LGBTQ rights in Vatican City: Difference between revisions
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The legal code regarding '''LGBT rights in Vatican City''' is based on the Italian [[Zanardelli Code]] of 1889 |
The legal code regarding '''LGBT rights in Vatican City''' is based on the Italian [[Zanardelli Code]] of 1889, since the founding of the [[sovereign state]] of the [[Vatican City]] in 1929. |
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Although [[Pope Francis]] |
Although [[Pope Francis]], the incumbent Sovereign of Vatican City, has expressed support for same-sex civil unions, Vatican City does not currently recognize them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-16 |title=Same-sex civil unions 'good and helpful to many', says Pope Francis |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/16/same-sex-civil-unions-good-and-helpful-to-many-says-pope-francis |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis becomes 1st pope to endorse same-sex civil unions |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-endorse-same-sex-civil-unions-eb3509b30ebac35e91aa7cbda2013de2 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Criminal law== |
==Criminal law== |
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[[File:2704 - Milan - Protesting death penalty for LGBT people - Photo Giovanni Dall'Orto 10-Dec-2008.jpg|thumb|302x302px|A 2008 protest against the Vatican and the laws against [[gay]] people that were in force in the [[Catholic Church]].]] |
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Since 1890, Vatican city has had no criminal laws against non-commercial, private, adult and consensual [[Same-sex sexual activities|same-sex sexual activity]]. The age of consent is set at 18 years for all persons, regardless of gender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/phocadownload/leggi-decreti/normativa-penale/Legge%20n.%20VIII%20-%20Norme%20complementari%20in%20materia%20penale.pdf|title=Legge N. VIII: Norme complementari in materia penale, 11 July 2013 (see Article 8(4) and Article 4(a) - for sex within marriage see Article 8(5))|access-date=2017-03-15}}</ref> |
Since 1890, Vatican city has had no criminal laws against non-commercial, private, adult and consensual [[Same-sex sexual activities|same-sex sexual activity]]. The age of consent is set at 18 years for all persons, regardless of gender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticanstate.va/phocadownload/leggi-decreti/normativa-penale/Legge%20n.%20VIII%20-%20Norme%20complementari%20in%20materia%20penale.pdf|title=Legge N. VIII: Norme complementari in materia penale, 11 July 2013 (see Article 8(4) and Article 4(a) - for sex within marriage see Article 8(5))|access-date=2017-03-15}}</ref> |
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==Civil rights== |
==Civil rights== |
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[[Vatican City State]] does not have any [[civil rights]] provisions that include [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender identity]]. |
[[Vatican City State]] does not have any [[civil rights]] provisions that include [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender identity]]. |
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On 13 January 1998, a member of [[Arcigay]], [[Alfredo Ormando]], set himself on fire in [[St. Peter's Square]] in protest of Catholic doctrine around [[homosexuality]]. As a result of the severe burns suffered, he died a few days later in hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-19 |title=Man sets himself on fire in Vatican's St Peter's square |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25453307 |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andriote |first=John-Manuel |date=2013-03-15 |title='Alfredo's Fire' Sure to Spark Discussion About Religion, Homosexuality and the Deadliness of Intolerance |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/alfredos-fire-sure-to-spa_b_2879533 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Recognition of same-sex relationships== |
==Recognition of same-sex relationships== |
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[[Vatican City]] has always expressed disagreement with any civil recognition of same-sex unions, [[same-sex marriage]], and against the granting of [[LGBT adoption|adoption rights to same-sex couples]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Considérations à propos des projets de reconnaissance juridique des unions entre personnes homosexuelles |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20030731_homosexual-unions_fr.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> |
[[Vatican City]] has always expressed disagreement with any civil recognition of same-sex unions, [[same-sex marriage]], and against the granting of [[LGBT adoption|adoption rights to same-sex couples]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Considérations à propos des projets de reconnaissance juridique des unions entre personnes homosexuelles |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20030731_homosexual-unions_fr.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> |
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In March 2021, the [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith|Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] issued a ruling saying it was "not licit" for Catholic priests to [[Blessing|bless]] same-sex marriages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elbaum |first=Rachel |title=Vatican says Catholic Church can't bless same-sex unions |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/vatican-says-catholic-church-can-t-bless-same-sex-unions-n1261076 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Winfield |first=Nicole |date=2021-03-15 |title=Vatican bars gay union blessing, says God 'can't bless sin' |url=https://apnews.com/article/vatican-decree-same-sex-unions-cannot-bless-sin-077944750c975313ad253328e4cf7443 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> |
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In September 2021, Pope Francis expressed some support for same-sex civil unions, saying that "same-sex civil unions are good and helpful to many".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=2020-10-21 |title=In Shift for Church, Pope Francis Voices Support for Same-Sex Civil Unions |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/21/world/europe/pope-francis-same-sex-civil-unions.html |access-date=2023-01-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-15 |title=Pope: No same sex marriage, but uphold other rights |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-business-religion-pope-francis-marriage-a1db9c2a85852ef310c10ffc1c6f6531 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-16 |title=Same-sex civil unions 'good and helpful to many', says Pope Francis |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/16/same-sex-civil-unions-good-and-helpful-to-many-says-pope-francis |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> |
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In December 2023, Vatican announced that they will allow blessings for same-sex couples, but only under certain circumstances.<ref name="PinkNews">{{cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Sophie |title=Same-sex couples can be blessed, Vatican says – but there’s a catch |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/12/18/pope-francis-same-sex-couples-catholic-church-lgbtq/ |website=PinkNews |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref> |
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==Discrimination protections== |
==Discrimination protections== |
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[[File:Krzysztof Charamsa.jpg|thumb|[[Krzysztof Charamsa]], a homosexual theologian]] |
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The [[Vatican City|Vatican]] reserves the right to remove, suspend and dismiss immediately any official and employee who publicly admits to being [[gay]] or questions the general policy of the Vatican towards homosexuals.<ref>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/CDFHOMOL.HTM Texte de la lettre] sur le site d'Eternal World Television, Global Catholic Network (en anglais).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-17 |title=Stupeur au Vatican: un théologien fait son coming out... il est viré - Têtu |url=http://www.tetu.com/actualites/international/stupeur-au-vatican-un-theologien-fait-son-coming-out-il-est-vire-17657 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917003655/http://www.tetu.com/actualites/international/stupeur-au-vatican-un-theologien-fait-son-coming-out-il-est-vire-17657 |archive-date=2011-09-17 |access-date=2022-08-01 }}</ref> |
The [[Vatican City|Vatican]] reserves the right to remove, suspend and dismiss immediately any official and employee who publicly admits to being [[gay]] or questions the general policy of the Vatican towards homosexuals.<ref>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/CDFHOMOL.HTM Texte de la lettre] sur le site d'Eternal World Television, Global Catholic Network (en anglais).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-17 |title=Stupeur au Vatican: un théologien fait son coming out... il est viré - Têtu |url=http://www.tetu.com/actualites/international/stupeur-au-vatican-un-theologien-fait-son-coming-out-il-est-vire-17657 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917003655/http://www.tetu.com/actualites/international/stupeur-au-vatican-un-theologien-fait-son-coming-out-il-est-vire-17657 |archive-date=2011-09-17 |access-date=2022-08-01 }}</ref> |
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On its website, the Vatican states that homosexuals should be treated with respect, and all unjust discriminations against them must be avoided.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Considérations à propos des projets de reconnaissance juridique des unions entre personnes homosexuelles |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20030731_homosexual-unions_fr.html |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> |
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Pope Francis, the head of Vatican City stated that parents should never condemn their gay children but offer them support instead. He also said that "gays have a right to be accepted by their families as children and siblings".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=2022-01-26 |title=Support your children if they are gay, pope tells parents |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/support-your-children-if-they-are-gay-pope-tells-parents-2022-01-26/ |access-date=2023-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=Reuters |title=Pope Francis urges parents to 'never condemn' their gay children |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/pope-francis-urges-parents-to-never-condemn-their-gay-children-1.5754892 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=ctvnews |language=en}}</ref> |
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===Krzysztof Charamsa=== |
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In October 2015, the [[Coming out|coming-out]] of theologian Father [[Krzysztof Charamsa]] ended with his suspension from his priestly duties, teaching positions and posts in the [[Roman Curia]]. On the eve of the second session of the [[Fourteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops|Bishop's Synod on the Family]], Charamsa was quoted as saying in the ''[[Corriere della Sera|Corriere Della Sera]]'', "I want the Church and my community to know who I am: a gay priest who is happy, and proud of his identity. I'm prepared to pay the consequences, but it's time the Church opened its eyes, and realised that offering gay believers total abstinence from a life of love is inhuman."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tebano |first=Elena |date=2015-10-03 |title=Vatican Theologian Confesses: 'I'm Happy to Be Gay and I Have a Partner' |url=http://www.corriere.it/cronache/15_ottobre_03/vatican-theologian-confesses-m-happy-to-be-gay-and-have-partner-53aef384-69b2-11e5-b67f-8dc132718e33.shtml |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=Corriere della Sera |language=it}}</ref> |
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== On gender theory, identity and expression == |
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According to the [[Catechism]] of the Catholic Church: |
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{{quote|Man and woman have been created, which is to say, willed by God: on the one hand, in perfect equality as human persons; on the other, in their respective beings as man and woman. "Being man" or "being woman" is a reality which is good and willed by God: man and woman possess an inalienable dignity which comes to them immediately from God their Creator. Man and woman are both with one and the same dignity "in the image of God". In their "being-man" and "being-woman", they reflect the Creator's wisdom and goodness.<ref name="Catechism of the Catholic Church, Part One, Section Two, Chapter One, Article One, Paragraph Six, #396">{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church - PART 1 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 1 ARTICLE 1 PARAGRAPH 6 |url=http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p1s2c1p6.htm#III |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=www.scborromeo.org}}</ref> |
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}} |
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The Vatican has stated that doctors should not use the terms [[intersex]] and [[transgender]] to refer to patients and other individuals, stating that it would make [[masculinity]] and [[femininity]] "ambiguous".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ennis |first=Dawn |title=It's The First Sunday Since The Vatican Rejected Transgender People |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dawnstaceyennis/2019/06/16/its-the-first-sunday-since-the-vatican-rejected-transgender-people/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> |
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In January 2015, Pope Francis called [[gender studies]] "ideological [[colonization]]" while visiting the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McElwee |first=Joshua J. |date=2015-01-19 |title=Francis lambasts international aid, suggests Catholics should limit children |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/francis-lambasts-international-aid-suggests-catholics-should-limit-children |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=National Catholic Reporter |language=en}}</ref> |
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In an interview for a book (''Pope Francis: The Economy Kills'', originally in [[Italian language|Italian]]) published in 2015, [[Pope Francis]] compared gender studies to "genetic manipulation" and "nuclear weapons".<ref>{{Cite web |last=McElwee |first=Joshua J. |date=2015-02-13 |title=Francis strongly criticizes gender theory, comparing it to nuclear arms |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/francis-strongly-criticizes-gender-theory-comparing-it-nuclear-arms |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=National Catholic Reporter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=German |date=2015-02-20 |title=Pope Francis compared the arguments for transgender rights to nuclear weapons |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/2/20/8078979/pope-francis-trans-rights |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref> |
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In the 2016 document "''[[Amoris Laetitia]]''", written by Pope Francis after a [[Fourteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops|Synod]] involving Catholic [[bishop]]s from around the world, he wrote that: "It needs to be emphasized that 'biological sex and the socio-cultural role of sex (gender) can be distinguished but not separated'."<ref>[[Pope Francis]], [https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20160319_amoris-laetitia_en.pdf "Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation: ''Amoris Laetita'',"] paragraph 56.</ref> |
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There are no provisions in the Catechism that prohibit [[Gender transitioning|gender transition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Roman Catholic Church |url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-roman-catholic-church |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Human Rights Campaign |language=en-US}}</ref> However, in June 2019 the Vatican condemned gender studies as a "confused concept of freedom".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=2019-06-10 |title=Vatican condemns gender theory as bid to destroy nature |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vatican-gender-idUSKCN1TB20E |access-date=2022-08-01}}</ref> In a 2019 document issued by the [[Congregation for Catholic Education]], the Vatican warned Catholic educators that ideas of [[gender fluidity]] threatened "traditional families" and ignored "[[Complementarianism|natural differences]]" between [[Man|men]] and [[Woman|women]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Horowitz |first1=Jason |last2=Povoledo |first2=Elisabetta |date=2019-06-10 |title=Vatican Rejects Notion That Gender Identity Can Be Fluid |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/10/world/europe/vatican-francis-gender-identity-sexuality.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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==HIV/AIDS== |
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{{Main|Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS}} |
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Internationally, the Vatican government has been a leading opponent of the use of [[condom]]s as part of any campaign to stop the spread of the [[Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thavis |first=John |date=2009-03-18 |title=CNS STORY: Pope's condom comments latest chapter in sensitive church discussion |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901232.htm |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=webarchive.loc.gov |archive-date=14 April 2009 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090414225902/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901232.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Steve |date=2003-10-09 |title=Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/oct/09/aids |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Influence on LGBT laws abroad == |
== Influence on LGBT laws abroad == |
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| Same-sex marriage |
| Same-sex marriage |
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| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] |
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] |
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| Recognition of same-sex couples |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] (Since 2023, limited ceremonial rights)<ref name="PinkNews">{{cite web |last1=Perry |first1=Sophie |title=Same-sex couples can be blessed, Vatican says – but there’s a catch |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/12/18/pope-francis-same-sex-couples-catholic-church-lgbtq/ |website=PinkNews |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref> |
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| Recognition of [[LGBT parenting]] |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] (Since 2023)<ref name="CNN">{{cite web |last1=Nadeau |first1=Barbie |title=Vatican rules some transgender people and babies of same-sex couples can be baptized|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/09/europe/vatican-transgender-baptism-intl-scli/index.html/ |website=CNN |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref> |
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| Gays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve openly in the Gendarmerie Corps and the Pontifical Swiss Guard |
| Gays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve openly in the Gendarmerie Corps and the Pontifical Swiss Guard |
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| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] |
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] |
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| Recognition of transgender identity |
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| [[File:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] (Since 2023)<ref name="CNN">{{cite web |last1=Nadeau |first1=Barbie |title=Vatican rules some transgender people and babies of same-sex couples can be baptized|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/11/09/europe/vatican-transgender-baptism-intl-scli/index.html/ |website=CNN |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 12:20, 28 December 2023
LGBTQ rights in Vatican City | |
|---|---|
 Location of Vatican City (green) in Europe (dark grey) | |
| Status | Legal since 1890, as part of Italy |
| Gender identity | No |
| Military | No army |
| Discrimination protections | None |
| Family rights | |
| Recognition of relationships | Limited ceremonial rights[1] |
| Adoption | No |
The legal code regarding LGBT rights in Vatican City is based on the Italian Zanardelli Code of 1889, since the founding of the sovereign state of the Vatican City in 1929.
Although Pope Francis, the incumbent Sovereign of Vatican City, has expressed support for same-sex civil unions, Vatican City does not currently recognize them.[2][3]
Criminal law
Since 1890, Vatican city has had no criminal laws against non-commercial, private, adult and consensual same-sex sexual activity. The age of consent is set at 18 years for all persons, regardless of gender.[4]
Foreign diplomats, in order to be accredited, must not be part of a same-sex family,[5] and must not be divorced.[6] In 2008, Jean-Loup Kuhn-Delforge, who is an openly gay diplomat, and who is in a civil pact with his partner, was rejected by Roman Catholic officials to be the French ambassador to the Holy See. In 2015, Laurent Stefanini, an openly gay practising Catholic diplomat was rejected by Roman Catholic officials to be the French ambassador to the Holy See, despite being single. He was backed by President Francois Hollande and was supported by France's top Curia cardinal, Jean-Louis Tauran, who was the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, and Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, Archbishop of Paris. France kept their ambassador position vacant from March 2015 to May 2016 in protest, before nominating another diplomat in May 2016.[7][8]
Civil rights
Vatican City State does not have any civil rights provisions that include sexual orientation or gender identity.
Recognition of same-sex relationships
Vatican City has always expressed disagreement with any civil recognition of same-sex unions, same-sex marriage, and against the granting of adoption rights to same-sex couples.[9]
Discrimination protections
The Vatican reserves the right to remove, suspend and dismiss immediately any official and employee who publicly admits to being gay or questions the general policy of the Vatican towards homosexuals.[10][11]
Influence on LGBT laws abroad
In 2021, the Vatican foreign minister, Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher, delivered a letter to the Italian ambassador to the Holy See, expressing "concerns" over a bill in the Italian Parliament meant to legally protect LGBT Italians against violence and discrimination. The letter claimed the section of the bill prohibiting incitement of hatred on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity constituted a violation of freedom of speech and of religion, and asked for the draft law's text to be reformulated.[12][13][14]
Summary table
| Same-sex sexual activity legal |  (Since 1890)
|
| Equal age of consent (18) | (Since 1890)
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| Anti-discrimination laws in employment only |  (The Holy See reserves the right to remove, suspend and dismiss immediately any employee declaring themselves homosexual or against the position of the Catholic Church on homosexuality or transsexuality)
|
| Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services |
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| Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) |
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| Same-sex marriage |
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| Gays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve openly in the Gendarmerie Corps and the Pontifical Swiss Guard |
|
See also
- Amoris Laetita
- LGBT rights in Europe
- Catholic Church and homosexuality
- Index of Vatican City-related articles
- Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders
References
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
PinkNewswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Same-sex civil unions 'good and helpful to many', says Pope Francis". euronews. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ "Francis becomes 1st pope to endorse same-sex civil unions". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ "Legge N. VIII: Norme complementari in materia penale, 11 July 2013 (see Article 8(4) and Article 4(a) - for sex within marriage see Article 8(5))" (PDF). Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- ^ "Vatican blocks appointment of gay diplomat". PinkNews. 2 October 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ "Vatican accepts Juan Pablo Cafiero as Argentine Ambassador". Wikinews. 28 September 2008.
- ^ Heneghan, Tom (16 April 2015). "Hollande stands by his Vatican ambassador". The Tablet.
- ^ Heneghan, Tom (16 May 2016). "France ends 15-month stand-off by naming new ambassador to Vatican". The Tablet.
- ^ "Considérations à propos des projets de reconnaissance juridique des unions entre personnes homosexuelles". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ Texte de la lettre sur le site d'Eternal World Television, Global Catholic Network (en anglais).
- ^ "Stupeur au Vatican: un théologien fait son coming out... il est viré - Têtu". 17 September 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ Horowitz, Jason (22 June 2021). "Vatican Expresses Deep Reservations Over Gay Rights Bill in Italy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ Chico Harlan and Stefano Pitrelli, "Italy is debating an LGBT anti-hate law. The Vatican just took a rare step to protest it," The Washington Post, 22 June 2021.
- ^ Allen, John L. (22 June 2021). "Vatican invokes sovereign status to protest anti-homophobia bill". cruxnow.com. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
External links
- "'Male and Female He Created Them': Towards a Path of Dialogue on the Question of Gender Theory in Education"
- "Amoris Laetita"
