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Eva's father was a notable Arctic explorer and, during a period of absence from the estate in the 1870s, her mother, Lady Georgina, established a school of needlework for women at Lissadell. The women were trained in [[crochet]], [[embroidery]] and darn-thread work and the sale of their wares allowed them to earn a wage of 18 [[shilling]]s per week. This enterprise had a great influence on Eva and her later [[women's suffrage]] and trade union work.
Eva's father was a notable Arctic explorer and, during a period of absence from the estate in the 1870s, her mother, Lady Georgina, established a school of needlework for women at Lissadell. The women were trained in [[crochet]], [[embroidery]] and darn-thread work and the sale of their wares allowed them to earn a wage of 18 [[shilling]]s per week. This enterprise had a great influence on Eva and her later [[women's suffrage]] and trade union work.


In 1894, Eva joined her father on his travels around [[North America]] and the [[West Indies]]. She kept diaries and documented their travels in "Jamaica, Barbados, Cuba, Florida, New Orleans, St Louis, San Francisco, Vancouver, Toronto, Niagara, Montreal and Quebec."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Eva Gore-Booth: An image of such politics|last = Tiernan|first = Sonja|publisher = Manchester University Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-0-7190-8232-0|location = Manchester|page = 20}}</ref> On returning to Ireland she met the poet [[W.B. Yeats]] for the first time. The following year she traveled around Europe with her mother, sister Constance, and friend Rachel Mansfield and, while in [[Venice]], fell ill with a respiratory condition. In 1896, while recuperating at the villa of writer [[George MacDonald]] and his wife in Bordighera, Italy, she met Esther Roper, the English woman who would become her lifelong companion.<ref name=":4" /> Roper was also the secretary of the [[North of England Society for Women's Suffrage]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Hartley|first=Cathy|title=A Historical Dictionary of British Women|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0-203-40390-7|page=289|language=en}}</ref> Believing that she was dying of tuberculosis, Eva Goore-Booth and Roper settled in Manchester to serve working women throughout the remainder of her life.<ref name=":5" />
In 1894, Eva joined her father on his travels around [[North America]] and the [[West Indies]]. She kept diaries and documented their travels in "Jamaica, Barbados, Cuba, Florida, New Orleans, St Louis, San Francisco, Vancouver, Toronto, Niagara, Montreal and Quebec."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Eva Gore-Booth: An image of such politics|last = Tiernan|first = Sonja|publisher = Manchester University Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-0-7190-8232-0|location = Manchester|page = 20}}</ref> On returning to Ireland she met the poet [[W.B. Yeats]] for the first time. The following year she traveled around Europe with her mother, sister Constance, and friend Rachel Mansfield and, while in [[Venice]], fell ill with a respiratory condition. In 1896, while recuperating at the villa of writer [[George MacDonald]] and his wife in Bordighera, Italy, she met Esther Roper, the English woman who would become her lifelong companion.<ref name=":4" /> Roper was also the secretary of the [[North of England Society for Women's Suffrage]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Hartley|first=Cathy|title=A Historical Dictionary of British Women|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0-203-40390-7|page=289|language=en}}</ref> Believing that she was dying of tuberculosis, Eva Gore-Booth and Roper settled in Manchester to serve working women throughout the remainder of her life.<ref name=":5" />


Eva became a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] in 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leneman|first=Leah|date=June 1997|title=The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09612029700200144|journal=Women's History Review|volume=6|issue=2|pages=271–287|doi=10.1080/09612029700200144|s2cid=144004487 |issn=0961-2025}}</ref>
Eva became a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] in 1900.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leneman|first=Leah|date=June 1997|title=The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09612029700200144|journal=Women's History Review|volume=6|issue=2|pages=271–287|doi=10.1080/09612029700200144|s2cid=144004487 |issn=0961-2025}}</ref>

Revision as of 04:33, 28 December 2023

Eva Gore-Booth
Born
Eva Selina Laura Gore-Booth

22 May 1870
County Sligo, Ireland
Died30 June 1926(1926-06-30) (aged 56)
Hampstead, London, England
Resting placeSt John-at-Hampstead
NationalityIrish
Occupations
  • Poet
  • dramatist
PartnerEsther Roper

Eva Selina Laura Gore-Booth (22 May 1870 – 30 June 1926) was an Irish poet,[1] theologian, and dramatist, and a committed suffragist, social worker and labour activist. She was born at Lissadell House, County Sligo, the younger sister of Constance Gore-Booth, later known as the Countess Markievicz.

Family background and early life

Eva Selina Laura Gore-Booth and her sister Constance Gore-Booth, later known as the Countess Markievicz

Eva Selina Laura Gore-Booth was born in County Sligo, Ireland, to Sir Henry and Lady Georgina Gore-Booth of Lissadell. She was the third of five children born to the 5th Baronet and his wife and the first of her siblings to be born at Lissadell House. She and her siblings, Josslyn Gore-Booth (1869–1944), Constance Georgine Gore-Booth (1868–1927), Mabel Gore-Booth (1874–1955), and Mordaunt Gore-Booth (1878–1958), were the third generation of Gore-Booths at Lissadell. The house was built for her paternal grandfather, Sir Robert Gore-Booth, 4th Baronet, between 1830 and 1835 and three generations of Gore-Booths resided there during Eva's childhood, including her paternal grandfather and her maternal grandmother Lady Frances Hill.

Both Eva and Constance were educated at home[2] and had several governesses throughout their childhood, most notably Miss Noel who recorded most of what is known about Eva's early life. She learned French, German, Latin and Greek and developed a love of poetry that was instilled by her maternal grandmother. Eva was troubled by the stark contrast between her family's privileged life and the poverty outside Lissadell, particularly during the winter of the Irish Famine (1879) when starving tenants would come to the house begging for food and clothing. Esther Roper later remarked that Eva was "haunted by the suffering of the world and had a curious feeling of responsibility for its inequalities and injustices."[3]

Eva's father was a notable Arctic explorer and, during a period of absence from the estate in the 1870s, her mother, Lady Georgina, established a school of needlework for women at Lissadell. The women were trained in crochet, embroidery and darn-thread work and the sale of their wares allowed them to earn a wage of 18 shillings per week. This enterprise had a great influence on Eva and her later women's suffrage and trade union work.

In 1894, Eva joined her father on his travels around North America and the West Indies. She kept diaries and documented their travels in "Jamaica, Barbados, Cuba, Florida, New Orleans, St Louis, San Francisco, Vancouver, Toronto, Niagara, Montreal and Quebec."[4] On returning to Ireland she met the poet W.B. Yeats for the first time. The following year she traveled around Europe with her mother, sister Constance, and friend Rachel Mansfield and, while in Venice, fell ill with a respiratory condition. In 1896, while recuperating at the villa of writer George MacDonald and his wife in Bordighera, Italy, she met Esther Roper, the English woman who would become her lifelong companion.[2] Roper was also the secretary of the North of England Society for Women's Suffrage.[5] Believing that she was dying of tuberculosis, Eva Gore-Booth and Roper settled in Manchester to serve working women throughout the remainder of her life.[5]

Eva became a vegetarian in 1900.[6]

Political work

The work of Eva Gore-Booth, alongside that of Esther Roper was responsible for the close link between the struggle for women's rights in industry and the struggle for women's right to vote. As a middle class suffragist representing Manchester, the work of Gore-Booth was mainly recognized in the Lancashire cotton towns from 1899 to 1913.[7] Her struggle began when Eva became a member of the executive committee of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. Carrying out work at the Ancoats settlement, Eva became co-secretary of the Manchester and Salford Women's Trade Union Council.[5]

1902 saw Eva Gore-Booth campaigning at the Clitheroe by-election on behalf of David Shackleton, a Labour candidate that promised Eva he would show support for the women's enfranchisement. Shackleton was elected yet he did not act upon his promise made to Eva. This led to the founding of the Lancashire and Cheshire Women Textile and Other Worker's Representation Committee by Eva Gore-Booth, Esther Roper and Sarah Reddish. The setting up of this committee led to Eva Gore-Booth meeting Christabel Pankhurst who also felt strongly about women's rights. However, in 1904, Christabel caused some controversy in the Women's Trade Union Council as she attempted to force the council to make women's suffrage one of its aims to which they refused. This led to the resignation of Eva Gore-Booth from the council. Resigning from that particular council, Eva Gore-Booth alongside Sarah Dickenson who had also resigned, set up the Manchester and Salford Women's Trade and Labour Council. As part of this council, Eva and other suffragists used constitutional methods of campaigning. In the general election of 1906, they put forward their own candidate, Thorley Smith yet he was defeated. In May 1906 Eva was present in the suffrage deputation to Campbell Bannerman. Her true feeling of helplessness after the failure of this deputation was captured in two poems, which she wrote. These poems were titled 'Women's Trades on the Embankment' and 'A Lost Opportunity'.

In 1907 Eva Gore-Booth, reluctant to give up hope, contributed an essay "The Women's Suffrage Movement Among Trade Unionists" to The Case for Women's Suffrage. In this essay Eva gave a summary of reasons for the methods of the LCWTOW campaign to gain a vote for working women. In 1908 Eva was a delegate to the Labour Party Conference at Hull where she proposed a motion in favour of women's suffrage. This motion was defeated in favour of one for adult suffrage. The end of 1909 saw Eva Gore-Booth help to run the radical suffragist general election campaign at Rossendale where once again a candidate was put forward but was defeated. In 1910, Eva showed her support for the New Constitutional Society For Women's Suffrage and in 1911 with Esther Roper, she attended a meeting in London of the Fabian Women's Group. On 17 November of the same year Eva was a member of the deputation representing the working women of the north of England. This deputation called upon Lloyd George not to drop the Conciliation Bill. 1911 was also the year that Eva put herself in the shoes of the working women when she worked for a short time as a pit-brow lass to sample the working conditions for herself. However, as war broke out, Eva and Esther took up welfare work among German women and children in England. In December 1913, Eva signed the "Open Christmas Letter" to women of Germany and Austria. 1915 then saw Eva Gore-Booth become a member of the Women's Peace Crusade and in 1916 the No-Conscription Fellowship.

Eva Gore-Booth continued to work for peace, writing poetry and for a privately circulated journal, Urania, for the rest of her life.[8]

Poetry

When Eva was embarking on her writing career she was visited by W.B. Yeats who was very much taken with her work. In his own letters he states that he sent her a book to inspire her. Yeats was hoping that she would take up his cause of writing Irish tales to enchant and amuse. Instead Eva takes Irish folklore and put emphasis on the females in the story. Her widely discussed sexuality in later years is never declared but her poetry reflects it quite overtly. In her Triumph of Maeve she makes a minor scene between Maeve and a wise woman almost erotic.[9] While in her legend of Deirdre she subverts the masculine nationalist identity of Ireland's heroic tales.[10] In her early work she uses the same poetic devises that her male counterparts do such as writing a love poem to the goddess of Nature. In these she does not take a male voice though. She is writing love verse from one woman to another.[9] Eva Gore-Booth was also one of a group of editors of the magazine Urania that published issues three times a year from 1916 to 1940. It was a feminist magazine that reprinted stories and poems from all over the world with editorial comment. A lot of prominent New Woman authors including Mona Caird were involved with the project. Each issue declared that sex was an accident and there were no intrinsic characteristics of the female or the male. Many New Woman issues were discussed such as gender equality, suffrage and marriage but Eva Gore-Booth went further than that to write poetry about women loving women.[11] Even the title of the magazine Urania can refer to heavenly or Uranian another term for homosexual. Eva and Esther allowed their names to be used in connection with the periodical and Eva was considered to be an inspiration for Urania.[11]

Later life and death

Meeting political activist Esther Roper in Italy in 1896, where Eva was sent to recover from respiratory ailments, was a deciding factor in Eva's active involvement in women's rights of the suffrage movement.[4] The two women formed a strong attachment during the weeks spent together at the villa of writer George MacDonald and his wife in Bordighera which led to a partnership, privately and professionally, until Eva's death in June 1926.[12] How intimate her relations were with Roper is controversially discussed; however, letters and poems Eva dedicated to Esther suggest a romantic love between the two women.[13] One of those poems appears in a collection of Eva's poetic work "The Travellers, To E.G.R" which was published by Roper in 1929 in which Eva uses analogies of music and song to express how deeply she was struck by Esther's personality and charisma.[14][15]

After years of playing a lead role in the Women's Suffrage Movement and fighting for equality of women's rights in the UK as well as staying true to her literary roots, Eva and Esther relocated to London from Manchester in 1913 due to Eva's deteriorating respiratory health.[13] During World War I, Eva and Esther were actively involved in the British Peace Movement along with fellow suffragists, such as Sylvia Pankhurst and Emily Hobhouse. At the Women's International Congress which took place at the city of Hague in 1915, she jointly composed an open Christmas letter entitled "To the Women of Germany & Austria" urging to "... join hands with the women of neutral countries, and urge our rulers to stay further bloodshed ..." and appealing to a sense of sisterhood to prevent further atrocities and the war from escalating.[4]

Just weeks after the 1916 Rising, Eva traveled to Dublin accompanied by Esther and was pivotal in the efforts to reprieve the death sentence of her sister Constance Markievicz awarded for her instrumental role in the 1916 Rising, which was successfully converted to a life sentence. Her poetry composed during this period reflects the personal trauma and horror she was exposed to visiting her sister in solitary confinement.[13] She further campaigned to abolish the death sentence overall and to reform prison standards and attended the trial of Irish nationalist and fellow poet Roger Casement thus showing solidarity and support for the overturning of his death sentence.[13]

During the remaining years of her life, which was claimed by cancer on 30 June 1926, she remained devoted to her poetry, dedicated time to her artistic talents as a painter, studied the Greek language and was known as an anti-vivisectionist and supporter of animal welfare.[16][17] She also became a Theosophist and animal rights activist.[18] Eva died in her home in Hampstead, London she shared with Esther until her death. She was buried alongside Esther Roper in St John's churchyard, Hampstead.[19]

Sexuality

Eva Gore-Booth's sexuality has been a topic for debate among academics, some of whom argue that she and Esther Roper were in a same sex relationship, others that the two women merely cohabited.

After being told that she was close to death in 1896 Eva took a trip to the home of George MacDonald in Bordighera, Italy, to recuperate. It was there where she met Esther Roper who was also recovering from illness. They formed a strong mutual bond and were partners in life and work from then on.[12] After the time they spent there together Eva further rejected her privileged rural life in Ireland and moved into the urban Manchester environment. There she purchased property with Esther and who became her partner in her sexual politics activism and suffrage work.[20] Although Eva and Esther lived together till Eva's death they slept in different rooms and there is no way of proving or disproving a sexual relationship or any sort of sexual encounters between them. However, it was also commonplace in this era for married couples (particularly among the upper class) to have separate bedrooms so this detail is superfluous. After knowing each other for four years Eva made Esther the sole beneficiary of her estate.[21]

Both Eva and Esther worked with a team of professionals to establish and edit Urania, a sexual politics journal that was circulated between 1916 and 1940.[22] The formation was due to the editors being connected through a feminist revolutionary group known as the Aëthnic Union which was formed in 1911.[15] Urania was a radical journal that contributed to the discussion on sexual politics of the Suffrage era. It was established to document and enhance the progress of the first wave feminist movement.[23] Its aim was to promote the elimination of the glorification of heterosexual marriage and sex and gender distinctions altogether.[24] It also became a point of reference for those worldwide who shared the editors' radical, Uranian Philosophy. 'Sex is an Accident' a term coined by Eva regarding biological gender distinction was used to sum up the Uranian philosophy.

The journal for most of its publication was privately circulated worldwide but was sent free to anyone who requested it to establish a network and register of supporters.[23] Eva was seen as the figure head and founder of this journal as it tied into her theosophical feminist beliefs. Urania was ranged from eight to sixteen pages of compositions, magazines clippings, extracts and reports about sex changes and scientific methods, lesbian women in history as well as challenging and overcoming society's gender norms.[24]

Urania monitored birth and marriage rates worldwide and celebrated when the rates fell. It also promoted the idea of same-sex love being the ideal particularly between females and it being spiritual in nature rather than physical. Throughout all this discussion Eva was noted in Urania as an inspiration and her words and her poetry was quoted in it long after her death.[24]

Eva is buried alongside Esther in Hampstead in England and her tombstone reads "Life that is Love is God".[15]

Despite the debate on her sexuality Eva Gore-Booth has been honoured for her work by the LGBT community including an award in her honour at the Dublin Gay Theatre Festival.[25] Eva has also been acknowledged by the Irish Congress of Trade Unions as LGBT and Worker's Rights role model.[26]

Posthumous recognition

Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018.[27][28][29]

Selected publications

References

  1. ^ Gore-Booth, Eva, The one and the many Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1904. Copy with hand-painted illustrations by Constance Markievicz [née Gore-Booth] held in the Manuscripts & Archives Research Library, The Library of Trinity College Dublin. Available in digital form on the Digital Collections Archived 15 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine website.
  2. ^ a b McMahon, Sean (2018). Great Irish Heroes. Cork: Mercier Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78117-580-4.
  3. ^ James, Dermot (2004). The Gore-Booths of Lissadell. Dublin: Woodfield Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-9534293-8-7.
  4. ^ a b c Tiernan, Sonja (2012). Eva Gore-Booth: An image of such politics. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7190-8232-0.
  5. ^ a b c Hartley, Cathy (2013). A Historical Dictionary of British Women. Routledge. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-203-40390-7.
  6. ^ Leneman, Leah (June 1997). "The awakened instinct: vegetarianism and the women's suffrage movement in Britain". Women's History Review. 6 (2): 271–287. doi:10.1080/09612029700200144. ISSN 0961-2025. S2CID 144004487.
  7. ^ Crawford, E (2006). The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain and Ireland. UK & USA: Routledge.
  8. ^ Crawford, E. (1999). The Women's Suffrage Movement. UK & USA: UCL Press.
  9. ^ a b Donaghue, Emma (1997). Walshe (ed.). Sex, nation and dissent in Irish writing. UCD Library: Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-85918-013-6.
  10. ^ Gupta, Nikhil (17 February 2015). ""No man can face the past": Eva Gore-Booth and Reincarnation as Feminist Historical Understanding". Women's Studies. 44 (2): 224–238. doi:10.1080/00497878.2015.988483. ISSN 0049-7878. S2CID 144172402.
  11. ^ a b Oram, Alison (1 June 2001). "Feminism, Androgyny and Love between Women in Urania, 1916–1940". Media History. 7 (1): 57–70. doi:10.1080/1368800120048245. ISSN 1368-8804. PMID 21046841. S2CID 36188888.
  12. ^ a b McGuire, J.I. (2009). Dictionary of Irish biography: From the earliest times to the year 2002. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  13. ^ a b c d Gifford, L. (1988). Eva Gore-Booth and Esther Roper: a Biography. Pandora.
  14. ^ Gore-Booth, Eva (1926). Roper, Esther (ed.). Poems of Eva Gore-Booth: Complete Edition.
  15. ^ a b c Tiernan, Sonja (2011). "Challenging Presumptions of Heterosexuality: Eva Gore-Booth, A Biographical Case". Historical Reflections. doi:10.3167/hrrh.2011.370205.
  16. ^ Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah. (2000). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Yorkin Publications. p. 411
  17. ^ Wayne, Tiffany K. (2011). Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World: Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-313-34580-7
  18. ^ Rappaport, Helen (2001). Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 271. ISBN 1-57607-101-4.
  19. ^ Hamer, Emily (1996). Britannia's glory: a history of twentieth-century lesbians (1 ed.). Cassell. p. 75. ISBN 9780304329649.
  20. ^ Rappaport, Helen (2001). Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers. California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 101–104. ISBN 978-1-57607-101-4.
  21. ^ Tiernan, Sonja (2011). "Challenging Presumptions of Heterosexuality: Eva Gore-Booth, A Biographical Case Study". Historical Reflections. 37 (2): 71–87. doi:10.3167/hrrh.2011.370205.
  22. ^ Hamer, Emily (2016). Britannia's Glory: A History of Twentieth Century Lesbians. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4742-9279-5.
  23. ^ a b Tiernan, Sonja (2010). "Tabloid Sensationalism or Revolutionary Feminism? The First-wave Feminist Movement in an Irish Women's Periodical". Irish Communications Review. 12 (1): 74–87.
  24. ^ a b c McAuliffe, Mary; Tiernan, Sonja (2008). "Engagement Dissolved": Eva Gore-Booth, Urania and The Radical Challenge to Marriage (1st ed.). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 128–144. ISBN 978-1-84718-408-5.
  25. ^ "Gala Night & Awards". Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  26. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ "Historic statue of suffragist leader Millicent Fawcett unveiled in Parliament Square". Gov.uk. 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  28. ^ Topping, Alexandra (24 April 2018). "First statue of a woman in Parliament Square unveiled". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  29. ^ "Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth". iNews. 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2018.

Further reading

  • Patrick Quigley: Sisters Against the Empire: Countess Constance Markievicz and Eva Gore-Booth, 1916-1917. Liffey Press, 2016, ISBN 9781908308870
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