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{{Short description|Turkic tribe in Iran}}
{{Short description|Turkic tribe in Iran}}
{{About|the Turkic tribe|the modern political term|White Turks|the groups in Eastern Europe|Karaite}}
{{About|the Turkic tribe|the modern political term|White Turks and Black Turks}}


The '''Karai''', '''Qarai''', or '''Keraits''' are [[Turkic peoples]] found in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]], [[Kerman province|Kerman]], and [[Fars province|Fars]].
'''Karai'''{{efn|also spelled '''Qarai'''}} or '''Qarā Tātār''' is a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribe found in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]], [[Kerman Province|Kerman]], and [[Fars Province|Fars]].<ref>[[Cambridge History of Iran]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160130060112/http://blog.iran-carpet.com/index.php/item/2127-the-qarai-rugs-of-turbat-i-haidari-part3 From Michael Craycraft's "THE QARAI RUGS OF TURBAT-I-HAIDARI" Footnote 1]</ref><ref>Ludwig W. Adamec, Historical gazetteer of Iran, Volume 2, Verlagsanstalt, 1981, p.325</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
According to [[Vladimir Minorsky]], the name ''Karāʾi'' may have been rooted in the [[Keraites]], a [[Mongol people]], while according to [[Gyula Németh (linguist)|Gyula Németh]], the tribe's name might have originated from other ethnic groups in [[Central Asia]].{{sfn|Oberling|2002}}
According to [[Vladimir Minorsky]], the name ''Karāʾi'' may have been rooted in the [[Keraites]], a Mongol tribe, while according to [[Gyula Németh (linguist)|Gyula Németh]], the tribe's name might have originated from other ethnic groups in [[Central Asia]].{{sfn|Oberling|2002}}


Since ''qara'' "black" is a designation for "north" in [[Turkic languages]] it was a frequently used tribal identifier among the early [[Turkic peoples]], and there are numerous [[Kipchaks|Kipchak groups]] known by this adjective. The earliest mention of these, not necessarily related, are the "Black Tatars" ({{zh|c=黑韃靼}}), a subdivision of the [[Rouran Khaganate]] in [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] sources.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Meanwhile, at the western end of the steppe, more "black Tatars" were troops serving the [[First Bulgarian Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Vásáry|first=István|title=Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJWyg97IggC&pg=PA112|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44408-8}}, p. 112</ref>
Since "Black" (''qara'') is a Turkic designation for "north" it was a frequently used tribal identifier among the early [[Turkic peoples]], and there are numerous [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] groups known by this adjective. The earliest mention of these, not necessarily related, are the "Black Tatars" ({{zh|c=黑韃靼}}), a subdivision of the [[Rouran Khaganate]] in [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] sources.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Meanwhile, at the western end of the steppe more "black Tatars" were the Tatar troops serving the [[First Bulgarian Empire]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Vásáry|first=István|title=Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJWyg97IggC&pg=PA112|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44408-8}}, p. 112</ref>


==History==
==History==
The Qara'i were recorded as a Mongol tribe of 30–40,000 nomad families dwelling near [[Amasya]] and [[Kayseri]] in [[Anatolia]] at the time of [[Timur]]'s [[Timurid conquests and invasions|conquests]]. Upon a suggestion by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan [[Bayezid I]]{{sfn|Barthold|1936|p=701}} and to refill the depopulated extremities of his empire,{{sfn|Sümer|p=175}} Timur deported these tribes back to [[Central Asia]], specifically [[Khwarazm]] and an island in [[Issyk-Kul]] that later ceased to exist.{{sfn|Barthold|1936|p=701}} Many of the tribesmen tried to escape from the forced migration, and although many were captured, some tribesmen remained in [[Anatolia]].{{sfn|Sümer|pp=175–176}} A portion of the tribe that was previously deported managed to escape to the [[Golden Horde]], and some additionally returned to Anatolia following Timur's demise. In 1419, groups from the tribe were deported by the Ottomans to the [[Balkans]], settling near [[Pazardzhik]] in modern-day [[Bulgaria]].{{sfn|Barthold|1936|p=701}}
Qarā Tātārs were recorded as a Mongol tribe of 30–40,000 nomad families dwelling near [[Amasya]] and [[Kayseri]] in [[Anatolia]] at the time of [[Timur]]'s [[Timurid conquests and invasions|conquests]]. Upon a suggestion by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan [[Bayezid I]]{{sfn|Barthold|1936|p=701}} and to refill the depopulated extremities of his empire,{{sfn|Sümer|p=175}} Timur deported these tribes back to [[Central Asia]], specifically [[Khwarazm]] and an island in [[Issyk-Kul]] that later ceased to exist.{{sfn|Barthold|1936|p=701}} Many of the tribesmen tried to escape from the forced migration, and although many were captured, some tribesmen still remained in Anatolia.{{sfn|Sümer|pp=175–176}} A portion of the tribe that was previously deported managed to escape to the [[Golden Horde]], and some additionally returned to Anatolia following Timur's demise. In 1419, groups from the tribe were deported by the Ottomans to the [[Balkans]], settling near [[Pazardzhik]] in modern-day [[Bulgaria]].{{sfn|Barthold|1936|p=701}}


At the start of the [[Qajar dynasty]], Qarai Turks were also scattered beyond southern Khorasan through the desert zone of [[Sistan]].<ref>Richard Tapper, Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan, Routledge, 2012, p.19</ref> Malcolm (1829) thought the Qarai of Persia arrived from "Tartary" as a result of [[Timur]]'s campaigns.<ref>J. Malcolm, ''The History of Persia'', 2 vols., London, 1829.</ref> Under Afsharid [[Nader Shah]] (r. 1736–1747), they were settled in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Before that time, the Karai seem also to have been found in [[Azerbaijan]]. [[Adam Olearius]], who traveled in Azerbaijan in 1638, mentions ''Karai'' as one of the tribes of [[Mughan plain|Mogan]].
At the start of the [[Qajar dynasty]], Qarai Turks were also scattered beyond southern Khorasan through the desert zone of [[Sistan]].<ref>Richard Tapper, Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan, Routledge, 2012, p.19</ref> Malcolm (1829) thought the Karai of Persia arrived from "Tartary" as a result of [[Timur]]'s campaigns.<ref>J. Malcolm, ''The History of Persia'', 2 vols., London, 1829.</ref> Under Afsharid [[Nader Shah]] (r. 1736–1747), they were settled in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Before that time, the Karai seem also to have been found in [[Azerbaijan]]. [[Adam Olearius]], who traveled in Azerbaijan in 1638, mentions ''Karai'' as one of the tribes of [[Mughan plain|Mogan]].


They became influential there in the 18th century, after their leader, Amir Khan, was made governor of [[Mashhad]] under [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in 1749. Their political power peaked in the early 19th century under the leadership of [[Eshaq Khan Qaraei-Torbati]]. Eshaq Khan had submitted to [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar]] in 1795, but under [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar]] he achieved de facto autonomy from the central Qajar government, seizing control of Mashad in 1813. But soon later, in 1816, Eshaq Khan's tribal alliance fell apart and he was killed in Mashad.
They became influential there in the 18th century, after their leader, Amir Khan, was made governor of [[Mashad]] under [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in 1749. Their political power peaked in the early 19th century under the leadership of [[Eshaq Khan Qaraei-Torbati]]. Eshaq Khan had submitted to [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar]] in 1795, but under [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar]] he achieved de facto autonomy from the central Qajar government, seizing control of Mashad in 1813. But soon later, in 1816, Eshaq Khan's tribal alliance fell apart and he was killed in Mashad.


Esḥaq Khan was succeeded by his son [[Mohammad Khan Qaraei-Torbati]], who managed to retain "a sort of semi-independent existence"<ref>C. E. Yate, Khurasan and Sistan, London, 1900, p. 53.</ref> But in the second half of the 19th century, the Karai chiefs lost most of their wealth and influence. George N. Curzon, who visited the area in 1889, described the region as "terribly decimated both by Turkmen ravages and by the great famine".<ref>G. N. Curzon, ''Persia and the Persian Question'', 1892, vol. I, p. 203.</ref>
Esḥaq Khan was succeeded by his son [[Mohammad Khan Qaraei-Torbati|Moḥammad Khan]], who managed to retain "a sort of semi-independent existence"<ref>C. E. Yate, Khurasan and Sistan, London, 1900, p. 53.</ref> But in the second half of the 19th century, the Karai chiefs lost most of their wealth and influence. George N. Curzon, who visited the area in 1889, described the region as "terribly decimated both by Turkmen ravages and by the great famine".<ref>G. N. Curzon, ''Persia and the Persian Question'', 1892, vol. I, p. 203.</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==

Revision as of 02:56, 21 December 2023

This article is about the Turkic tribe. For the modern political term, see White Turks and Black Turks.

Karai[a] or Qarā Tātār is a Turkic tribe found in Khorasan, Azerbaijan, Kerman, and Fars.[1][2]

Etymology

According to Vladimir Minorsky, the name Karāʾi may have been rooted in the Keraites, a Mongol tribe, while according to Gyula Németh, the tribe's name might have originated from other ethnic groups in Central Asia.[3]

Since "Black" (qara) is a Turkic designation for "north" it was a frequently used tribal identifier among the early Turkic peoples, and there are numerous Kipchak groups known by this adjective. The earliest mention of these, not necessarily related, are the "Black Tatars" (Chinese: 黑韃靼), a subdivision of the Rouran Khaganate in Tang sources.[citation needed] Meanwhile, at the western end of the steppe more "black Tatars" were the Tatar troops serving the First Bulgarian Empire[4]

History

Qarā Tātārs were recorded as a Mongol tribe of 30–40,000 nomad families dwelling near Amasya and Kayseri in Anatolia at the time of Timur's conquests. Upon a suggestion by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I[5] and to refill the depopulated extremities of his empire,[6] Timur deported these tribes back to Central Asia, specifically Khwarazm and an island in Issyk-Kul that later ceased to exist.[5] Many of the tribesmen tried to escape from the forced migration, and although many were captured, some tribesmen still remained in Anatolia.[7] A portion of the tribe that was previously deported managed to escape to the Golden Horde, and some additionally returned to Anatolia following Timur's demise. In 1419, groups from the tribe were deported by the Ottomans to the Balkans, settling near Pazardzhik in modern-day Bulgaria.[5]

At the start of the Qajar dynasty, Qarai Turks were also scattered beyond southern Khorasan through the desert zone of Sistan.[8] Malcolm (1829) thought the Karai of Persia arrived from "Tartary" as a result of Timur's campaigns.[9] Under Afsharid Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747), they were settled in Khorasan. Before that time, the Karai seem also to have been found in Azerbaijan. Adam Olearius, who traveled in Azerbaijan in 1638, mentions Karai as one of the tribes of Mogan.

They became influential there in the 18th century, after their leader, Amir Khan, was made governor of Mashad under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1749. Their political power peaked in the early 19th century under the leadership of Eshaq Khan Qaraei-Torbati. Eshaq Khan had submitted to Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1795, but under Fath-Ali Shah Qajar he achieved de facto autonomy from the central Qajar government, seizing control of Mashad in 1813. But soon later, in 1816, Eshaq Khan's tribal alliance fell apart and he was killed in Mashad.

Esḥaq Khan was succeeded by his son Moḥammad Khan, who managed to retain "a sort of semi-independent existence"[10] But in the second half of the 19th century, the Karai chiefs lost most of their wealth and influence. George N. Curzon, who visited the area in 1889, described the region as "terribly decimated both by Turkmen ravages and by the great famine".[11]

Demographics

A small Qarai population is found in Kerman Province, comprising some 420 households as of 1957, centered on the village of Tangu.[12] and in Fars Province, where clans using the name Qarai are found within the Qashqai, Khamsa and Mamasāni tribal confederacies. Oberling (1960:101) cites Iranian Army Files of 1956 according to which the Qarai of Kerman and Fars were moved there from Khorasan during the Safavid dynasty.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ also spelled Qarai

References

  1. ^ Cambridge History of Iran From Michael Craycraft's "THE QARAI RUGS OF TURBAT-I-HAIDARI" Footnote 1
  2. ^ Ludwig W. Adamec, Historical gazetteer of Iran, Volume 2, Verlagsanstalt, 1981, p.325
  3. ^ Oberling 2002.
  4. ^ Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44408-8., p. 112
  5. ^ a b c Barthold 1936, p. 701.
  6. ^ Sümer, p. 175.
  7. ^ Sümer, pp. 175–176.
  8. ^ Richard Tapper, Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan, Routledge, 2012, p.19
  9. ^ J. Malcolm, The History of Persia, 2 vols., London, 1829.
  10. ^ C. E. Yate, Khurasan and Sistan, London, 1900, p. 53.
  11. ^ G. N. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, 1892, vol. I, p. 203.
  12. ^ Oberling (1960), 100–105.

Bibliography

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