Skin disinfection: Difference between revisions
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'''Skin disinfection''' is a process that involves the application of a [[disinfectant]] to reduce levels of [[microorganisms]] on the skin.<ref name=Kr2006/> Disinfecting the skin of the patient and the hands of the healthcare providers are an important part of [[surgery]].<ref name=Kr2006>{{cite book|last1=Krettek|first1=Christian|last2=Aschemann|first2=Dirk|title=Positioning Techniques in Surgical Applications: Thorax and Heart Surgery - Vascular Surgery - Visceral and Transplantation Surgery - Urology - Surgery to the Spinal Cord and Extremities - Arthroscopy - Pediatric Surgery - Navigation/ISO-C 3D|date=2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783540309529|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzid1KShNYgC&pg=PA10|language=en}}</ref> |
'''Skin disinfection''' is a process that involves the application of a [[disinfectant]] to reduce levels of [[microorganisms]] on the skin.<ref name=Kr2006/> Disinfecting the skin of the patient and the hands of the healthcare providers are an important part of [[surgery]].<ref name=Kr2006>{{cite book|last1=Krettek|first1=Christian|last2=Aschemann|first2=Dirk|title=Positioning Techniques in Surgical Applications: Thorax and Heart Surgery - Vascular Surgery - Visceral and Transplantation Surgery - Urology - Surgery to the Spinal Cord and Extremities - Arthroscopy - Pediatric Surgery - Navigation/ISO-C 3D|date=2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783540309529|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzid1KShNYgC&pg=PA10|language=en}}</ref> |
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Skin disinfection may be accomplished with a number of solutions including [[providone-iodine]], [[chlorhexidine]], alcohol based solutions, and [[cetrimide]].<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|page=839|edition=69}}</ref> There is strong evidence that [[chlorhexidine]] and [[denatured alcohol]] use to clean skin prior to surgery is better than any other commercially available antiseptic, such as povidone-iodine with alcohol.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Ryckie G |last2=Bourke |first2=Gráinne |last3=Wormald |first3=Justin C R |last4=Totty |first4=Joshua Philip |last5=Stanley |first5=Guy Henry Morton |last6=Lewandowski |first6=Andrew |last7=Rakhra |first7=Sandeep Singh |last8=Gardiner |first8=Matthew D |last9=Bindra |first9=R |last10=Sher |first10=M |last11=Thomas |first11=M |last12=Morgan |first12=S D J |last13=Hwang |first13=B |last14=Santucci |first14=W |last15=Tran |first15=P |last16=Kopp |first16=L |last17=Kunc |first17=V |last18=Hamdi |first18=A |last19=Grieve |first19=P P |last20=Mukhaizeem |first20=S A |last21=Blake |first21=K |last22=Cuggy |first22=C |last23=Dolan |first23=R |last24=Downes |first24=E |last25=Geary |first25=E |last26=Ghadge |first26=A |last27=Gorman |first27=P |last28=Jonson |first28=M |last29=Jumper |first29=N |last30=Kelly |first30=S |last31=Leddy |first31=L |last32=McMahon |first32=M E |last33=McNamee |first33=C |last34=Miller |first34=P |last35=Murphy |first35=B |last36=O'Halloran |first36=L |last37=O’Shea |first37=K |last38=Skeens |first38=J |last39=Staunton |first39=S |last40=Timon |first40=F |last41=Woods |first41=J |last42=Cortinovis |first42=U |last43=Sala |first43=L |last44=Zingarello |first44=V |last45=Jusoh |first45=M H |last46=Sadagatullah |first46=A N |last47=Georgieva |first47=G |last48=Pejkova |first48=S |last49=Nikolovska |first49=B |last50=Srbov |first50=B |last51=Hamid |first51=H K S |last52=Mustafa |first52=M |last53=Abdelrahman |first53=M |last54=Amin |first54=S M M |last55=Bhatti |first55=D |last56=Rahman |first56=K M A |last57=Jumabhoy |first57=I |last58=Kiely |first58=J |last59=Kieran |first59=I |last60=Lo |first60=A C Q |last61=Wong |first61=K Y |last62=Allan |first62=A Y |last63=Armes |first63=H |last64=Horwitz |first64=M D |last65=Ioannidi |first65=L |last66=Masterton |first66=G |last67=Chu |first67=H |last68=Talawadekar |first68=G D |last69=Tong |first69=K S |last70=Chan |first70=M |last71=Tredgett |first71=M |last72=Hardie |first72=C |last73=Powell-Smith |first73=E |last74=Gilham |first74=N |last75=Prokopenko |first75=M |last76=Ahmad |first76=R |last77=Davies |first77=J |last78=Zhen |first78=S |last79=Dargan |first79=D |last80=Pinder |first80=R M |last81=Koziara |first81=M |last82=Martin |first82=R |last83=Reay |first83=E |last84=Cochrane |first84=E |last85=Elbatawy |first85=A |last86=Green |first86=F |last87=Griffiths |first87=T |last88=Higginbotham |first88=G |last89=Louette |first89=S |last90=McCauley |first90=G |last91=Natalwala |first91=I |last92=Salt |first92=E |last93=Ahmed |first93=R |last94=Goon |first94=P |last95=Manton |first95=R |last96=Segaren |first96=N |last97=Cheung |first97=G |last98=Mahoney |first98=R |last99=Sen |first99=S |last100=Clarkson |first100=D |last101=Collins |first101=M |last102=Bolt |first102=A |last103=Lokanathan |first103=P |last104=Ng |first104=A |last105=Jones |first105=G |last106=Jones |first106=J W M |last107=Kabariti |first107=R |last108=Rhee |first108=S J |last109=Herron |first109=J |last110=Kay |first110=A |last111=Cheung |first111=L K |last112=Thomson |first112=D |last113=Jugdey |first113=R S |last114=Yoon |first114=H |last115=L |first115=Z |last116=Southgate |first116=J |last117=Brennan |first117=C |last118=Kiani |first118=S |last119=Zabaglo |first119=M |last120=Haider |first120=Z A |last121=Poulter |first121=R |last122=Sheik-Ali |first122=A |last123=Watts |first123=A |last124=Jemec |first124=B |last125=Redgrave |first125=N |last126=Dupley |first126=L |last127=Greenhalgh |first127=M |last128=Vella |first128=J |last129=Harris |first129=H |last130=Robinson |first130=A V |last131=Dupre |first131=S |last132=Teelucksingh |first132=S |last133=Gargan |first133=A |last134=Hettiaratchy |first134=S |last135=Jain |first135=A |last136=Kwasnicki |first136=R |last137=Lee |first137=A |last138=Thakkar |first138=M |last139=Berwick |first139=D |last140=Ismail |first140=N |last141=Mahdi |first141=M |last142=Rodrigues |first142=J |last143=Liew |first143=C |last144=Saadya |first144=A |last145=Clarkson |first145=M |last146=Brady |first146=C |last147=Harrison |first147=R |last148=Rayner |first148=A |last149=Nolan |first149=G |last150=Phillips |first150=B |last151=Madhusudan |first151=N |title=Chlorhexidine versus povidone–iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study |journal=BJS Open |date=9 November 2021 |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=zrab117 |doi=10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Ryckie G. |last2=Burr |first2=Nicholas E. |last3=McCauley |first3=Gordon |last4=Bourke |first4=Grainne |last5=Efthimiou |first5=Orestis |title=The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Surgery |date=December 2021 |volume=274 |issue=6 |pages=e481–e488 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
Skin disinfection may be accomplished with a number of solutions including [[providone-iodine]], [[chlorhexidine]], [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]] based solutions, and [[cetrimide]].<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British national formulary : BNF 69|date=2015|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=9780857111562|page=839|edition=69}}</ref> There is strong evidence that [[chlorhexidine]] and [[denatured alcohol]] use to clean skin prior to surgery is better than any other commercially available antiseptic, such as povidone-iodine with alcohol.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Ryckie G |last2=Bourke |first2=Gráinne |last3=Wormald |first3=Justin C R |last4=Totty |first4=Joshua Philip |last5=Stanley |first5=Guy Henry Morton |last6=Lewandowski |first6=Andrew |last7=Rakhra |first7=Sandeep Singh |last8=Gardiner |first8=Matthew D |last9=Bindra |first9=R |last10=Sher |first10=M |last11=Thomas |first11=M |last12=Morgan |first12=S D J |last13=Hwang |first13=B |last14=Santucci |first14=W |last15=Tran |first15=P |last16=Kopp |first16=L |last17=Kunc |first17=V |last18=Hamdi |first18=A |last19=Grieve |first19=P P |last20=Mukhaizeem |first20=S A |last21=Blake |first21=K |last22=Cuggy |first22=C |last23=Dolan |first23=R |last24=Downes |first24=E |last25=Geary |first25=E |last26=Ghadge |first26=A |last27=Gorman |first27=P |last28=Jonson |first28=M |last29=Jumper |first29=N |last30=Kelly |first30=S |last31=Leddy |first31=L |last32=McMahon |first32=M E |last33=McNamee |first33=C |last34=Miller |first34=P |last35=Murphy |first35=B |last36=O'Halloran |first36=L |last37=O’Shea |first37=K |last38=Skeens |first38=J |last39=Staunton |first39=S |last40=Timon |first40=F |last41=Woods |first41=J |last42=Cortinovis |first42=U |last43=Sala |first43=L |last44=Zingarello |first44=V |last45=Jusoh |first45=M H |last46=Sadagatullah |first46=A N |last47=Georgieva |first47=G |last48=Pejkova |first48=S |last49=Nikolovska |first49=B |last50=Srbov |first50=B |last51=Hamid |first51=H K S |last52=Mustafa |first52=M |last53=Abdelrahman |first53=M |last54=Amin |first54=S M M |last55=Bhatti |first55=D |last56=Rahman |first56=K M A |last57=Jumabhoy |first57=I |last58=Kiely |first58=J |last59=Kieran |first59=I |last60=Lo |first60=A C Q |last61=Wong |first61=K Y |last62=Allan |first62=A Y |last63=Armes |first63=H |last64=Horwitz |first64=M D |last65=Ioannidi |first65=L |last66=Masterton |first66=G |last67=Chu |first67=H |last68=Talawadekar |first68=G D |last69=Tong |first69=K S |last70=Chan |first70=M |last71=Tredgett |first71=M |last72=Hardie |first72=C |last73=Powell-Smith |first73=E |last74=Gilham |first74=N |last75=Prokopenko |first75=M |last76=Ahmad |first76=R |last77=Davies |first77=J |last78=Zhen |first78=S |last79=Dargan |first79=D |last80=Pinder |first80=R M |last81=Koziara |first81=M |last82=Martin |first82=R |last83=Reay |first83=E |last84=Cochrane |first84=E |last85=Elbatawy |first85=A |last86=Green |first86=F |last87=Griffiths |first87=T |last88=Higginbotham |first88=G |last89=Louette |first89=S |last90=McCauley |first90=G |last91=Natalwala |first91=I |last92=Salt |first92=E |last93=Ahmed |first93=R |last94=Goon |first94=P |last95=Manton |first95=R |last96=Segaren |first96=N |last97=Cheung |first97=G |last98=Mahoney |first98=R |last99=Sen |first99=S |last100=Clarkson |first100=D |last101=Collins |first101=M |last102=Bolt |first102=A |last103=Lokanathan |first103=P |last104=Ng |first104=A |last105=Jones |first105=G |last106=Jones |first106=J W M |last107=Kabariti |first107=R |last108=Rhee |first108=S J |last109=Herron |first109=J |last110=Kay |first110=A |last111=Cheung |first111=L K |last112=Thomson |first112=D |last113=Jugdey |first113=R S |last114=Yoon |first114=H |last115=L |first115=Z |last116=Southgate |first116=J |last117=Brennan |first117=C |last118=Kiani |first118=S |last119=Zabaglo |first119=M |last120=Haider |first120=Z A |last121=Poulter |first121=R |last122=Sheik-Ali |first122=A |last123=Watts |first123=A |last124=Jemec |first124=B |last125=Redgrave |first125=N |last126=Dupley |first126=L |last127=Greenhalgh |first127=M |last128=Vella |first128=J |last129=Harris |first129=H |last130=Robinson |first130=A V |last131=Dupre |first131=S |last132=Teelucksingh |first132=S |last133=Gargan |first133=A |last134=Hettiaratchy |first134=S |last135=Jain |first135=A |last136=Kwasnicki |first136=R |last137=Lee |first137=A |last138=Thakkar |first138=M |last139=Berwick |first139=D |last140=Ismail |first140=N |last141=Mahdi |first141=M |last142=Rodrigues |first142=J |last143=Liew |first143=C |last144=Saadya |first144=A |last145=Clarkson |first145=M |last146=Brady |first146=C |last147=Harrison |first147=R |last148=Rayner |first148=A |last149=Nolan |first149=G |last150=Phillips |first150=B |last151=Madhusudan |first151=N |title=Chlorhexidine versus povidone–iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study |journal=BJS Open |date=9 November 2021 |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=zrab117 |doi=10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wade |first1=Ryckie G. |last2=Burr |first2=Nicholas E. |last3=McCauley |first3=Gordon |last4=Bourke |first4=Grainne |last5=Efthimiou |first5=Orestis |title=The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Surgery |date=December 2021 |volume=274 |issue=6 |pages=e481–e488 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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Its importance in health care was determined by [[Semmelweis]] in the 1840s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maibach|first1=H. I.|last2=Aly|first2=Raza|title=Skin Microbiology: Relevance to Clinical Infection|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461258681|page=Part two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPUxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT232|language=en}}</ref> |
Its importance in health care was determined by [[Semmelweis]] in the 1840s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maibach|first1=H. I.|last2=Aly|first2=Raza|title=Skin Microbiology: Relevance to Clinical Infection|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461258681|page=Part two|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPUxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT232|language=en}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 18:00, 21 January 2024
Skin disinfection is a process that involves the application of a disinfectant to reduce levels of microorganisms on the skin.[1] Disinfecting the skin of the patient and the hands of the healthcare providers are an important part of surgery.[1]
Skin disinfection may be accomplished with a number of solutions including providone-iodine, chlorhexidine, alcohol based solutions, and cetrimide.[2] There is strong evidence that chlorhexidine and denatured alcohol use to clean skin prior to surgery is better than any other commercially available antiseptic, such as povidone-iodine with alcohol.[3][4]
Its importance in health care was determined by Semmelweis in the 1840s.[5]
References
- ^ a b Krettek, Christian; Aschemann, Dirk (2006). Positioning Techniques in Surgical Applications: Thorax and Heart Surgery - Vascular Surgery - Visceral and Transplantation Surgery - Urology - Surgery to the Spinal Cord and Extremities - Arthroscopy - Pediatric Surgery - Navigation/ISO-C 3D. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 10. ISBN 9783540309529.
- ^ British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 839. ISBN 9780857111562.
- ^ Wade, Ryckie G; Bourke, Gráinne; Wormald, Justin C R; Totty, Joshua Philip; Stanley, Guy Henry Morton; Lewandowski, Andrew; Rakhra, Sandeep Singh; Gardiner, Matthew D; Bindra, R; Sher, M; Thomas, M; Morgan, S D J; Hwang, B; Santucci, W; Tran, P; Kopp, L; Kunc, V; Hamdi, A; Grieve, P P; Mukhaizeem, S A; Blake, K; Cuggy, C; Dolan, R; Downes, E; Geary, E; Ghadge, A; Gorman, P; Jonson, M; Jumper, N; Kelly, S; Leddy, L; McMahon, M E; McNamee, C; Miller, P; Murphy, B; O'Halloran, L; O’Shea, K; Skeens, J; Staunton, S; Timon, F; Woods, J; Cortinovis, U; Sala, L; Zingarello, V; Jusoh, M H; Sadagatullah, A N; Georgieva, G; Pejkova, S; Nikolovska, B; Srbov, B; Hamid, H K S; Mustafa, M; Abdelrahman, M; Amin, S M M; Bhatti, D; Rahman, K M A; Jumabhoy, I; Kiely, J; Kieran, I; Lo, A C Q; Wong, K Y; Allan, A Y; Armes, H; Horwitz, M D; Ioannidi, L; Masterton, G; Chu, H; Talawadekar, G D; Tong, K S; Chan, M; Tredgett, M; Hardie, C; Powell-Smith, E; Gilham, N; Prokopenko, M; Ahmad, R; Davies, J; Zhen, S; Dargan, D; Pinder, R M; Koziara, M; Martin, R; Reay, E; Cochrane, E; Elbatawy, A; Green, F; Griffiths, T; Higginbotham, G; Louette, S; McCauley, G; Natalwala, I; Salt, E; Ahmed, R; Goon, P; Manton, R; Segaren, N; Cheung, G; Mahoney, R; Sen, S; Clarkson, D; Collins, M; Bolt, A; Lokanathan, P; Ng, A; Jones, G; Jones, J W M; Kabariti, R; Rhee, S J; Herron, J; Kay, A; Cheung, L K; Thomson, D; Jugdey, R S; Yoon, H; L, Z; Southgate, J; Brennan, C; Kiani, S; Zabaglo, M; Haider, Z A; Poulter, R; Sheik-Ali, A; Watts, A; Jemec, B; Redgrave, N; Dupley, L; Greenhalgh, M; Vella, J; Harris, H; Robinson, A V; Dupre, S; Teelucksingh, S; Gargan, A; Hettiaratchy, S; Jain, A; Kwasnicki, R; Lee, A; Thakkar, M; Berwick, D; Ismail, N; Mahdi, M; Rodrigues, J; Liew, C; Saadya, A; Clarkson, M; Brady, C; Harrison, R; Rayner, A; Nolan, G; Phillips, B; Madhusudan, N (9 November 2021). "Chlorhexidine versus povidone–iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study". BJS Open. 5 (6): zrab117. doi:10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117.
- ^ Wade, Ryckie G.; Burr, Nicholas E.; McCauley, Gordon; Bourke, Grainne; Efthimiou, Orestis (December 2021). "The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis". Annals of Surgery. 274 (6): e481 – e488. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076.
- ^ Maibach, H. I.; Aly, Raza (2012). Skin Microbiology: Relevance to Clinical Infection. Springer Science & Business Media. p. Part two. ISBN 9781461258681.