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{{Short description|Association of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa}}
{{Short description|Intergovernmental organization of emerging countries}}
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Revision as of 17:04, 31 December 2023

"Brics" redirects here. For the place, see Brics (municipality).

BRICS
AbbreviationBRICS
Named afterMember states' initials (in English)
PredecessorBRIC
Founded atUN HQ, NYC (UNGA 61st session)
Yekaterinburg (1st BRIC summit)
TypeIntergovernmental organization
PurposePolitical and economical
FieldsInternational politics
Membership
10 members
FundingMember states
Websitehttps://brics2023.gov.za/
Formerly called
BRIC

BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. It was formed in 2010 by the addition of South Africa to its predecessor called BRIC.[1] In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had been invited to join the organisation. Full membership is scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024;[2][3] however, Argentina's new government sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially withdraw the country from the application process.[4][5]

Currently the BRICS nations encompass about 27% of the world's land surface and 42% of the global population.[a] Brazil, Russia, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and GDP (PPP). All five states are members of the G20, with a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$57 trillion (33% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$4.5 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2018).[7][8]

The BRICS were originally identified for the purpose of highlighting investment opportunities and had not been a formal intergovernmental organization.[9] Since 2009, they have increasingly formed into a more cohesive geopolitical bloc, with their governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating multilateral policies. Bilateral relations among BRICS are conducted mainly on the basis of non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.[10]

The BRICS nations are considered the foremost geopolitical rival to the G7 bloc of leading advanced economies, implementing competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, the BRICS payment system, the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication and the BRICS basket reserve currency. Since 2022, the group has sought to expand membership, with several developing countries expressing interest in joining.[11] BRICS has received both praise[12][13][14][15] and criticism[16][17][18] from numerous commentators.

History

The BRIC

The term BRIC was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global Economic BRICs by then-chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill.[19][20]

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.[21] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[22]

The BRIC grouping's 1st formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,[23] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.[24] The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future.[23][24] There was further discussion of ways that developing countries, such as 3/4 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.[24]

In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable."[25] Although the statement that was released did not directly criticize the perceived "dominance" of the US dollar – something that Russia had criticized in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.[26]

The BRICS: Entry of South Africa

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[27] South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by China to join[28] and subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.[27] The group was renamed BRICS – with the "S" standing for South Africa – to reflect the group's expanded membership.[29] In April 2011, the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, as a full member.[30][31][32]

New Development Bank

Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and Russian president Vladimir Putin during the BRICS in Brasília, Brazil.

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[33] In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[34] They planned to set up this New Development Bank by 2014.[35] However, disputes relating to burden sharing and location slowed down the agreements.[citation needed]

BRICS Tower headquarters in Shanghai

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, who held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributes the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.[36] In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.[37] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[38] One driver for the BRICS development bank is that the existing institutions primarily benefit extra-BRICS corporations, and the political significance is notable because it allows BRICS member states "to promote their interests abroad... and can highlight the strengthening positions of countries whose opinion is frequently ignored by their developed American and European colleagues."[citation needed]

New Development Bank's logo.

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS signed the document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also inked.[citation needed] The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasilia.[39]

Other initiatives

Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central Statistics Office (India) and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication in order to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries have been planning an optical fibre submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[40] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.[41] As of 2023, construction of the proposed cable network has not started.[citation needed]

After the 2015 summit, the respective communications ministers, under a Russian proposal, had a first summit for their ministries in Moscow in October where the host minister, Nikolai Nikiforov, proposed an initiative to further tighten their information technology sectors and challenge the monopoly of the United States in the sector.[citation needed]

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group[42] held in Brasília, Brazil.

Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022

The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member nations to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.[43] During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.[44]

In May 2023, South Africa announced that they would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.[45][46] In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he will not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African nation. Russian news channels noted that Putin will remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders’ sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.[47]

2024 expansion

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that six emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership is scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[2][3] However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application.[48] On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina will not join the BRICS.[49] On December 29, 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.[4]

The aim of latest expansion is touted as part of a plan to build a multipolar world order that puts weight to hitherto subdued voices of the Global South and brings them to the centre of the world agenda.[50]

Summits

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Prior to South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011. The most recent BRICS leaders' summit took place virtually on 23 June 2022 hosted by China.[51][52] India hosted the BRICS 2021 summit in New Delhi and, amid tensions with China, Chinese leader Xi Jinping had made a soft move by supporting India's Chairmanship in 2021.[53]

Sr. No. Date(s) Host country Host leader Location Notes
1st 16 June 2009  Russia Dmitry Medvedev Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House) The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the nations. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization at the time.[54]
2nd 15 April 2010  Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Brasília (Itamaraty Palace) Guests: Jacob Zuma (President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority). The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states.[54]
3rd 14 April 2011  China Hu Jintao Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort) First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries. The third summit had nations debating on the global and internal economies of countries.[54]
4th 29 March 2012  India Manmohan Singh New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel) The BRICS Cable announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries. The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and providing adequate development for their state.[55]
5th 26–27 March 2013  South Africa Jacob Zuma Durban (Durban ICC) The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.[55]
6th 14–17 July 2014  Brazil Dilma Rousseff Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)[56] BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed.[57] The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan.[58]
7th 8–9 July 2015  Russia Vladimir Putin Ufa (Congress Hall)[59] Joint summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global, economic problems, and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.[58]
8th 15–16 October 2016  India Narendra Modi Benaulim (Taj Exotica) Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counter-terrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.[60]
9th 3–5 September 2017  China Xi Jinping Xiamen (Xiamen International Conference Center) Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their goals intend to be. They still covered and debated international and regional issues with one another; hopeful to keep moving forward.[60]
10th 25–27 July 2018  South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre) The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries. Hoping they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market.
11th 13–14 November 2019  Brazil Jair Bolsonaro Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)[53] The eleventh summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime; both internationally and internally
12th 21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic)[61]
17 November 2020 (video conference)[62]		  Russia Vladimir Putin Saint Petersburg[63] Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to help foster better living standards and quality of life for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural societal issues.[64]
13th 9 September 2021 (video conference)  India Narendra Modi New Delhi BRICS Games 2021[65]
14th 23 June 2022 (video conference)  China Xi Jinping Beijing A major development on the summit was creation of a new, basket type reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals.
15th 22–24 August 2023  South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre) Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership will take effect on 1 January 2024.[2][3] On December 29, 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially declining the invitation to join the bloc.[4]
16th October 2024  Russia Vladimir Putin Kazan [66]

BRICS countries

Main article: Member states of BRICS

Current members

Country Popu­lation
(millions)
(2023)[67][68] 		Total GDP (2023) GDP per capita (2023) GDP growth
(2023 est.)[69] 		Foreign
Exchange
Reserves
(2023)[70] 		HFCE
(2018) 		Govern­ment
spen­ding 		Exports[71] Imports[72] Lite­racy
rate[73] 		Life
expectancy
(years, avg.)[74] 		HDI (2021)[75]
Nominal(billion USD)


[76]

PPP(billion USD)

[76]

Nominal
USD
[76] 		PPP
USD
[76]
 Brazil 215.31 2,127 4,101 10,413 20,079 Increase3.4% $355.6 bn $1194670 bln $ 846.6 bn $ 487.05 bn $ 158.93 bn 94.3% 77.2 yrs 0.754 (high)
 Russia 144.71 1,862 5,056 13,006 35,310 Increase2.1% $600.9 bn $856329 bln $ 414.0 bn $ 492.31 bn $ 231.55 bn 99.7% 72.9 yrs 0.822 (very high)
 India 1428.62 3,732 13,120 2,612 9,183 Increase7%[77][78] $633.9 bn $1729560 bln $ 550.0 bn $ 770.18 bn $ 598.20 bn 79.1% 71.4 yrs 0.633 (medium)
 China 1425.67 17,701 32,898 12,541 23,309 Increase5.0[79]% $3480.2 bn $5352545 bln $2,031.0 bn $3,026.00 bn $2,055.00 bn 96.4% 77.4 yrs 0.768 (high)
 South Africa 59.89 381 997 6,191 16,211 Increase1.4% $53.8 bn $211693 bln $ 95.3 bn $ 123.73 bn $ 68.97 bn 94.3% 64.8 yrs 0.713 (high)
Average 627.06 3,754 8,120 8,941 19,041 Increase3.7% $987.0 bn $1868956 bln $800.6 bn $970.19 bn $711.86 bn 93% 73.4 yrs 0.739 (high)
Total 3245.36 25,805 56,173 – – – $5124.4 bn $9344797 bln $4,036.9 bn $4,879.98 bn $3,112.65 bn – – –

Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay are members of BRICS New Development Bank.

Map key:
  Member States
  Applicant
  Expressed an interest in joining
  No relationship to BRICS

Application process

Discussions about the expansion and entry of new member countries were little addressed until the early 2020s, after this date, leaders and top ranking diplomats of the founding nations began discussions for the expansion of the group.[80][81][82]

There is no formal application process as such to join BRICS, but any hopeful government must receive unanimous backing from all existing BRICS members—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—to receive an invitation.[citation needed]

New members

A total of five countries are scheduled to join BRICS on 1 January 2024:[2][3]

Countries that have applied for membership

A total of 14 countries[83] have formally applied to join BRICS, listed as follows:[84]

Potential further expansion

In addition, Afghanistan,[80] Angola,[92] Comoros, DR Congo, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau,[93] Libya, Myanmar,[94] Nicaragua,[95] Serbia,[96] South Sudan, Sudan, Syria,[97] Tunisia, Turkey, Somalia, Uganda, Uruguay and Zimbabwe have expressed interest in membership of BRICS.[98] Morocco was alleged to have joined but denied that it had applied.[99]

Previous applicants

In 2022, Argentina formally submitted an application for BRICS membership under Alberto Fernández's government. Argentina's invitation was tendered in the subsequent 2023 summit, but the country declined the offer to join the bloc in the aftermath of Javier Milei's victory in that year's presidential election.[49][100]

Financial architecture

The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai.
The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in Brazil.
Equal distribution of shares between the shareholders of the NDB.

The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

New Development Bank

Further information: New Development Bank

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,[101] is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects[102][103] with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.[103] South Africa hosts the African headquarters of the bank.[104] The bank has a starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.[105] Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.[104][105] As of 2020, it had 53 projects under way worth around $15 billion.[106]

In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.[107]

BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

Further information: BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for providing protection against global liquidity pressures.[102][105][108] This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.[102][108] Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.[109] The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation.[102] It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey[110] it entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

BRICS payment system

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from BRICS nations initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to move to settlements in national currencies.[111] The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.[112]

China also launched its own alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions.[113] India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.[citation needed]

Potential common currency

BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa.[114][115][116] Fair and easier international trade as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions would be some of the reasons why the countries could forge a currency union.[117]

Reception

The five leaders of BRICS in Brasília, Brazil, in 2019.
Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro welcoming the BRICS leaders.

In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.[12] Western analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities,[118][119][120][121] disagreements among the members over the UN Security Council reform,[122] and India and China's disputes[123] over territorial issues.[13]

On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Program at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from a vibrant democracy in Brazil to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are little integrated and are different in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association.[124]

In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have established neither new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, has no ability to challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.[125]

After the 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin, defence and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph, claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance.[18]

A multi-year study at Tufts University found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas is misplaced ... The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals".[126]

BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency

The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS. In 2019, the pro tempore presidency was held by the president of Brazil.[127]

The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative future", and the priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 are the following – Strengthening of the cooperation in Science, technology and innovation; Enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy; Invigoration of the cooperation on the fight against transnational crime, especially against organized crime, money laundering and drug trafficking; Encouragement to the rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.[128] Currently the new President Pro Tempore is Russia and their goals are: investing into BRICS countries in order to strengthen everyone's economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.[129]

Current leaders

Member  Brazil  Russia  India  China  South Africa
Image
Name Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Vladimir Putin Narendra Modi Xi Jinping Cyril Ramaphosa
Posi­tion President of Brazil President of Russia Prime Minister of India President of China] President of South Africa

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The BRICS have a combined area of 39,746,220 km2 (15,346,100 sq mi) and an estimated total population of about 3.21 billion.[6]

References

  1. ^ Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN 978-0739193211.
  2. ^ a b c d Sharma, Shweta (24 August 2023). "Brics countries agree major expansion as six countries invited to join". The Independent. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (24 August 2023). "BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order". Reuters. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  4. ^ a b c "El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics". LA NACIÓN (in Spanish). 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  5. ^ "Argentina Won't Join the BRICS Bloc Under Milei, Adviser Says". Bloomberg. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  6. ^ "Total Population – Both Sexes". World Population Prospects, the 2019 Revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  7. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  8. ^ "Amid BRICS' rise and 'Arab Spring', a new global order forms" Archived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . The Christian Science Monitor. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  9. ^ "Goldman's BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses". Bloomberg. 8 November 2015.
  10. ^ Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior. "The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; 13 May 2015" (PDF). University of Wisconsin Law School. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
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  12. ^ a b "Brics a force for world peace, says China". Business Day. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  13. ^ a b Khadija Patel (3 April 2012). "Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013 – via Asia Times.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  15. ^ Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). "BRICS: the powerful global alliance". canadiandimension.com. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  16. ^ Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). "BRICS – India is the biggest loser". USINPAC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  17. ^ Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). "BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative". Jacobin. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  18. ^ a b Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). "Brics is now a motley crew of failing states". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  19. ^ Jim O'Neill (2009)."Building Better Global Economic BRICs" Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  20. ^ Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). "Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction". guides.loc.gov. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  21. ^ "Information about BRICS". Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  22. ^ "Cooperation within BRIC" Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  23. ^ a b "First summit for emerging giants". BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  24. ^ a b c Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). "BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  25. ^ "BRIC wants more influence". Euronews. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  26. ^ Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). "Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  27. ^ a b Smith, Jack A. (21 January 2011). "BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard". Foreign Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  28. ^ "China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua". Reuters. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  29. ^ Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). "UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan" Archived 20 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  30. ^ "South Africa joins BRIC as full member". Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
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