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Si El Madani El Glaoui (Telouet 1860 or 1866– Marrakech 14 August 1918)^[1] , born Madani El Mezouari El Glaoui (Arabic: المدني المزواري الڭلاوي), nicknamed the faqih (the literate) was a prominent statesman in Morocco during the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Descendant of a family in the service of the Moroccan Makhzen since the reign of Moulay Ismail, and invested by Moulay Hassan, Si El Madani served 4 successive sultans with several functions, culminating in his appointment in 1908 as Grand Vizier (صدر أعظم in Arabic) under Moulay Abdelhafid before being dismissed in 1911 at the urging of France, whose increasing influence in Moroccan affairs he had opposed.

He played a significant role in the history of Morocco at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, in a context of colonial penetration, and was truly, as Paul Pascon asserts, "the founder of the power of the Glaouis"^[2] ». Other authors, such as Montagne^[3], Harris^[4], Terrasse^[5] or Maxwell^[6] have recognized this pre-eminence of Si El Madani over all the other members of the family and in particular over his younger brother the pasha Thami El Glaoui. Abdessadeq El Glaoui, Thami's son, also attests to this primacy^[7]. At the time of his death in 1918, Si El Madani had under his authority a region extending from Marrakesh, on both sides of the Atlas Mountains, and encompassing the regions of Mesfioua, Demnate, Ouarzazate, Skoura, Dades and Todgha towards Tafilalet, Wadi Draa, Zenaga, Souktana and Aït Ouaouzgit^[8].

Life and career

The Glaoui family (also transliterated as Glawi)^[1] was one of the most powerful political clans in Morocco in the later 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, having risen to prominent positions of power under Muhammad IV and subsequent sultans. The same family had also constructed a lavish kasbah and fortified residence in Telouet, in the High Atlas, starting in 1860.^[9] The family was originally from a place called Tigemmi n'Imezouaren in the territory of the Fatwaka tribe, near the Tassaout river.^[8] His father was the qaid of Telouet, Mohammed ben Hammou, known as Tibibit,^[8] and his mother was Zouhra Oum El Khaïr, a black slave.^[8] When Si Mohammed died on 4 August 1886, his eldest son Si Mhamed took over his father's position and then died the same year.^[8] After the death of Si M'hammed, his brother Si Madani took charge of the family clan.^[8]

By 1893 the family rivaled in power the other great qa'id families of the south, such as the Goundafi and Mtouggi. That year, when Sultan Hassan I was on a tax-collecting expedition, Madani Glaoui aided the sultan and allied himself with him politically. The sultan rewarded him by appointing him khalifa (deputy) over a large region including Todgha, Tafilalt, and Fayja.^[1]

During the Hafidiya civil war (1907–1908) between Sultan Abdelaziz, the incumbent on the throne, and his brother Abd al-Hafid, Madani initially aided Abdelaziz. After he accompanied the sultan on a military expedition that ended in failure, he then began to doubt Abdelaziz's political abilities and decided to switch sides, supporting Abd al-Hafid instead. After winning the throne, Abd al-Hafid rewarded Madani with high offices, including Minister of War in 1907 and Vizier (similar to Prime Minister) in 1909.^[1] Madani's younger brother, Thami, was appointed Pasha of Marrakesh.^[1]^[10] As the French began to intervene directly in Morocco in the following years, they initially forced Abd al-Hafid to stop supporting the Glaouis, whom they saw as troublesome. They soon changed their minds upon realizing that the Glaouis could be instrumental in controlling the region. The family thus developed friendly relations with the French.^[1] Madani died in 1918.^[1] His brother Thami ultimately kept his position as Pasha of Marrakesh under French Protectorate rule until 1956, during which time he acted as the strongman of southern Morocco.^[1]^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar (2006). Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Scarecrow Press. pp. 136–138. ISBN 978-0-8108-6511-2.
^ Paul Pascon (1977). Le Haouz de Marrakech (in French). Rabat, Paris: CURS et INAV, CNRS. p. 310.
^ Robert Montagne (1930). Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le Sud du Maroc (in French). Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan. p. note No. 2.
^ Walter B. Harris (1921). Morocco that Was. Edinburgh and London.: William Blackwood & Sons. p. 304.
^ Henri Terrasse (1938). Kasbas berbères (in French). Paris: Éditions des horizons de France.
^ Gavin Maxwell (1966). Lords of the Atlas, Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. p. 153.
^ Abdessadeq El Glaoui (2007). El Glaoui. Le ralliement, le Glaoui, mon père - Récit et témoignage (in French). Rabat: Éditions Marsam. p. p. 11. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Pascon. op. cit (in French). p. 318. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Cavender, Amel (2017). Migrants and Fassi Merchants: Urban Changes in Morocco, 1830-1912. Purdue University, Department of History (PhD thesis). pp. 99–100. ProQuest 1958939814.
^ ^a ^b Maxwell, Gavin (2004) [1966]. Lords of the Atlas : Morocco and the Rise & Fall of the House of Glaoua 1893–1956. London: Cassell. ISBN 0304354198.

[:3-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar (2006). Historical Dictionary of Morocco. Scarecrow Press. pp. 136–138. ISBN 978-0-8108-6511-2.

[2] Paul Pascon (1977). Le Haouz de Marrakech (in French). Rabat, Paris: CURS et INAV, CNRS. p. 310.

[3] Robert Montagne (1930). Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le Sud du Maroc (in French). Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan. p. note No. 2.

[4] Walter B. Harris (1921). Morocco that Was. Edinburgh and London.: William Blackwood & Sons. p. 304.

[5] Henri Terrasse (1938). Kasbas berbères (in French). Paris: Éditions des horizons de France.

[6] Gavin Maxwell (1966). Lords of the Atlas, Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. p. 153.

[7] Abdessadeq El Glaoui (2007). El Glaoui. Le ralliement, le Glaoui, mon père - Récit et témoignage (in French). Rabat: Éditions Marsam. p. p. 11. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)

[:0-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Pascon. op. cit (in French). p. 318. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[:4-9] Cavender, Amel (2017). Migrants and Fassi Merchants: Urban Changes in Morocco, 1830-1912. Purdue University, Department of History (PhD thesis). pp. 99–100. ProQuest 1958939814.

[:2-10] Maxwell, Gavin (2004) [1966]. Lords of the Atlas : Morocco and the Rise & Fall of the House of Glaoua 1893–1956. London: Cassell. ISBN 0304354198.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 Descendant of a family in the service of the Moroccan [[Makhzen]] since the reign of [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Moulay Ismail]], and invested by [[Hassan I of Morocco|Moulay Hassan]], Si El Madani served 4 successive [[Sultan|sultans]] with several functions, culminating in his appointment in 1908 as [[Grand vizier|Grand Vizier]] (صدر أعظم in Arabic) under [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco|Moulay Abdelhafid]] before being dismissed in 1911 at the urging of France, whose increasing influence in Moroccan affairs he had opposed.
-He played a significant role in the history of Morocco at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, in a context of colonial penetration, and was truly, as Paul Pascon asserts, "the founder of the power of the Glaouis"<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Pascon|titre=Le Haouz de Marrakech|passage=310|lieu=Rabat, Paris|éditeur=CURS et INAV, CNRS|année=1977}}</ref> ». Other authors, such as Montagne<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Robert Montagne|titre=Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le Sud du Maroc|passage=note {{n°|2}}.|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Librairie Félix Alcan|année=1930}}</ref>, Harris<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|auteur1=Walter B. Harris|titre=Morocco that Was|passage=304|lieu=Edinburgh and London.|éditeur=William Blackwood & Sons|année=1921}}</ref>, Terrasse<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Henri Terrasse|titre=Kasbas berbères|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Éditions des horizons de France|année=1938}}</ref> or [[Gavin Maxwell|Maxwell]]<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|auteur1=Gavin Maxwell|titre=Lords of the Atlas, Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua|passage=153|lieu=New York|éditeur=E. P. Dutton & Co.|année=1966}}</ref> have recognized this pre-eminence of Si El Madani over all the other members of the family and in particular over his younger brother the pasha [[Thami El Glaoui]]. Abdessadeq El Glaoui, Thami's son, also attests to this primacy<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Abdessadeq El Glaoui|titre=El Glaoui. Le ralliement, le Glaoui, mon père - Récit et témoignage|passage=p. 11.|lieu=Rabat|éditeur=Éditions Marsam|année=2007}}</ref>. At the time of his death in 1918, Si El Madani had under his authority a region extending from Marrakesh, on both sides of the Atlas Mountains, and encompassing the regions of Mesfioua, Demnate, Ouarzazate, Skoura, Dades and Todgha towards Tafilalet, Wadi Draa, Zenaga, Souktana and Aït Ouaouzgit<ref name=":0">{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Pascon|titre=op. cit.|éditeur=|année=|passage=318}}</ref>.
+He played a significant role in the history of Morocco at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, in a context of colonial penetration, and was truly, as Paul Pascon asserts, "the founder of the power of the Glaouis"<ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Pascon|date=1977|language=fr|location=Rabat, Paris|page=310|publisher=CURS et INAV, CNRS|title=Le Haouz de Marrakech}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> ». Other authors, such as Montagne<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Montagne|date=1930|language=fr|location=Paris|page=note {{n°|2}}.|publisher=Librairie Félix Alcan|title=Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le Sud du Maroc}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>, Harris<ref>{{cite book|author1=Walter B. Harris|date=1921|language=en|location=Edinburgh and London.|page=304|publisher=William Blackwood & Sons|title=Morocco that Was}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>, Terrasse<ref>{{cite book|author1=Henri Terrasse|date=1938|language=fr|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions des horizons de France|title=Kasbas berbères}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> or [[Gavin Maxwell|Maxwell]]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gavin Maxwell|date=1966|language=en|location=New York|page=153|publisher=E. P. Dutton & Co.|title=Lords of the Atlas, Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> have recognized this pre-eminence of Si El Madani over all the other members of the family and in particular over his younger brother the pasha [[Thami El Glaoui]]. Abdessadeq El Glaoui, Thami's son, also attests to this primacy<ref>{{cite book|author1=Abdessadeq El Glaoui|date=2007|language=fr|location=Rabat|page=p. 11.|publisher=Éditions Marsam|title=El Glaoui. Le ralliement, le Glaoui, mon père - Récit et témoignage}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>. At the time of his death in 1918, Si El Madani had under his authority a region extending from Marrakesh, on both sides of the Atlas Mountains, and encompassing the regions of Mesfioua, Demnate, Ouarzazate, Skoura, Dades and Todgha towards Tafilalet, Wadi Draa, Zenaga, Souktana and Aït Ouaouzgit<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author1=Pascon|language=fr|page=318|title=op. cit.}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>.
 == Life and career ==