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David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.<ref name=Mead2003a>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003a |chapter=Evidence for a Celebic supergroup |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=115-141 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=123}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003b |chapter=The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=65–86 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=73}}</ref>
David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.<ref name=Mead2003a>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003a |chapter=Evidence for a Celebic supergroup |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=115-141 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=123}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=David |year=2003b |chapter=The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi |title=Issues in Austronesian historical phonology |editor-first=John |editor-last=Lynch |pages=65–86 |series=Pacific Linguistics 550 |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University |chapter-url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146173/1/PL-550.pdf#page=73}}</ref>


{{tree list}}
*[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
*'''Celebic'''
⚫
*[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]]
*[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]]
**[[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]]
⚫
**[[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]]
⚫
* Eastern
**[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
**[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]]
⚫
** Eastern
⚫
**Southeastern
***[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
***[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
⚫
***Southeastern
⚫
***[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
****[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
⚫
****[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
{{tree list/end}}


More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that [[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]] and [[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]] form a [[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]–[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wolio]] group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group to Tominic–Eastern Celebic, which contains Mead's (2003) [[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]] and ''Eastern Celebic'' groups.<ref name="Zobel-2020">{{cite journal |last=Zobel |first=Erik |last2= |first2= |date=2020 |title=The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/782054 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=59 |issue=1/2 |pages=297-346 |doi=10.1353/ol.2020.0014 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press}}</ref>
More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that [[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili–Pamona]] and [[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wotu–Wolio]] form a [[Kaili–Pamona languages|Kaili]]–[[Wotu–Wolio languages|Wolio]] group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group to Tominic–Eastern Celebic, which contains Mead's (2003) [[Tomini–Tolitoli languages|Tomini–Tolitoli]] and ''Eastern Celebic'' groups.<ref name="Zobel-2020">{{cite journal |last=Zobel |first=Erik |last2= |first2= |date=2020 |title=The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/782054 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=59 |issue=1/2 |pages=297-346 |doi=10.1353/ol.2020.0014 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press}}</ref>
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David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following [[sound change]]s for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.<ref name=Mead2003a />
David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following [[sound change]]s for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.<ref name=Mead2003a />


1. [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] to Proto-Celebic
# [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] to Proto-Celebic
* *C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> > *C<sub>2</sub> (C<sub>1</sub> not nasal)
#* *C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> > *C<sub>2</sub> (C<sub>1</sub> not nasal)
* *h > Ø
#* *h > Ø
* *d > *r
#* *d > *r
* *ay, *-ey > *e
#* *ay, *-ey > *e
* *-aw, *-ew > *o
#* *-aw, *-ew > *o
* *j > *y, Ø
#* *j > *y, Ø
⚫
# Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic

#* *e (schwa) > *o
⚫
2. Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
* *e (schwa) > *o
#* *-iq > *eq
* *-iq > *eq
#*[[antepenultimate]] *a > *o
⚫
# Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
*[[antepenultimate]] *a > *o
⚫
#* *-awa- > *oa

⚫
#* *-b, *-g > *p, *k
⚫
3. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-[[Saluan–Banggai languages|Saluan–Banggai]]
* *-awa- > *oa
#* *q > *ʔ
⚫
# Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
⚫
* *-b, *-g > *p, *k
* *q > *ʔ
#* *-w- > Ø
⚫
#* *s > *s, *h

⚫
#* *Z > *s
⚫
4. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
* *-w- > Ø
#* *ñ > n
* *s > *s, *h
#* *b > *b, *w
⚫
# Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
⚫
* *Z > *s
* *ñ > n
#* *q > *ʔ
* *b > *b, *w
#* *w- > *h
⚫
#* *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i

5. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Bungku–Tolaki languages|Bungku–Tolaki]]
# Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
* *q > *ʔ
#* *w > Ø
⚫
#*final consonant loss (?)
⚫
* *w- > *h
⚫
* *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i

⚫
6. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-[[Muna–Buton languages|Muna–Buton]]
⚫
* *w > Ø
⚫
*final consonant loss (?)


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 22:52, 7 January 2024

Celebic
Geographic
distribution		Sulawesi, Indonesia
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Proto-languageProto-Celebic
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologcele1242

The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, formerly called Celebes. Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi.

Subgrouping

Internal classification

David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.[1][2]

More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that Kaili–Pamona and Wotu–Wolio form a Kaili–Wolio group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group to Tominic–Eastern Celebic, which contains Mead's (2003) Tomini–Tolitoli and Eastern Celebic groups.[3]

Position within Austronesian

At the current state of research, the Celebic languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup within the Austronesian language family.[4]

Proto-Celebic

Proto-Celebic
Reconstruction ofCelebic languages
RegionSulawesi
Reconstructed
ancestors
Lower-order reconstructions

David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following sound changes for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.[1]

  1. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Celebic
    • *C1C2 > *C2 (C1 not nasal)
    • *h > Ø
    • *d > *r
    • *ay, *-ey > *e
    • *-aw, *-ew > *o
    • *j > *y, Ø
  2. Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
  3. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Saluan–Banggai
    • *-awa- > *oa
    • *-b, *-g > *p, *k
    • *q > *ʔ
  4. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
    • *-w- > Ø
    • *s > *s, *h
    • *Z > *s
    • *ñ > n
    • *b > *b, *w
  5. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Bungku–Tolaki
    • *q > *ʔ
    • *w- > *h
    • *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i
  6. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Muna–Buton
    • *w > Ø
    • final consonant loss (?)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Mead, David (2003a). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 115–141.
  2. ^ Mead, David (2003b). "The Saluan-Banggai microgroup of eastern Sulawesi" (PDF). In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 65–86.
  3. ^ Zobel, Erik (2020). "The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 59 (1/2). University of Hawai'i Press: 297–346. doi:10.1353/ol.2020.0014.
  4. ^ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics. 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021.
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