.org/about-sids/bureau-of-aosis/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=UN-OHRLLS|language=en|archive-date=2018-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125115624/http://unohrlls.org/about-sids/bureau-of-aosis/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+AOSIS functions primarily as an ad hoc lobby and negotiating voice for SIDS through the [[United Nations]] (UN) system.<ref name="unu.edu">{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Diplomacy and Small Island Developing States - United Nations University |url=https://unu.edu/publications/articles/climate-change-diplomacy-and-small-island-developing-states.html |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=unu.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lefale|first=Penehuro Fatu |date=2016 |title=Climate Clubs and the alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) |url=https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/19526 |journal=Berlin Conference on Global Environmental Change |pages=2 |doi=10.17169/refubium-23174 |via=Frei Universitat Berlin}}</ref> It has no regular budget, permanent secretariat or formal charter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Grote|first=Jenny |date=2010 |title=The Changing Tides of Small Island States Discourse - A Historical Overview of the Appearance of Small Island States in the International Arena |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43239555|journal=Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=183–186 |jstor=43239555 |via=JSTOR |doi=10.5771/0506-7286-2010-2-164 |doi-access=free}}</ref> There is a Bureau, which is made up of the chair-person and two vice chairs.<ref>{{Cite book |editor=Nick Heath-Brown |title=The Statesman's Yearbook |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2016 |location=London |pages=45 |ISBN=978-1-137-43998-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[:en]Bureau of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)[:fr]Le bureau d'alliance des petits etats insulaires[:] |url=http://unohrlls.org/about-sids/bureau-of-aosis/ |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=UN-OHRLLS |language=en |archive-date=2018-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125115624/http://unohrlls.org/about-sids/bureau-of-aosis/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-AOSIS also uses partnerships, for example with the [[United Nations Development Programme]] and the [[European Commission]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=About Us – AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States)|url=https://www.aosis.org/about/|access-date=2020-11-13|language=en-US}}</ref>
+AOSIS also uses partnerships, for example with the [[United Nations Development Programme]] and the [[European Commission]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About Us – AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States) |url=https://www.aosis.org/about/ |website=www.aosis.org |access-date=2020-11-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
 == Mission ==
 AOSIS' core focus areas are [[climate change]], [[sustainable development]] and [[Marine conservation|ocean conservation]].<ref name=":1"/>
-SIDS are among the nations least responsible for climate change, having contributed less than 1% to the world's [[Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas emissions]]. They are particularly vulnerable to its effects, with some islands at risk of becoming uninhabitable due to sea level rise.<ref name="undp.org">{{Cite web|title=Small Island nations at the frontline of climate action|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2017/09/18/small-island-nations-at-the-frontline-of-climate-action-.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=UNDP|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308001039/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2017/09/18/small-island-nations-at-the-frontline-of-climate-action-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Climate change and small islands: more scientific evidence of high risks|url=https://climateanalytics.org/blog/2020/climate-change-and-small-islands-more-scientific-evidence-of-high-risks/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Climate Analytics Blog|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=1994|title=Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (Art 3)|url=https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_aofw_sids/sids_pdfs/BPOA.pdf|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Small island developing states in numbers; climate change edition|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2189SIDS-IN-NUMBERS-CLIMATE-CHANGE-EDITION_2015.pdf|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> AOSIS has consistently raised this threat of uninhabitability created by climate change in climate negotiations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Ourbak|first1=Timothee|last2=Magnan|first2=Alexandre|date=2018|title=The Paris Agreement and climate change negotiations: Small Islands, big players|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10113-017-1247-9#Abs1|journal=Regional Environmental Change|volume=18|issue=8|pages=2201–2206|doi=10.1007/s10113-017-1247-9|s2cid=158547600|via=SpringerLink|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+SIDS are among the nations least responsible for climate change, having contributed less than 1% to the world's [[Greenhouse gas|greenhouse gas emissions]]. They are particularly vulnerable to its effects, with some islands at risk of becoming uninhabitable due to sea level rise.<ref name="undp.org">{{Cite web |title=Small Island nations at the frontline of climate action |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2017/09/18/small-island-nations-at-the-frontline-of-climate-action-.html |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=UNDP |language=en |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308001039/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2017/09/18/small-island-nations-at-the-frontline-of-climate-action-.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Climate change and small islands: more scientific evidence of high risks |url=https://climateanalytics.org/blog/2020/climate-change-and-small-islands-more-scientific-evidence-of-high-risks/ |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=Climate Analytics Blog |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=1994 |title=Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (Art 3) |url=https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_aofw_sids/sids_pdfs/BPOA.pdf |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Small island developing states in numbers; climate change edition |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2189SIDS-IN-NUMBERS-CLIMATE-CHANGE-EDITION_2015.pdf |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> AOSIS has consistently raised this threat of uninhabitability created by climate change in climate negotiations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Ourbak|first1=Timothee |last2=Magnan|first2=Alexandre |date=2018 |title=The Paris Agreement and climate change negotiations: Small Islands, big players |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10113-017-1247-9#Abs1|journal=Regional Environmental Change |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=2201–2206 |doi=10.1007/s10113-017-1247-9 |s2cid=158547600 |via=SpringerLink |doi-access=free}}</ref>
-SIDS, of which AOSIS is predominantly comprised, account for less than 1% of the global GDP, territory, and population,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-19|title=Island states have had an outsized influence on climate policy|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2019/09/19/island-states-have-had-an-outsized-influence-on-climate-policy|access-date=2020-11-13|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> meaning that individually SIDS hold little political weight in international climate negotiations.<ref name="unu.edu"/> The aim of AOSIS is to amplify the voices of its members by joining together states which face similar issues. This is to increase their ability to influence climate negotiations and raise awareness for its concerns.<ref name=":1" />
+SIDS, of which AOSIS is predominantly comprised, account for less than 1% of the global GDP, territory, and population,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-19 |title=Island states have had an outsized influence on climate policy |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2019/09/19/island-states-have-had-an-outsized-influence-on-climate-policy |access-date=2020-11-13 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> meaning that individually SIDS hold little political weight in international climate negotiations.<ref name="unu.edu"/> The aim of AOSIS is to amplify the voices of its members by joining together states which face similar issues. This is to increase their ability to influence climate negotiations and raise awareness for its concerns.<ref name=":1" />
 == Actions ==
 AOSIS has been very active from its inception. It has played a leading role in the global arena in raising awareness on climate change and advocating for action to address climate change.<ref name=":2" /> The creation of the alliance marked the beginning of the growth in influence of SIDS in [[politics of climate change|climate politics]].<ref name=":0" /> Despite their size and their relatively small economic and political weight, AOSIS member states have pulled above their weight in climate change negotiations.<ref name=":2" />
-AOSIS played an important role in establishing the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) and was an important actor in the negotiations of the Framework in 1992.<ref name=":2" /> Its advocacy was instrumental to the inclusion of references to the greater vulnerability and special needs of SIDS in Article 4.8 of the UNFCCC.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=1992|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Art 4.8)|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> However, AOSIS was unsuccessful in its attempts to persuade nations to include commitments to specified greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in the Framework.<ref name=":0" />
+AOSIS played an important role in establishing the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) and was an important actor in the negotiations of the Framework in 1992.<ref name=":2" /> Its advocacy was instrumental to the inclusion of references to the greater vulnerability and special needs of SIDS in Article 4.8 of the UNFCCC.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Art 4.8) |url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> However, AOSIS was unsuccessful in its attempts to persuade nations to include commitments to specified greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in the Framework.<ref name=":0" />
-AOSIS continued to advocate for the special needs of SIDS during the [[Earth Summit]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]] in 1992<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Chasek|first=Pamela|date=12 August 2005|title=Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small Island States|url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x
+AOSIS continued to advocate for the special needs of SIDS during the [[Earth Summit]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]] in 1992<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Chasek|first=Pamela |date=12 August 2005 |title=Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small Island States |url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x
-|journal=Review of European Community and International Environmental Law|volume=14|issue=2|pages=132|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x|via=Wiley Online Library}}</ref> and the 'special case' of SIDS was recognised in [[Agenda 21]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=1992|title=Agenda 21 (Article 17.123)|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> the political action plan which resulted from the Summit. AOSIS' proposal to create an 'international insurance fund', funded by developed countries to compensate SIDS for damage caused by climate change, was turned down.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Shibuya|first=Eric|date=Winter 1996–1997|title="Roaring Mice Against the Tide": The Pacific Islands and Agenda Building on Global Warming|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2761186.pdf|journal=Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia|volume=69|pages=552–554|jstor=2761186|via=JSTOR}}</ref> In Rio, AOSIS broadened its mandate beyond climate change to also include the sustainable development of SIDS. AOSIS negotiated for the inclusion of a small program area on the sustainable development of small islands in Agenda 21.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=1992|title=Agenda 21 (G. Sustainable development of small islands)|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> Agenda 21 was not legally binding, and some academics contend that the program was too vague to promote meaningful action.<ref name=":0" />
+|journal=Review of European Community and International Environmental Law |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=132 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x |via=Wiley Online Library}}</ref> and the 'special case' of SIDS was recognised in [[Agenda 21]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=Agenda 21 (Article 17.123) |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> the political action plan which resulted from the Summit. AOSIS' proposal to create an 'international insurance fund', funded by developed countries to compensate SIDS for damage caused by climate change, was turned down.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Shibuya|first=Eric|date=Winter 1996–1997|title="Roaring Mice Against the Tide": The Pacific Islands and Agenda Building on Global Warming|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2761186.pdf|journal=Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia|volume=69|pages=552–554|jstor=2761186|via=JSTOR}}</ref> In Rio, AOSIS broadened its mandate beyond climate change to also include the sustainable development of SIDS. AOSIS negotiated for the inclusion of a small program area on the sustainable development of small islands in Agenda 21.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=1992|title=Agenda 21 (G. Sustainable development of small islands)|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> Agenda 21 was not legally binding, and some academics contend that the program was too vague to promote meaningful action.<ref name=":0" />
 AOSIS did manage to secure the inclusion in Agenda 21 of a call for a global conference on this issue,<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=1992|title=Agenda 21 (Art. 17.130)|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> which led to the first Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island States, held in [[Barbados]] in 1994.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /> AOSIS played a prominent role at the Conference.<ref name=":4" /> It was the first UN conference entirely devoted to SIDS. The Conference resulted in the translation of Agenda 21 into a more comprehensive programme, the [[Barbados Programme of Action]] on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 1994|title=Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States|url=http://www.sidsnet.org/docshare/other/BPOA.pdf|access-date=2020-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213104151/http://www.sidsnet.org/docshare/other/BPOA.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-13}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The five year review of the Barbados Conference, conducted at a special session of the UN General Assembly in 1999, found that the SIDS efforts to make progress towards sustainable development had been limited,<ref name=":0" /> while the ten year review of the Barbados Conference, which took the form of an international meeting in [[Mauritius]] in 2005, found that its implementation was largely unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10–14 January 2005|title=Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States|url=http://www.sidsnet.org/docshare/other/20050622163242_English.pdf|access-date=2020-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306202734/http://www.sidsnet.org/docshare/other/20050622163242_English.pdf|archive-date=2008-03-06}}</ref>
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 AOSIS put forward the first draft text in the [[Kyoto Protocol]] negotiations as early as 1994. AOSIS member states [[Fiji]] and [[Antigua and Barbuda]] were the first states to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 1998.<ref name=":2" />
-AOSIS has used formal and informal meetings scheduled in advance of UN climate change conferences to raise awareness and political momentum for its mission.<ref name=":2" /> AOSIS has also used the media to raise awareness for its concerns. For example, in the lead up to the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2009 UN Climate Change Conference]] (UNFCCC) in [[Copenhagen]], members of the cabinet of the [[Maldives]], an AOSIS member state, held an underwater cabinet meeting to create awareness of the threat that climate change poses to the very existence of the Maldives. The stunt garnered international attention.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-10-17|title=Maldives cabinet makes a splash|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8311838.stm|access-date=2020-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-10-17|title=Maldivas realiza singular junta bajo el mar|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/2009/10/18/1/1430/maldivas-realiza-singular-junta-mar.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=El Universo|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Reunión de gabinete bajo el agua|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/reunion-de-gabinete-bajo-el-agua-nid1187695/|access-date=2020-11-13|newspaper=La Nación|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-10-17|title=Maldives cabinet makes a splash|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8311838.stm|access-date=2020-11-14}}</ref>
+AOSIS has used formal and informal meetings scheduled in advance of UN climate change conferences to raise awareness and political momentum for its mission.<ref name=":2" /> AOSIS has also used the media to raise awareness for its concerns. For example, in the lead up to the [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2009 UN Climate Change Conference]] (UNFCCC) in [[Copenhagen]], members of the cabinet of the [[Maldives]], an AOSIS member state, held an underwater cabinet meeting to create awareness of the threat that climate change poses to the very existence of the Maldives. The stunt garnered international attention.<ref name="BBC_Splash">{{Cite news |date=2009-10-17 |title=Maldives cabinet makes a splash |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8311838.stm |access-date=2020-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-17 |title=Maldivas realiza singular junta bajo el mar |trans-title=Maldives holds unique meeting under the sea |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/2009/10/18/1/1430/maldivas-realiza-singular-junta-mar.html|access-date=2020-11-13 |website=El Universo |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Reunión de gabinete bajo el agua |trans-title=Underwater cabinet meeting |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/reunion-de-gabinete-bajo-el-agua-nid1187695/ |access-date=2020-11-13 |newspaper=La Nación |language=es}}</ref><ref name="BBC_Splash"/>
 At the UN Climate Change Conference in [[Berlin]] in 1995, AOSIS advocated very strongly for a commitment to timetables and target measures for climate change. It gained the support of developed nations including [[China]], [[Brazil]], and [[India]].<ref name=":4" /> AOSIS had advocated since 2008 for the inclusion of a temperature target to restrain global warming to 1.5&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels. Many of the AOSIS member states were present at the Conference in Copenhagen. [[Democracy Now!]] reported that members from the [[island state]] of [[Tuvalu]] interrupted a session of the Conference on 10 December 2009 to demand that global temperature rise be limited to 1.5 [[°C]] instead of the proposed 2&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|title=Citing Its Survival, Pacific Island of Tuvalu Interrupts Copenhagen Summit to Call for Binding Climate Commitments|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/12/10/citing_its_survival_pacific_island_of|website=Democracy Now!}}</ref><ref>
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 At the [[2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2013 Warsaw climate change conference]], AOSIS pushed for the establishment of an international mechanism on loss and damages stressed by the wreckage of [[Supertyphoon Haiyan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=For Immediate Release: Small Islands Call For Urgency in Warsaw in Wake of Deadly Typhoon|date=11 November 2013|website=AOSIS|url=http://aosis.org/for-immediate-release-small-islands-call-for-urgency-in-warsaw-in-wake-of-deadly-typhoon/|access-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026120745/http://aosis.org/for-immediate-release-small-islands-call-for-urgency-in-warsaw-in-wake-of-deadly-typhoon/|archive-date=26 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> As the existence of many AOSIS member states are put at risk by climate change, AOSIS has threatened lawsuits. The results of a recent review of the literature <ref>{{cite journal | author = Heidari Negin, Pearce Joshua M | year = 2016 | title = A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Liabilities as the Value of Renewable Energy for Mitigating Lawsuits for Climate Change Related Damages | url = https://www.academia.edu/19418589 |journal=[[Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews]] |volume = 55 | pages = 899–908 | doi = 10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.025 }}</ref> show that potential liability for climate change-related losses for AOSIS is over $570 trillion. AOSIS raised this issue again at the 2015 UNFCCC in Paris. AOSIS was instrumental in the inclusion of Article 8 in the Paris Agreement,<ref name=":2" /> which 'recognizes the importance of averting, minimizing and addressing loss and damage' caused by climate change,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Article 8 of the Paris Agreement|url=https://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/groups_committees/loss_and_damage_executive_committee/application/pdf/ref_8_decision_xcp.21.pdf|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> although the article does not 'provide a basis for any liability of compensation'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session(Art.51)|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf#page=2|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> As in previous climate agreements, AOSIS members were among the first to ratify the Paris Agreement, with Fiji ratifying first, followed days later by the [[Marshall Islands|Republic of Marshall Islands]], [[Palau]], the Maldives, and others.<ref name=":2" />
-AOSIS member state Fiji co-hosted the [[United Nations Ocean Conference|UN Oceans Conference]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ocean Conference, 5-9 June, 2017 - United Nations, New York|url=https://www.un.org/en/conf/ocean/about.shtml|access-date=2020-11-13|website=www.un.org|language=EN}}</ref> Ministers from AOSIS member states, including Fiji, Tuvalu, and Palau used this conference to again raise awareness of the real risk that the impact of climate change poses to the very existence of their nations and to advocate for action to address climate change.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Richard Roth|title=At first UN Ocean Conference, island nations plead for help|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/07/world/small-island-nations-un-ocean-conference/index.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=CNN|date=7 June 2017}}</ref> Fiji also presided over the [[2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2017 UN Climate Change Conference]], making it the first SIDS to preside over a UN conference on climate change,<ref name="undp.org"/> although the event took place in [[Bonn]] due to Fiji's remote location, small size and limited infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-05|title=Fiji and Bonn, an unusual partnership to host COP23 climate talks|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20171103-fiji-bonn-germany-cop23-united-nations-climate-change-conference|access-date=2020-11-13|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref>
+AOSIS member state Fiji co-hosted the [[United Nations Ocean Conference|UN Oceans Conference]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ocean Conference, 5-9 June, 2017 - United Nations, New York |url=https://www.un.org/en/conf/ocean/about.shtml |access-date=2020-11-13 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Ministers from AOSIS member states, including Fiji, Tuvalu, and Palau used this conference to again raise awareness of the real risk that the impact of climate change poses to the very existence of their nations and to advocate for action to address climate change.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Richard Roth|title=At first UN Ocean Conference, island nations plead for help|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/07/world/small-island-nations-un-ocean-conference/index.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=CNN|date=7 June 2017}}</ref> Fiji also presided over the [[2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2017 UN Climate Change Conference]], making it the first SIDS to preside over a UN conference on climate change,<ref name="undp.org"/> although the event took place in [[Bonn]] due to Fiji's remote location, small size and limited infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-05|title=Fiji and Bonn, an unusual partnership to host COP23 climate talks|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20171103-fiji-bonn-germany-cop23-united-nations-climate-change-conference|access-date=2020-11-13|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref>
 == AOSIS membership ==
@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 ==Chairmanship==
-There have been 13 chairs of AOSIS since its establishment, with the Permanent Representative of Samoa, Ambassador Pa’olelei Luteru, as the current chair.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aosis.org/about/chair-of-aosis/|title=About AOSIS|publisher=AOSIS - Alliance of Small Island States}}</ref>
+There have been 13 chairs of AOSIS since its establishment, with the Permanent Representative of Samoa, Ambassador Pa’olelei Luteru, as the current chair.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aosis.org/about/chair-of-aosis/ |title=About AOSIS: Chair of AOSIS |publisher=AOSIS - Alliance of Small Island States |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable sortable"
 |-