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Coordinates: 42°22′0″N 3°31′20″W / 42.36667°N 3.52222°W / 42.36667; -3.52222
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==Regional geography==
==Regional geography==


Encompassing {{convert|284119|ha}}, the Atapuerca Mountains are a [[Altitudinal zonation|mid-altitude]] [[karst]]ic range of small foothills around {{cvt|1080|m|ft}} above sea level. They are located at the north-east corner of the [[Douro]] basin, to the south of the [[Cantabrian Mountains]] that run across northern Spain,<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zCunKjqcJAEC&pg=PA145 |title=The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers |year=2009 |isbn=9780786740734 |last1=Arsuaga |first1=Juan |publisher=Basic Books}}</ref> and stretch alongside the ''[[Bureba corridor]]'', a mountain pass that connects the [[Ebro]] river valley with the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Duero]] basin. This conjunction{{clarify|date=December 2017}} constitutes an [[ecotone]], which is rich in species of both [[ecosystem]]s. The mountain pass was part of a [[causeway]] built by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], as well as part of the [[pilgrimage]] route of [[Way of Saint James|Saint James]]; it is now traversed by the [[N-I]] and [[Autopista AP-1|AP-1]] highways. The mountains are strategically located between two major [[drainage divide]]s and near the mountain pass; this location is assumed to have been a factor in the area's successful and prolonged hominid habitation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/288630315_fig1_Fig-1-Geographic-setting-of-the-Sierra-de-Atapuerca-and-map-of-the-Trinchera-del |title=. Geographic setting of the Sierra de Atapuerca and map of the... - Figure 1 of 14 |access-date= January 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uh.edu/engines/epi2516.htm |title=No. 2516: Atapuerca |publisher=Uh.edu |access-date= January 26, 2017}}</ref> The archaeo-palaeontological records in Sierra de Atapuerca, inside the caves and in the open-air sites, have confirmed a continuous settlement from the Lower Pleistocene (Lower Paleolithic) to the Holocene (Bronze Age), with several species of hominids (''[[Homo antecessor]]'', ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' y ''[[Homo sapiens]]'') exploiting the same territory{{sfnp|Marcos Saiz|2006|pp=225–270}}{{sfnp|Marcos Saiz|2016|pp=686–696}}{{sfnp|Marcos Saiz|Díez|2017|pp=45–67}}. According to these authors, the archaeological consequence of the continuous territorial occupation of the same area from 1.3 Ma to the Bronze Age (2100-850 cal. BC) has been the deposition of hundreds of open-air sites<ref>{{cite book |last= Marcos Saiz |first= F. Javier |title= La Sierra de Atapuerca y el Valle del Arlanzón. Patrones de asentamiento prehistóricos |year= 2006 |publisher= Editorial Dossoles. Burgos, Spain |ISBN = 9788496606289 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=264088}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Marcos Saiz |first= F. Javier |title= La Prehistoria Reciente del entorno de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, España) |year= 2016 |publisher= British Archaeological Reports (Oxford, U.K.), BAR International Series 2798 |ISBN = 9781407315195 |url= https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=663925}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Marcos Saiz |first1= F.J. |last2= Díez |first2= J.C. |title= The Holocene archaeological research around Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) and its projection in a GIS geospatial database |year= 2017 |journal= Quaternary International |volume=433 (A) |pages=45-67 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.002 |url=https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618215009593}}</ref>
Encompassing {{convert|284119|ha}}, the Atapuerca Mountains are a [[Altitudinal zonation|mid-altitude]] [[karst]]ic range of small foothills around {{cvt|1080|m|ft}} above sea level. They are located at the north-east corner of the [[Douro]] basin, to the south of the [[Cantabrian Mountains]] that run across northern Spain,<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zCunKjqcJAEC&pg=PA145 |title=The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers |year=2009 |isbn=9780786740734 |last1=Arsuaga |first1=Juan |publisher=Basic Books}}</ref> and stretch alongside the ''[[Bureba corridor]]'', a mountain pass that connects the [[Ebro]] river valley with the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Duero]] basin. This conjunction{{clarify|date=December 2017}} constitutes an [[ecotone]], which is rich in species of both [[ecosystem]]s. The mountain pass was part of a [[causeway]] built by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], as well as part of the [[pilgrimage]] route of [[Way of Saint James|Saint James]]; it is now traversed by the [[N-I]] and [[Autopista AP-1|AP-1]] highways. The mountains are strategically located between two major [[drainage divide]]s and near the mountain pass; this location is assumed to have been a factor in the area's successful and prolonged hominid habitation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/288630315_fig1_Fig-1-Geographic-setting-of-the-Sierra-de-Atapuerca-and-map-of-the-Trinchera-del |title=. Geographic setting of the Sierra de Atapuerca and map of the... - Figure 1 of 14 |access-date= January 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uh.edu/engines/epi2516.htm |title=No. 2516: Atapuerca |publisher=Uh.edu |access-date= January 26, 2017}}</ref> The archaeo-palaeontological records in Sierra de Atapuerca, inside the caves and in the open-air sites, have confirmed a continuous settlement from the Lower Pleistocene (Lower Paleolithic) to the Holocene (Bronze Age), with several species of hominids (''[[Homo antecessor]]'', ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' y ''[[Homo sapiens]]'') exploiting the same territory.{{sfnp|Marcos Saiz|2006|pp=225–270}}{{sfnp|Marcos Saiz|2016|pp=686–696}}{{sfnp|Marcos Saiz|Díez|2017|pp=45–67}} According to these authors, the archaeological consequence of the continuous territorial occupation of the same area from 1.3 Ma to the Bronze Age (2100-850 cal. BC) has been the deposition of hundreds of open-air sites<ref>{{cite book |last= Marcos Saiz |first= F. Javier |title= La Sierra de Atapuerca y el Valle del Arlanzón. Patrones de asentamiento prehistóricos |year= 2006 |publisher= Editorial Dossoles. Burgos, Spain |ISBN = 9788496606289 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=264088}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Marcos Saiz |first= F. Javier |title= La Prehistoria Reciente del entorno de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, España) |year= 2016 |publisher= British Archaeological Reports (Oxford, U.K.), BAR International Series 2798 |ISBN = 9781407315195 |url= https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=663925}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Marcos Saiz |first1= F.J. |last2= Díez |first2= J.C. |title= The Holocene archaeological research around Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) and its projection in a GIS geospatial database |year= 2017 |journal= Quaternary International |volume=433 (A) |pages=45-67 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.002 |url=https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618215009593}}</ref>


==Fauna==
==Fauna==

Revision as of 04:15, 19 January 2024

Atapuerca Mountains
Sierra de Atapuerca
Atapuerca Mountains panorama
Atapuerca Mountains panorama
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Location in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains (Castile and León)
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains (Spain)
Locationnear Atapuerca, Ibeas de Juarros
RegionBurgos, Castile and León
Coordinates42°22′0″N 3°31′20″W / 42.36667°N 3.52222°W / 42.36667; -3.52222
History
PeriodsPaleolithic
Associated withHomo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis
Site notes
Excavation datessince 1964
ArchaeologistsFrancisco Jordá Cerdá
Websitehttp://www.atapuerca.org/
Official nameArchaeological Site of Atapuerca
CriteriaCultural: (iii)(v)
Reference989
Inscription2000 (24th Session)
Area284.119 ha (702.07 acres)

The Atapuerca Mountains (Template:Lang-es) is a karstic hill formation near the village of Atapuerca in the province of Burgos (autonomous community of Castile and Leon), northern Spain.

In a still ongoing excavation campaign, rich fossil deposits and stone tool assemblages have been discovered which are attributed to the earliest known hominin residents in Western Europe.[1] This "exceptional reserve of data" has been deposited during extensive Lower Paleolithic presence, as the Atapuerca Mountains served as the preferred occupation site of Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis[2] communities. The earliest specimen so far unearthed and reliably dated confirm an age between 1.2 million and 630,000 years.

The Archaeological site of Atapuerca is a World Heritage Site. Some finds are exhibited in the nearby Museum of Human Evolution, in Burgos.

Regional geography

Encompassing 284,119 hectares (702,070 acres), the Atapuerca Mountains are a mid-altitude karstic range of small foothills around 1,080 m (3,540 ft) above sea level. They are located at the north-east corner of the Douro basin, to the south of the Cantabrian Mountains that run across northern Spain,[3] and stretch alongside the Bureba corridor, a mountain pass that connects the Ebro river valley with the Mediterranean Sea and the Duero basin. This conjunction[clarification needed] constitutes an ecotone, which is rich in species of both ecosystems. The mountain pass was part of a causeway built by the Romans, as well as part of the pilgrimage route of Saint James; it is now traversed by the N-I and AP-1 highways. The mountains are strategically located between two major drainage divides and near the mountain pass; this location is assumed to have been a factor in the area's successful and prolonged hominid habitation.[4][5] The archaeo-palaeontological records in Sierra de Atapuerca, inside the caves and in the open-air sites, have confirmed a continuous settlement from the Lower Pleistocene (Lower Paleolithic) to the Holocene (Bronze Age), with several species of hominids (Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis y Homo sapiens) exploiting the same territory.[6][7][8] According to these authors, the archaeological consequence of the continuous territorial occupation of the same area from 1.3 Ma to the Bronze Age (2100-850 cal. BC) has been the deposition of hundreds of open-air sites[9][10][11]

Fauna

In 2008 scholars identified a new genus and species of red-toothed shrew from the Pleistocene layers of the Gran Dolina cave. Until this discovery, researchers had believed that the fossils found in this area were of the Beremendia fissidens type, but recent research has been published to support an Asiatic type called Dolinasorex glyphodon that might be endemic and is the earliest known type of soricid in the Iberian peninsula.[12]

Archaeological site

Main article: Archaeological site of Atapuerca
Location of the excavation sites along a railway cutting (after the visible protective roofs): (1) Entrance to the cutting; (2) Sima del Elefante; (3) Galería; (4) Gran Dolina

The archaeological site was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000.[13][14]

Recorded history

Piedrahita ("standing stone") in the Atapuerca valley is according to records site of the Battle of Atapuerca, which took place in 1054 between the forces of Ferdinand I of Castile and his brother García V of Navarre.

Economic and demographic development

Apart from the typical dryland farming of the region, the municipality has grown significantly in economic, demographic and social level with the impact generated by the presence of the archaeological site and its associated services. 15% of the active population owns a job related to tourism. This "tertiarization" of their economy has reversed depopulation by growing and rejuvenating it (with the average age at 42 years).[15]

panoramic view of the Atapuerca site
  • Lithic core in flint, section TD-11 of "Galería", Atapuerca
    Lithic core in flint, section TD-11 of "Galería", Atapuerca
  • Homo antecessor, incomplete skull found in "Gran Dolina", Atapuerca
    Homo antecessor, incomplete skull found in "Gran Dolina", Atapuerca
  • Carnivore skull
    Carnivore skull
  • The railroad trench in which the first discoveries were made
    The railroad trench in which the first discoveries were made

See also

References

  1. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis: Evolutionary Tree information". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  2. ^ Callaway, Ewen (2016). "Oldest ancient-human DNA details dawn of Neanderthals". Nature. 531 (7594): 286. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..296C. doi:10.1038/531286a. PMID 26983523. S2CID 4459329.
  3. ^ Arsuaga, Juan (2009). The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers. Basic Books. ISBN 9780786740734.
  4. ^ ". Geographic setting of the Sierra de Atapuerca and map of the... - Figure 1 of 14". Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  5. ^ "No. 2516: Atapuerca". Uh.edu. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  6. ^ Marcos Saiz (2006), pp. 225–270.
  7. ^ Marcos Saiz (2016), pp. 686–696.
  8. ^ Marcos Saiz & Díez (2017), pp. 45–67.
  9. ^ Marcos Saiz, F. Javier (2006). La Sierra de Atapuerca y el Valle del Arlanzón. Patrones de asentamiento prehistóricos. Editorial Dossoles. Burgos, Spain. ISBN 9788496606289.
  10. ^ Marcos Saiz, F. Javier (2016). La Prehistoria Reciente del entorno de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, España). British Archaeological Reports (Oxford, U.K.), BAR International Series 2798. ISBN 9781407315195.
  11. ^ Marcos Saiz, F.J.; Díez, J.C. (2017). "The Holocene archaeological research around Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) and its projection in a GIS geospatial database". Quaternary International. 433 (A): 45–67. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.002.
  12. ^ Rofes, J.; Cuenca-Bescós, G. (2009). "A new genus of red‐toothed shrew (Mammalia, Soricidae) from the Early Pleistocene of Gran Dolina (Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain), and a phylogenetic approach to the Eurasiatic Soricinae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 155 (4): 904–925. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00470.x.
  13. ^ "Archaeological Site of Atapuerca - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  14. ^ "Landforms And Geomorphological Processes In The Duero Basin. Pleistocene Geoarcheology Of Ambrona And Atapuerca Sites" (PDF). Geomorfologia.es. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  15. ^ "Creation of economic and demographic development [Social Impact]. ATAPUERCA project". SIOR. Social Impact Open Repository. Archived from the original on 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
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