:::::* Do stick to source data, source definitions. It feels wrong, possibly even original research, to present a line that is not the 20 year average as used by the IPCC. The current chart may lead to the false conclusion that the current 20 year average is at +1.2C. It is not, it will be unknown for another decade. The line should stop 10 years before now. Alternative: show a thinner line for the last 10 years, indicating an estimate. But that does not feel right either, is too much like predicting the future, [[WP:CRYSTAL]].
:::::* Do stick to source data, source definitions. It feels wrong, possibly even original research, to present a line that is not the 20 year average as used by the IPCC. The current chart may lead to the false conclusion that the current 20 year average is at +1.2C. It is not, it will be unknown for another decade. The line should stop 10 years before now. Alternative: show a thinner line for the last 10 years, indicating an estimate. But that does not feel right either, is too much like predicting the future, [[WP:CRYSTAL]].
:::::[[User:Uwappa|Uwappa]] ([[User talk:Uwappa|talk]]) 10:34, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
:::::[[User:Uwappa|Uwappa]] ([[User talk:Uwappa|talk]]) 10:34, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
<span class="wikied-assignment" style="font-size:85%;">— Assignment last updated by [[User:Harleydrools|Harleydrools]] ([[User talk:Harleydrools|talk]]) 16:22, 30 January 2024 (UTC)</span>
To view an answer, click the [show] link to the right of the question. To view references used by an answer, you must also click the [show] for references at the bottom of the FAQ.
Q1: Is there really a scientific consensus on climate change?
Q2: How can we say climate change is real when it's been so cold in such-and-such a place?
A2: This is why it is termed "global warming", not "(such-and-such a place) warming". Even then, what rises is the average temperature over time – that is, the temperature will fluctuate up and down within the overall rising trend. To give an idea of the relevant time scales, the standard averaging period specified by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) is 30 years. Accordingly, the WMO defines climate change as "a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)."[2]
Q3: Can't the increase of CO2 be from natural sources, like volcanoes or the oceans?
A3: While these claims are popular among global warming skeptics,[3][4] including academically trained ones,[5][6] they are incorrect. This is known from any of several perspectives:
Current human emissions of CO2 are at least 100 times larger than volcanic emissions. Measurements of CO2 levels over the past 50 years do not show any significant rises after eruptions.[7] This is easily seen in a graph of CO2 concentrations over the past 50 years: the strongest eruption during the period, that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, produced no increase in the trend.
Atmospheric oxygen content is decreasing at a rate that agrees with the amount of oxygen being used to burn fossil fuels.[9]
If the oceans were giving up some of their carbon dioxide, their carbon dioxide concentration would have to decrease. But instead we are measuring an increase in the oceans' carbon dioxide concentration, resulting in the oceans becoming more acidic (or in other words, less basic).[10]
Q4: I think the article is missing some things, or has some things wrong. Can I change it?
A4: Yes. Keep in mind that your points need to be based on documented evidence from the peer-reviewed literature, or other information that meets standards of verifiability, reliability, and no original research. If you do not have such evidence, more experienced editors may be able to help you find it (or confirm that such evidence does not exist). You are welcome to make such queries on the article's talk page but please keep in mind that the talk page is for discussing improvements to the article, not discussing the topic. There are many forums that welcome general discussions of global warming, but the article talk page is not such a forum.
Q5: Why haven't the graphs been updated?
A5: Two reasons:
There are many images used in the articles related to global warming, and there are many reasons why they may not be updated with the latest data. Some of the figures, like the Global Warming Map, are static, meaning that they are intended to show a particular phenomenon and are not meant to be updated frequently or at all. Others, like the Instrumental Temperature Record and Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent Anomalies, use yearly data and thus are updated once per year—usually in mid- to late-January, depending upon when the data is publicly released, and when a volunteer creates the image. Still others, like Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide, use monthly data. These are updated semi-regularly.
However, just because an image is 6 months or a year old does not mean it is useless. Robert A. Heinlein is credited with saying, "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get", meaning that climate is defined as a long-term average of weather, usually about 30 years. This length was chosen to eliminate the year-to-year variations.[11] Thus, in terms of climate change, any given year's data is of little import.
Q6: Isn't climate change "just a theory"?
A6: People who say this are abusing the word "theory" by conflating its common meaning with its scientific meaning.
In common usage, "theory" can mean a hunch or guess, but a scientific theory, roughly speaking, means a coherent set of explanations that is compatible with observations and that allows predictions to be made. That the temperature is rising is an observation. An explanation for this (also known as a hypothesis) is that the warming is primarily driven by greenhouse gases (such as CO2 and methane) released into the atmosphere by human activity. Scientific models have been built that predict the rise in temperature and these predictions have matched observations. When scientists gain confidence in a hypothesis because it matches observation and has survived intense scrutiny, the hypothesis may be called a "theory". Strictly speaking, scientific theories are never proven, but the degree of confidence in a theory can be discussed. The scientific models now suggest that it is "extremely likely" (>95%) to "virtually certain" (>99%) that the increases in temperature have been caused by human activity as discussed in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Global warming via greenhouse gases by human activity is a theory (in the scientific sense), but it is most definitely not just a hunch or guess.
Q7: Does methane cause more warming than CO2?
A7: It's true that methane is more potent molecule for molecule. But there's far less of it in the atmosphere, so the total effect is smaller. The atmospheric lifetime of methane (about 10 years) is a lot shorter than that of CO2 (hundreds to thousands of years), so when methane emissions are reduced the concentration in the atmosphere soon falls, whereas CO2 accumulates in the atmosphere over long periods. For details see the greenhouse gas and global warming potential articles.
Q8: How can you say there's a consensus when lists of "skeptical scientists" have been compiled?
A8: Consensus is not the same as unanimity, the latter of which is impractical for large groups. Over 99% of publishing climate scientists agree on anthropogenic climate change.[1] This is an extremely high percentage well past any reasonable threshold for consensus. Any list of "skeptical scientists" would be dwarfed by a comparably compiled list of scientists accepting anthropogenic climate change.
Q9: Did climate change end in 1998?
A9: One of the strongest El Niño events in the instrumental record occurred during late 1997 through 1998, causing a spike in global temperature for 1998. Through the mid-late 2000s this abnormally warm year could be chosen as the starting point for comparisons with later years in order to produce a cooling trend; choosing any other year in the 20th century produced a warming trend. This no longer holds since the mean global temperatures in 2005, 2010, 2014, 2015 and 2016 have all been warmer than 1998.[12]
More importantly, scientists do not define a "trend" by looking at the difference between two given years. Instead they use methods such as linear regression that take into account all the values in a series of data. The World Meteorological Organisation specifies 30 years as the standard averaging period for climate statistics so that year-to-year fluctuations are averaged out;[2] thus, 10 years isn't long enough to detect a climate trend.
Q10: Wasn't Greenland much warmer during the period of Norse settlement?
A10: Some people assume this because of the island's name. In fact the Saga of Erik the Red tells us Erik named the new colony Greenland because "men will desire much the more to go there if the land has a good name."[13] Advertising hype was alive and well in 985 AD.
While much of Greenland was and remains under a large ice sheet, the areas of Greenland that were settled by the Norse were coastal areas with fjords that, to this day, remain quite green. You can see the following images for reference:
Q11: Are the IPCC reports prepared by biased UN scientists?
A11: The IPCC reports are not produced by "UN scientists". The IPCC does not employ the scientists who generate the reports, and it has no control over them. The scientists are internationally recognized experts, most with a long history of successful research in the field. They are employed by various organizations including scientific research institutes, agencies like NASA and NOAA, and universities. They receive no extra pay for their participation in the IPCC process, which is considered a normal part of their academic duties.
Q12: Hasn't global sea ice increased over the last 30 years?
A12: Measurements show that it has not.[14] Claims that global sea ice amounts have stayed the same or increased are a result of cherry picking two data points to compare, while ignoring the real (strongly statistically significant) downward trend in measurements of global sea ice amounts.
Arctic sea ice cover is declining strongly; Antarctic sea ice cover has had some much smaller increases, though it may or may not be thinning, and the Southern Ocean is warming. The net global ice-cover trend is clearly downwards.
Q13: Weren't scientists telling us in the 1970s that the Earth was cooling instead of warming?
A13: They weren't – see the article on global cooling. An article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society has reviewed the scientific literature at that time and found that even during the 1970s the prevailing scientific concern was over warming.[15] The common misperception that cooling was the main concern during the 1970s arose from a few studies that were sensationalized in the popular press, such as a short nine-paragraph article that appeared in Newsweek in 1975.[16] (Newsweek eventually apologized for having misrepresented the state of the science in the 1970s.)[17] The author of that article has repudiated the idea that it should be used to deny global warming.[18]
Q14: Doesn't water vapour cause 98% of the greenhouse effect?
A14: Water vapour is indeed a major greenhouse gas, contributing about 36% to 70% (not 98%) of the total greenhouse effect. But water vapour has a very short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days), compared with decades to centuries for greenhouse gases like CO2 or nitrous oxide. As a result it is very nearly in a dynamic equilibrium in the atmosphere, which globally maintains a nearly constant relative humidity. In simpler terms, any excess water vapour is removed by rainfall, and any deficit of water vapour is replenished by evaporation from the Earth's surface, which literally has oceans of water. Thus water vapour cannot act as a driver of climate change.
Rising temperatures caused by the long-lived greenhouse gases will however allow the atmosphere to hold more vapour. This will lead to an increase in the absolute amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. Since water vapour is itself a greenhouse gas, this is an example of a positive feedback. Thus, whereas water vapour is not a driver of climate change, it amplifies existing trends.
Q15: Is the fact that other solar system bodies are warming evidence for a common cause (i.e. the sun)?
A15: While some solar system bodies show evidence of local or global climate change, there is no evidence for a common cause of warming.
A 2007 National Geographic article described the views of Khabibullo Abdusamatov, who claims that the sun is responsible for global warming on both Earth and Mars.[19] Abdussamatov's views have no support in the scientific community, as the second page of the National Geographic article makes clear: "'His views are completely at odds with the mainstream scientific opinion,' said Colin Wilson, a planetary physicist at England's Oxford University. [...] Amato Evan, a climate scientist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, added that 'the idea just isn't supported by the theory or by the observations.'"[20]
There is no reliable source claiming that Jupiter is warming. However, observations of the Red Spot Jr. storm suggest Jupiter could be in a period of global climate change.[21][22] This is hypothesized to be part of an approximately 70 year global climate cycle, characterized by the relatively rapid forming and subsequent slow erosion and merging of cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices that help transfer heat between Jupiter's poles and equator. The cycle works like this: As the vortices erode, heat exchange is reduced; this makes the poles cool down and the equatorial region heat up; the resulting temperature difference destabilizes the atmosphere, leading to the creation of new vortices.[23][24]
Pluto has an extremely elliptical orbit with a period of about 248 years. Data are sparse, but two data points from 1988 and 2002 indirectly suggest that Pluto warmed between those two dates.[25] Pluto's temperature is heavily influenced by its elliptical orbit – it was closest to the sun in 1989 and has slowly receded since. Because of thermal inertia, it is expected to warm for a while after it passes perihelion (similar to how a sunny day's warmest temperatures happen during the afternoon instead of right at noon). No other mechanism has so far been seriously suggested. Here is a reasonable summary, and this paper discusses how the thermal inertia is provided by sublimation and evaporation of parts of Pluto's atmosphere. A more popular account is here and in Wikipedia's own article.
Q16: Do scientists support climate change just to get more money?
A16: No,
Scientists participate in international organizations like the IPCC as part of their normal academic duties. They do not receive any extra compensation beyond possibly for direct expenses.
Scientific grants do not usually award any money to a scientist personally, only towards the cost of his or her scientific work.
There is not a shortage of useful things that scientists could study if they were not studying global warming.
Understanding our climate system better brings benefits independent of global warming. For instance, more accurate weather predictions save a lot of money (on the order of billions of dollars a year), and everyone from insurance agents to farmers wants climate data.[26][27] Scientists could get paid to study climate even if global warming did not exist.
Q17: Doesn't the climate vary even without human activity?
A17: It does, but the fact that natural variation occurs does not mean that human-induced change cannot also occur. Climate scientists have extensively studied natural causes of climate change (such as orbital changes, volcanism, and solar variation) and have ruled them out as an explanation for the current temperature increase. Human activity is the cause at the 95 to 99 percent confidence level (see the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report for details). The high level of certainty in this is important to keep in mind to spot mention of natural variation functioning as a distraction.
Q18: Should we include the view that climate change will lead to planetary doom or catastrophe?
A18: This page is about the science of climate change. It doesn't talk about planetary doom or catastrophe. For a technical explanation, see catastrophic climate change, and for paleoclimatic examples see PETM and great dying.
Q19: Is an increase in global temperature of, say, 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) important?
A19: Though it may not sound like much, a global temperature rise of 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) is huge in climate terms. For example, the sea level rise it would produce would flood coastal cities around the world, which include most large cities.
Earth's climate has varied significantly over geological ages. The question of an "optimal temperature" makes no sense without a clear optimality criterion. Over geological time spans, ecosystems adapt to climate variations. But global climate variations during the development of human civilization (i.e. the past 12,000 years) have been remarkably small. Human civilization is highly adapted to the current stable climate. Agricultural production depends on the proper combination of soil, climate, methods, and seeds. Most large cities are located on the coast, and any significant change in sea level would strongly affect them. Migration of humans and ecosystems is limited by political borders and existing land use. In short, the main problem is not the higher absolute temperature but the massive and unprecedentedly fast change in climate and the related effects on human societies. The IPCC AR6 WG2 report has a detailed discussion of the effects of rapid climate change.
Q20: Why are certain proposals to change the article discarded, deleted, or ignored? Who is/was Scibaby?
A20:Scibaby is/was a long term abusivesock-master (or coordinated group of sock masters) who has created 1,027 confirmed sock puppets, another 167 suspected socks, and probably many untagged or unrecognized ones. This page lists some recent creations. His modus operandi has changed over time, but includes proposing reasonably worded additions on the talk page that only on close examination turn out to be irrelevant, misinterpreted, or give undue weight to certain aspects. Scibaby is banned, and Scibaby socks are blocked as soon as they are identified. Some editors silently revert his additions, per WP:DENY, while others still assume good faith even for likely socks and engage them.
Q21: What about this really interesting recent peer-reviewed paper I read or read about, that says...?
A21: There are hundreds of peer-reviewed papers published every month in respected scientific journals such as Geophysical Research Letters, the Journal of Climate, and others. We can't include all of them, but the article does include references to individual papers where there is consensus that they best represent the state of the relevant science. This is in accordance with the "due weight" principle (WP:WEIGHT) of the Neutral point of view policy and the "Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information" principle (WP:IINFO) of the What Wikipedia is not policy.
Q22: Why does the article define "climate change" as a recent phenomenon? Hasn't the planet warmed and cooled before?
A22: Yes, the planet has warmed and cooled before. However, the term "climate change" without further qualification is widely understood to refer to the recent episode and often explicitly connected with the greenhouse effect. Per WP:COMMONNAME, we use the term in this most common meaning. The article Climate variability and change deals with the more general concept.
Q23: Did the CERN CLOUD experiment prove that climate change is caused not by human activity but by cosmic rays?
A23: No. For cosmic rays to be causing global warming, all of the following would have to be true, whereas only the italicized one was tested in the 2011 experiment:[28]
Solar magnetic field must be getting stronger
The number of cosmic rays reaching Earth must be dropping
Cosmic rays must successfully seed clouds, which requires:
Cosmic rays must trigger aerosol (liquid droplet) formation,
These newly-formed aerosols must grow sufficiently through condensation to form cloud-condensation nuclei (CCN),
The CCN must lead to increased cloud formation, and
Cloud cover on Earth must be declining.
Perhaps the study's lead author, Jasper Kirkby, put it best: "...it [the experiment] actually says nothing about a possible cosmic-ray effect on clouds and climate, but it's a very important first step."[29]
Q24: I read that something can't fix climate change. Is this true?
A24: Yes, this is true for all plausible single things including: "electric cars", "planting trees", "low-carbon technology", "renewable energy", "Australia", "capitalism", "the doom & gloom approach", "a Ph.D. in thermodynamics". Note that it is problematic to use the word "fix" regarding climate change, as returning the climate to its pre-industrial state currently appears to be feasible only over a timeframe of thousands of years. Current efforts are instead aimed at mitigating (meaning limiting) climate change. Mitigation is strived for through the combination of many different things. See Climate change mitigation for details.
^Peterson, T. C.; et al. (2008). "The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 89 (9): 1325. Bibcode:2008BAMS...89.1325P. doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2370.1.
^Gwynne, Peter (28 April 1975). "The Cooling World". Newsweek. p. 64.
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Revised Numbers from ESSD for Global GHG Emissions
The June 2023 ESSD Indicators of Global Climate Change 2022 report on pp.2298-2230 indicates a significantly lower amount of global GHG emissions (55 vs 59 Gt) compared to the current values shown in the article, which are from AR6 WGIII. The ESSD authors seem to have very meticulously described the differences in accounting methods between their work and the AR 6WGIII report, with the implication being that their figure is an improved estimate. I think we should consider posting that revised figure for 2021 of 55 GtCO2e, but wonder -what do others think? It's a fairly significant difference. Femke? Dtetta (talk) 05:44, 26 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Yeah, those are the top scientists doing this type of work, so definitely an improvement over what we have now. I'm not quite convinced we need to show that number in the article however, as it's inside baseball. Even as a climate mitigation researcher, these numbers don't say that much to me. —Femke 🐦 (talk) 16:12, 26 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Understand - One thing to consider is that the report by this group (as I understand it) is now considered something of a “technical reference” for the COPs, so it might be nice to have the WP article consistent with that, since I believe WP is also considered a reference (to some extent) in those talks. But I agree the absolute numbers themselves don’t have as much meaning as, say, the trends, and whether we will be seeing declines in emissions soon. Dtetta (talk) 16:31, 26 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Revise “Physical Drivers of Climate Change” (ERF) graphic”?
I’d also like to suggest that we revise the current "Physical drivers of climate change" graphic with an adapted version of Figure 2a (p. 2305) in the ESSD paper. I think there are several advantages to adapting that graphic to replace the current one.
It’s more current and based on improved information.
Grouping aerosols into one row seems an improvement, as does showing one row for other well-mixed GHGs. One change that might be worthwhile would be to list the halogens separately, given the text currently devoted to the effect of the Montreal Protocol.
The positive ERF ERF associated with tropospheric ozone seems more clear.
Their treatment of albedo provides a nice distinction between the negative ERF of land-use along with the positive ERF of black carbon. IMO this integrates better with the text of the article.
I like showing the total anthropogenic ERF, which has increased significantly from AR6 estimates, although I’m guessing others don’t, which is why it’s not in the current graphic, despite being in earlier IPCC reports. That value (and it's increase over time) seems to be a key factor in the "Human and natural drivers" line in the "Global surface temperature" graphic in the lead, which is a connection I find a little hard to make in the current article.
I think we could avoid including the current positive solar ERF in ESSD Figure 2a, since the text itself clarifies that this is a single year estimate, and that the overall post 1750 solar ERF is minimal. I think we can also ignore the specific ERF values given to the right of the graphic, as we do in the current graphic in the article.
On a related note, we need to be clearer on the historical effect of periodic volcanic eruptions post 1750, as shown in Fig 2b and in AR6. In the second paragraph of the "Solar and volcanic activity" subsection, we make contradictory statements. The first sentence states that these have been the largest natural forcing in the industrial era. The fourth sentence seems to be stating the opposite.
Curious to see Ozone called out so prominently, whereas the IPCC does not include that at all. It's also not clear why water vapor is separated out, as presumably that's a feedback and not a driver. Perhaps the ESSD graphic is showing overall changes in the climate system rather than drivers of climate change (so they are including feedbacks).
In general, the current graphic is a high profile SPM graphic from the IPCC, not buried on page 2305 somewhere, and I prefer using the higher profile summary graphics as they've had more eyes on them. We'd also have a lot of work to boil down the ESSD graphic while maintaining font sizes and clarity.
As for other issues, the existing graphic separates methane, which is important as it's clearly the second most important gas, really weird that the ESSD aggregated that into well mixed gases. I also don't see a significant advantage in grouping aerosols. At best, replacement would be a wash as I see it, so I vote no. Efbrazil (talk) 18:04, 1 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
AR6 WG1 does in fact mention the ERF of ozone on page TS 36. From my readings, ozone is treated differently than most other GHGs, given the extent to which it’s a short term gas and so does not fit into the well mixed category, which is why ESSD lists it separately.
This graph not buried somewhere. It’s simply one page in a 32 page article, the pagination being used is like in many journals - it does not mean that this is some 2,400 page report. I don’t think the IPCC graphic is any easier to spot than this the ESSD one if you look at each report/paper in it’s entirety.
Re: the number of eyes that have looked at the ESSD graph, I suspect there’s a lot of peer review that goes into the ESSD annual reports, which I believe are considered authoritative international assessments, similar to the IPCC reports. I think many of these authors are also involved in the IPCC reporting. These reports may not be quite as extensively reviewed as IPCC reports, but they have the advantage of being more current. The authors note that there have been significant changes in IPCC ERF estimates between successive reports, so in that sense more current figures are better.
I think the whatever graphic is used here could do more to support the text, or at least clearly identify the main ERF factors. The greenhouse gases as ERF factors are listed, but not much else (the aerosol list doesn’t really jibe with the article text). Maybe the details in this graphic aren’t all that important to show, and it's not even needed. I think we would be better off with simply using figure SPM 2b as the graphic rather than the current figure, which is pretty much taken from figure SPM 2c. For me 2b does a better job of depicting the main factors presented in the text (GHGs, other human drivers, and natural causes). And the ESSD graphic does an even better job of supporting the various themes, including solar and ozone.
Since there doesn’t seem to be any interest in revising this graphic - would folks be opposed to me recreating the ESSD graphic? I would probably not do this on my own, but am thinking of trying to recruit a local high school student with graphic skills who has an interest in climate change.
Request: Can someone provide a link to the specific ESSD document? Thanks. (I can do the graphics if needed... no need to recruit a high school student!) —RCraig09 (talk)04:07, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Merci (I was thrown off by reference to "pp.2298-2230"). I assume this discussion refers to Fig 2(a) on p. "2305". If you come to a specific consensus, I'm willing to do the graphic... maybe almost as well as a high school student! —RCraig09 (talk)06:44, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks for the offer RCraig09:) Would be interested in your thoughts regarding the merits in this discussion as well. So far it’s just me and Efbrazil. Dtetta (talk) 14:41, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
There are several competing rationales above, and it seems that the decision on which graphic to include boils down to which rationale to choose. Bottomline: assuming the IPCC and ESSD are comparably reliable, I'd favor the most recent (ESSD) graphic as being most up-do-date and presumably created with prior knowledge of the earlier (IPCC) chart. Details of which elements to include are debatable, but I tend to be inclusionist in this regard: include 'em all! I can work out minor issues like font size and arrangement. —RCraig09 (talk)20:53, 28 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Just trying to put this to bed. Does it make sense for RCraig09 to try to replace the current “Physical Drivers of Climate Change” graphic with the one from the ESSD paper? As he points out, there are a variety of ways of looking at this. IMO the current graphic does highlight the role of GHGs, aerosols, and albedo - but it misses ozone, doesn’t give a good sense of human vs natural causes, and is somewhat incongruous with some of the text. It seems like RCraig09 and I are in favor of changing the graphic, and Efbrazil would prefer keeping it. EMsmile - it was hard to tell from your comments where you stood on this - do you have a preference? Clayoquot and Femke - any thoughts? Others? Dtetta (talk) 15:57, 6 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
To avoid duplicated effort, be aware: I'm within an hour of uploading a new Radiative forcing / Physical drivers chart based on the ESSD data. —RCraig09 (talk)16:30, 6 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks for the ping. I cannot make heads or tails of this discussion unfortunately. Could someone please put the graphics you are trying to choose from on this talk page? Clayoquot (talk | contribs) 17:44, 6 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
The new 6 Dec graphic breaks out the GHGs, breaks out albedo (I think I'll add a footnote-like explanatory legend at bottom), and includes solar because some deniers think it's the sun that's causing GW (!). I've de-emphasized the confidence interval bars, and instead used gradient colors to be friendlier for our non-techy audience. I can add dots along the confidence bars to denote the best estimates, if you think that's important. I'm not sure if ozone is properly called a greenhouse gas per se; I can change if needed. —RCraig09 (talk)17:57, 6 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
(I just added Option A, B, and C labels to the graphics).
- I find Option A easiest to understand. Showing degrees of warming rather than W/sq metre is more intuitive. In Option B, I understand the argument for having "Total anthropogenic" as a bar but it adds complexity. I understand the point of including "Solar" but (before looking it up) I do not understand what the word "Solar" by itself means in this context. Usually "Solar" by itself means solar electricity generation.
- In Option B, I really like the fade-out to represent uncertainty.
- Having a bar for contrails and aviation-induced cirrus is critical. The magnitude of this problem is a relatively recent discovery that the public under-appreciates, and it's role is expected to grow.
- In Option B, I have a lot of questions about the category of "Albedo (particles)". Is this where the warming from contrails went? If yes, I don't think it is correct to call it albedo. I am struggling to understand what kinds of particles this is referring to.
- For all options, it should made clearer that the graph refers to cumulative effects. Contrails, for instance, are a bigger contributor now than they have been historically.
Some explanations: In Options B and C, it's definitely total human-caused and not natural+human-caused. Any questions as to what Option B means (albedo entries, etc), can be understood by looking at Option C; I did some abbreviating of Option C to form Option B, which has apparently caused some confusion. I can change "solar" to "solar energy" or "sunlight", to clarify what's in Option C. I excluded contrails as it was such a small contributor, but it can be added in anticipation of it possibly becoming more dominant. I don't know if there's a linear conversion between W/m2 and °C, but especially for a lay audience the units don't matter as much as the realization that GHGs are the main drivers, and the total human contribution dwarfs solar influence. —RCraig09 (talk)02:41, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Agree with Femke, impact in Celcius (A) is easier to understand.
For option B: put the range in the vertical middle of the bar, as done in A and C.
Option B has 4 ways to group: A { and text colour for GH gases, () to split Albedo and 'total' for human caused. Please select one and stick to it.
Option C (page 11 of the PDF) visually gives the false impression that only Methane, Nitrous oxide and Halogens add up.
A, B and C lack a visual connection between total and parts.
Show, don't tell. Let the graphic show that all drivers add up. A stacked bar is hard with the ranges, but it can be done similar to a Gantt_chart where parts add up in time.
Keep each driver on a new line, but let a driver start horizontally where the previous one ended, similar to a finish-to-start in a Gantt chart.
No bar for human caused total, just the range will do.
Sort drivers by impact, Aerosols, Albedo, ... Ozone, CO2.
Thanks so much for that great job with the graphic,RCraig09, and for your thorough explanation of the nuances involved with how this information is presented. Also thanks to folks who have contributed to the discussion.
Regarding degrees Celsius versus ERF, I agree with RCraig09 that the relative size of the various contributors is what people will look at, rather than drawing down and seeing what the X axis value/unit is per se. But it would be nicer if that axis showed centigrade rather than ERF. Re: the ERF-temperature relationship itself, my understanding is that total global temperature change scales roughly linearly with total net forcing, and that climate sensitivity expresses/determines that general ratio. I imagine the IPCC authors used some ratio number for constructing their charts in SPM 2, but I have not been able to figure out what that exact ratio they used is. Probably best if Femke confirms this.
Regarding Clayoquot’s question on the aerosol particles category, I believe that’s black carbon. And it might be easiest in the option B graphic to just label it that way, since that’s how we talk about it in the text.
It would be nice to add contrails to the graph, as Clayoquot suggests, but if in fact they are an increasingly important and critical category, I think it would be more important to have a brief mention of that in the text itself. I don’t see contrails discussed there.
Version 2 of Option 2 B is uploaded (17:25, 7 Dec 2023). I've explained albedo in a "footnote", simplified description of the horizontal axis, and further de-emphasized the confidence interval bars—all for our predominantly non-techy reading audience. I haven't yet added contrails because, frankly, it's a lot of work that may go to waste if this chart isn't used. I haven't changed to offset-stacking because it complicates the chart and makes comparisons harder. —RCraig09 (talk)17:33, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Craig, I'm not sure what problem you are trying to solve here. The IPCC SPM graphic is extremely high profile so it has been fully vetted and still represents best science. The version we have renders well on smartphone / thumbnail, is vector, is accessible, and is globalized. Any reduction in font sizes relative to width is a clear step backwards. Given the ocean of text above I don't even know what's being proposed at this point. This whole exercise strikes me as a solution in search of a problem. Efbrazil (talk) 17:55, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I agree that some editors have expanded the discussion with digressions, asides, and alternatives. Originally, I pursued the ESSD version in response to Dtetta's original (03:18, 30 Oct 2023) post far, far above. I have clarified the new graphic in response to pertinent suggestions (only footnotes and W/m2 are small text), and was hoping discussion would converge. —RCraig09 (talk)19:16, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Yep, the classic problem of extensive discussion obscuring clarity. I'm just confused at this point as to what's being proposed and why. Like I searched on "Option 2" and don't see that anywhere. If you're not replacing the graphic I made anymore then all good, but otherwise I have concerns. Efbrazil (talk) 21:30, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Oops, I meant Option B (not "2"), which is not too far above. Option C (source) is the basis for my Option B. User:Dtetta seemed to favor a graphic based on Option C; maybe we should wait for his more specific reasoning. —RCraig09 (talk)21:45, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
RCraig09 - thanks again for all of your great work on this! IMO the graphic you created (Option B) is an excellent substitute for the current graphic. It better supports the text, is more visually appealing, provides a more complete and balanced presentation of the major drivers, and illustrates an important distinction between human and natural causes. I prefer your modifications (Option B) to just going with the original ESSD graphic (Option C). I would leave the decision to post it and replace the current graphic to you, depending on your sense of where this discussion ends up. If possible, a bar representing contrails might still be helpful. Dtetta (talk) 22:22, 7 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
The quantities shown are very different than in the IPCC SPM graphic. Methane contribution is radically different, and Nitrogen oxide goes from a substantial negative to positive. The science has not changed in the last year around these measures, which means the charts are looking at different measures. We should understand what those differences are. For instance, they could be looking at cumulative impact to date, current impact this year, or net impact going into the future (so that CO2 ranks much higher than methane, which has a short life span). Do you understand why the measures are so different? Absent understanding, I trust an IPCC SPM graphic to be more accurate for what scientists would like to see conveyed to the public as the graphic is the high profile way scientists communicate with policy makers.
Graphically, the main drawback of the new graphic is the tiny fonts relative to image width. The majority of our viewers are on smartphone, and most of the remainder will only ever look at a thumbnail view. Wikipedia standards for thumbnail graphics is that they should not be more than upright=1.35 for accessibility reasons (or they can be full width but not in the lead). You need to show both graphics at upright=1.35, and at that width it will be clear that the new graphic is not legible to most users. The fonts in the existing image resemble those on a wikipedia page at that scale.
In terms of text, "Land Use" is likely inaccurate as it is shown as a dampening effect, so it cannot include deforestation. In the graphic I made Femke and I changed that to irrigation and albedo to be accurate. Also, "solar warming" is inaccurate, as all global warming is solar. I assume what it is trying to convey is differences in the intensity of sunlight, but I am surprised that the new graphic would say there is a net gain there. The IPCC said it's an insignificant factor. Efbrazil (talk) 00:33, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Efbrazil-thanks for those comments. I will defer to Craig to resolve your graphic concerns and the solar labelling issue. Regarding your other comments:
On the emissions estimates, the authors very thoroughly document how their estimates are different from the most recent AR6 estimates, and why the current ones are an improvement. I think if you read the article you’ll find answers to the emission related questions that you are posing.
Regarding land use effects, in the article itself we have long described the net effect of land use change as a slight cooling, due to surface changes in albedo, which is consistent with the ESSD graphic (and the current graphic as well, in the “irrigation and albedo” row). The other components of land use change is its contribution to greenhouse gases, which obviously has a warming effect, as you point out, but it’s not broken out in either the current graphic or the ESSD graphic per se; those land use change emission increases are just part of the total GHG emission estimates, I believe. Perhaps that label in the new graphic should be clarified to say “Land use albedo”, or something similar.
Substantively, I won't jump into a disagreement as to which source is more reliable; I think they may be talking about apples and oranges to some extent. Graphically, I originally chose a 16x9 aspect ratio to reduce vertical height occupied in articles, and because longer bars better distinguish among the factors. I do appreciate what you, Efbrazil, say about font size for people who won't click-to-enlarge, and I can make Option B shaped more like a square and also add contrails data. —RCraig09 (talk)17:28, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
The problem is that I don't see a point in continuing with the new graphic. I prefer the existing graphic as do uwappa and clayoquat. I don't see how change is warranted here, especially when there are so many glaring problems that need to be fixed. Like see the discussion at Attribution of recent climate change. If you want me to tweak the existing graphic in some way please let me know what it is, that could be more fruitful than pursuing a replacement. Efbrazil (talk) 17:50, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I think I have made a good case for why the graphic Craig has created is preferable. I don’t see any posts that have pointed out flaws in the arguments I presented. I agree that there should be a strong level of support before the current graphic is replaced. And I don’t mean to discount all the good work Efbrazil and Femke did to create the original graphic. However, the science based, non-graphical criticisms that have been raised (ozone, land use, solar, differences in GHG depictions) seem to be based on reading neither the ESSD article nor the relevant parts of the IPCC reports that should inform this discussion. It’s disappointing to see these conversations occur in this kind of fact-limited context. In the future, I would ask that you more thoroughly research the available information on a specific issue before you opine on it. And again, thanks Craig for being willing to put all that effort into developing an improved graphic based on the best available current information. Apologies if I have caused you to waste your time and talent. I hope that some additional editors will eventually see the value in it. Dtetta (talk) 18:37, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
For graphical comparison, I've created and uploaded Version 3 of Option B. I added aircraft contrails, and changed to "Solar variability" as that's probably what the source meant by "solar"; be specific with any correction you think is needed. I think that prior questions about interpreting ESSD abbreviations have been dealt with, and that User:Uwappa and User:Clayoquot's opinions were more nuanced and not definitively in favor of the IPCC graphic. Again, it may be a question of IPCC apples vs ESSD oranges. I favor the ESSD's summation of TotalHuman and comparison to SolarVariability, as being the most instructive for current public awareness. —RCraig09 (talk)23:55, 8 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Yes, this is a step forward. Still, some suggestions:
In a graph about warming, use degrees Celcius. It will make it possible to compare the total against the 1.5 and 2.0 C aims of the Paris agreement. Be careful with the combination of negative numbers and cooling. What is -2 cooling, is that +2 heating? The words 'cooling' and 'warming' seem redundant, remove them.
right align the green names of gases. Keep names close to the bars, just like the black drivers. Use just one colour for text labels. The { suffices for the grouping.
The border around the graph between the white and light grey acts as a visual barrier between label and bar. Why not have one background colour as in option A to keep labels and bars visually connected. Worth a try: all light grey background, vertical white grid lines.
sort the gases by impact, large to small: carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, halogens, Nitrous oxide. The sorting will help: what are the major drivers? Which are minor?
Sort the other drivers too: black carbon, contrails, land use, aerosols.
Option A has thick (0.5) and thin (0.1) vertical grid lines that help to scale a bar.
reduce the height of the bars to a size equal to the lowercase character height.
remove the horizontal dotted lines as they visually compete for attention with the bars and ranges. The quite narrow graph does not need horizontal lines to guide the eye.
put the range indicator in the vertical center of a bar, as done in option A. The current grey is too subtle, hard to see. Use a darker shade of grey or dark red/blue. The black in option A is too dark.
Add some vertical space above the total to set it apart. Try to remove the bar for the total, just keep the range. It will visually distinguish it from the other bars.
Version 4 is uploaded. 1. Not done: unknown conversion from W/m2 to Celsius. 2. Not done: GHG names are left-aligned to allow for foreign-language translations to spill harmlessly to right rather than leftward atop the "{". 3. Blue and red tinted backgrounds are re-introduced (forgotten in Version 3). 4.5.6.7. Stylistic; not done. 8. Done. 9. Not done, since confidence intervals will distract and confuse non-techy lay readers. 10. Stylistic; not done. —RCraig09 (talk)07:07, 9 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Earlier I said, "Overall I prefer Option A, then C" and this has been interpreted as "not definitively in favor" of Option A. So to be clear, I definitively favor Option A. The sourcing of Option A is top-notch: We all consider the latest IPCC reports to be a gold standard because the process that goes into them ensures they have wide acceptance in the scientific community. The sheer quantity of process involved creating IPCC reports always makes them a little bit behind the latest research and the Wikipedia community is OK with that. It takes a very strong argument to choose another source to replace the latest IPCC report, and I haven't seen a strong-enough argument yet.
I also like how Option A has more detail. I really dislike how the Option B at first glance suggests that "land use" is overall cooling and you have to read and understand a footnote to see that that might not be the case. The main raison d'etre of Option C seems to be that it compares the anthropogenic total to solar variability. I'm not sure how important it is to convey this in a graph, but if you feel it's important a cleaner solution would be to add a graph containing ONLY "total anthropogenic" and "solar variability". Clayoquot (talk | contribs) 22:11, 9 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I'm sorry for misinterpreting your earlier post, Clayoquot. Re sourcing: the two sources give viewers essentially the same impression re the relative makeup of causes of global warming, and are of comparable reliability, but critically: this graphic is about what causes global warming. Importantly, Option B shows the casual viewer that it's humans that cause current GW, not solar variability as some deniers think. Never lose sight of the fact that our target audience is the lay reader of a public encyclopedia, not a Ph.D. candidate review committee looking to critique microscopic discrepancies between scientific organizations. And Option A's "irrigation and albedo", and breakdown into seldom-discussed aerosols, aren't friendlier than Option B's useful, plain-language footnote. —RCraig09 (talk)23:28, 9 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
This preference for IPCC reports over this ESSD report, based on the IPCC reports being some sort of gold standard for climate change analysis, has now been claimed by a couple of different editors in this thread. IMO this is a distinction without a difference. As this post by one of the ESSD report authors states, virtually all of these indidviduals are involved in the recent IPCC report series. You can also verify this by searching individually by the author’s name and the word “IPCC”. The idea that a group of 50 IPCC level authors is producing less reliable work because they are doing it outside the IPCC reporting cycle is simply not credible, IMO. Femke attested to the high quality of this group’s work in her October 26 post. Moreover, these same IPCC authors point out in detail in the article precisely how and where their work differs from AR6, and the manner in which they have improved upon the latest AR6 WGI figures relevant to this discussion. If, in fact, the “Wikipedia community” is ok with with aspects of CC research that have been shown by these IPCC authors to be outdated in certain details (in the paper it’s clear that it’s only some aspects of AR6 WGI that these authors are updating), that’s a sad reflection on the community. But I am not presuming to speak for the WP community at large.
I can understand Clayoquot’s concern about how the ESSD graphic and Option C can give the impression that land use has an overall cooling effect, and in turn discount the role that AFOLU emissions play in global warming. However, that is also an issue with the current graphic and text. I would imagine that the text is what most people read, and it clearly talks about land use change having a cooling effect in terms of albedo changes (that was one of the first subsections I worked on back in 2019). At that time I had also created additional text that tried to clarify these distinctions, but that text was later removed and some of it moved to the earlier subsection on greenhouse gases, which has the effect of muddling this issue somewhat.
Going back to the graphics themselves, I have a hard time believing that any general reader would even understand what the combined term “irrigation and albedo” in the current graphic actually means (the actual label in SPM 2b is “Land use reflectance and irrigation”, and that combination term is certainly not clarified anywhere in the article’s text, so the current graphic is short of the mark on this issue as well, and therefore I don’t think it’s a valid reason for considering Option A as superior to Option C. If the label in Option C is changed to Land use-albedo (or land use reflectance, like in SMP 2b), IMO that would make the graphic/text relationship consistent, and should help make it clear that this row in the graphic is not contradicting the warming effect of AFOLU GHG emissions. Dtetta (talk) 07:02, 10 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I have been keeping an eye on this discussion for a while, but I was too preoccupied with working on the Greenland ice sheet article to participate earlier. Now, the discussion has become very dense, and I am not sure if I can contribute to it meaningfully.
However, what I would like to do is ask the participants in this discussion to take a look at the attribution graphics which are currently used in scientific consensus on climate change. There are several, two of which had already been present, and I have added another one, which is primarily used in articles which describe the effect of sulfate particulates, such as global dimming. However, that one is quite old, and I am a little concerned it may contradict the newer ones on certain details.
And if anyone here would like to comment on some other questions raised on that article's talk page, I would really welcome that too, regardless of which opinion you would express. InformationToKnowledge (talk) 18:43, 11 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
So a specific concern with the existing graphic is using the word "albedo". Albedo is arguably jargon, and is not entirely accurate as I believe the measure is just looking at human caused changes, not feedbacks like the loss of snow and ice cover. In defense of albedo, it is mentioned in the article many times, including in the section where the graphic is.
"Land use reflectance" is word salad that you need to untangle to mean "relectance of the land surface to sunlight as a result of land use changes", and I'm not sure people will make that translation in their head. It is also arguably confusing, as "land use" is almost always tied up in the idea of emission changes as the result of deforestation.
Looking more thoroughly at the IPCC report, it appears that Option C (the unmodified ESSD figure) is an updated version of a figure that in fact already exists in IPCC AR6 WGI. It is Figure 7.6 in AR6 WGI Chapter 7.3.5.2. I think an argument could be made for modifying the solar ERF in Option B (0.06) and using the value from AR6 WGI Fig.7.6 instead (0.01), as the value that the ESSD authors use is from a single year (2022). Either way, depicting solar as having a minor (but not negligible) role is consistent with the IPCC AR6 language. It’s also clear from figure 7.6 how closely linked these authors are with the IPCC work.
Also worth noting is that in the “More frequent extreme weather with global warming” graphic RCraig09 created also used detailed data from body of the IPCC report, rather than just the SPM summary information, to create a graphic that was superior to the one in the SPM portion of the IPCC report, IMO. I say that because I think even Figure 7.6 as it currently exists is superior to the current graphic (Option A) in terms of supporting the text in the article, Option C (the unmodified ESSD figure) is superior to Figure 7.6 for the reasons cited in the ESSD paper, and Option B is yet a further improvement thanks to Craig’s great work. Dtetta (talk) 03:28, 13 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Alternative: temperature rise and drivers in same chart
Another thought, a graph that shows temperature rise in time and the contributing factors
per year: stacked bars for contributing factors. One stack with cooling factors going down, one next to it, starting at the cooling low, with stacked heating factors.
Change “Attribution of recent temperature rise” to “Causes of global warming”
Is there a reason we can’t change the title of Section 3 to “Causes of global warming”? The current title seems overly technical and also euphemistic. Dtetta (talk) 23:44, 21 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I'll follow this discussion with interest as I've also wondered in the past what "attribution of" really means and if it's something that native English speakers understand more easily than non-native speakers like myself. Is it a "lay person friendly" term?
While looking at that section I came across this sub-section: "Solar and volcanic activity" and wonder why the two are lumped together. I think they should be split in two sub-sections because volcanic activity is clear, whereas solar activity is less clear (and not really a key attribution of recent temperature rise"; see also here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribution_of_recent_climate_change#Factors_that_are_not_key_attributions_of_recent_climate_change ) Isn't that solar activity thing something that the deniers like to throw into the ring but it's really a dead horse regarding the recent global warming? Then why put it at the same level and together with volcanic activity? EMsmile (talk) 08:49, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Solar and volcanic activity and the two natural drivers of any note, and the 3 paragraphs of text discuss them together in that context. I don't see a real advantage in breaking them apart. Efbrazil (talk) 18:56, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
"Causes" isn't correct as the section includes feedbacks, which are climate sensitivity factors, not causes of warming. All the scientific papers use the word attribution and our sub article is called "Attribution of recent climate change". Attribution is a matter of breaking temperature increase down into constituent elements precisely, whereas causes can just be a list of triggers. I also like "recent temperature rise" instead of "global warming", as the section focuses on breaking down factors in the temperature change. I understand the desire for accessibility, but I think precision is better here. Efbrazil (talk) 18:54, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
(a) It's a little weird, but not "wrong", to group solar" and "volcanic together. I would distinguish them into separate subsections, but it's not a huge issue as they are secondary to GHG as a driver. (b) More importantly, the section title, "Attribution of recent temperature rise" is nicely descriptive, and is very broad—broader then Causes of global warming—and so it's not fatal or inaccurate to include feedbacks as a subsection. (c) I think a section name change to "Causes of recent temperature rise" is both friendlier-to-laymen, and accurate. —RCraig09 (talk)21:32, 22 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I appreciate Efbrazil’s point that attribution is a precise way of describing the different factors being discussed here. But If “causes” was truly an incorrect term in this context, I don’t think it would be the term of choice for the NASA webpage titled: The Causes of Climate Change. And they are talking about the same kinds of “lines of evidence” reasoning that we discuss in this subsection. The IPCC uses “attribution”, and I’m sure there are a number of peer reviewed scientific papers on this topic that use that term as well. But for a website that is supposedly aiming for a high school level audience, it seems like a more common, but still accurate word, such as “causes” or “drivers”, is a better choice. We use “drivers” a number of times, so that would also seem to be a viable candidate. I prefer “causes”, as it seems like the more common way this issue is described. Dtetta (talk) 07:16, 23 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Re: the term “global warming”, vs “temperature rise” we now use those terms interchangeably, with “temperature rise” in the Section 2 title, “global warming” the Subsection 2.1 title, and “temperature rise” again in the Section 3 title. I wonder if “temperature rise” was originally selected because the earlier title of the entire article was “global warming”, and earlier editors did not want to repeat the title as part of a section? To me it’s clearly a euphemistic way of describing what’s going on, but I would be fine with RCraig09’s proposal. Dtetta (talk) 14:54, 23 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Where do we stand with this now? Do we have a consensus to change the section title to ""Causes of recent temperature rise""? EMsmile (talk) 09:22, 1 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
That's good. It says now in that section: "Main article: Attribution of recent climate change". Wouldn't this also make the case for changing that sub-article also to "Causes of recent temperature rise"? There's been a bit of a discussion on that article's title and focus on its talk page but we seem to be a little "stuck" there. EMsmile (talk) 11:23, 18 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Why "physical" climate model?
Is there a reason why we use the wording "physical climate model" in several instances, instead of just "climate model"? Are we distinguishing it from a "chemical climate model" or a "mathematical climate model"? Note that in the article on climate model, the term "physical climate model" does not appear. EMsmile (talk) 09:24, 1 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
The article makes the distinction in 2 sentences- "A climate model is a representation of the physical, chemical and biological processes that affect the climate system." and "A subset of climate models add societal factors to a simple physical climate model." Efbrazil (talk) 17:57, 1 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Still not clear to me. I suggest dropping the "physical" here for simplicity reasons "Physical climate models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity." Note that elsewhere in the article we usually just say "climate model", not "physical climate model". If we think that the term physical climate model was important for our layperson readers then why doesn't it appear even once in the article on climate model?
Also what do we mean exactly with "to a simple physical climate model"? In which sense is it "simple"? There is nothing simple about most climate models as far as I can see. EMsmile (talk) 11:18, 18 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Reducing energy use?
I am challenging this statement in the lead that it is necessary to reduce enrgy use, because it is wrong or at least not the only way to reduce emissions. A "or" instead an "and" would fix that.
See the section on "Reducing and recapturing emissions", which captures the issue.All major pathways to staying under 2.0 C require both a switch to low carbon energy sources and also energy conservation. While it is certainly possible to meet targets only through conservation or only through a switch to low carbon energy sources, taking those approaches will be far more painful socially and economically. Efbrazil (talk) 22:05, 3 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
The sentence "Reducing emissions requires reducing energy use..." might suggest that global energy demand needs to go down, whereas as far as I know the sources discuss demand reduction in specific contexts where there are ways to reduce demand relatively painlessly. "Reducing emissions requires measures to conserve energy..." would be more accurate. Clayoquot (talk | contribs) 06:37, 15 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I agree that "reducing" is problematic as it is not accurate for developing economies.
I don't want "or" to replace "and", since no pathways frame the issue as a choice between the alternatives- this is a "both" situation.
I think "measures to conserve" is a problematic because people's eyes will glaze over when reading that and it is also not inclusive enough. Energy conservation does not capture lifestyle changes like living in cities, eating less meat, consuming less, right to repair movements, and so forth. In other words, energy conservation is just one way to limit energy use.
How about we replace "reducing energy use" with "limiting energy use"? The overall sentence would then be "Reducing emissions requires both limiting energy use and generating electricity from low-carbon sources rather than burning fossil fuels." I added "both" to make it clear the "and" is intentional and to force both ideas into people's minds. Objections to that as a solution? Efbrazil (talk) 19:53, 15 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Actually, to take my proposal a bit further, I think the current sentence is a bit awkward in ending with " rather than burning fossil fuels". The idea should be attached to "Reducing emissions", not to the last past of the sentence that talks about electrification. So let me amend my proposal to this:
Reducing emissions requires phasing out fossil fuel use by both limiting the use of energy and generating electricity from low-carbon sources. Efbrazil (talk) 00:43, 17 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I think that this is a lot better than the previous proposal, as the word "limiting" can very easily be interpreted as more restrictive than "reducing", and bring to mind things like energy quotas that are not part of any mainstream proposal I'm aware of. At the same time, I believe it can be made better still. Here is my proposal:
Reducing emissions to stabilize the global temperatures requires replacing fossil fuel use with energy from low-carbon sources. Building low-carbon sources takes time, and a phaseout of fossil fuels fast enough to avoid severe effects of climate change would also close the gap through reductions in global energy demand.
Fair point about the word limiting, although the suggested wording says reducing global demand is a goal, which it isn't. The issue is reducing demand in first world countries so that fossil fuel sources can actually be phased out, instead of having renewable energy be additive. We also need to be mindful of overall length, as the lead is already near the limit of what is acceptable. I'm also not a fan of framing demand reduction as a purely transitional issue, since demand reduction can be a long term solution in the developed world in particular. How about this:
Reducing emissions requires phasing out fossil fuel use. This can happen by reducing demand in developed countries, conserving energy, and generating electricity from low-carbon sources.Efbrazil (talk) 19:16, 17 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Contribution of various mitigation measures to decarbonization in the IEA Net Zero Emissions Scenario "Reducing demand" is better than "limiting" for the reasons mentioned above. Re Energy conservation does not capture lifestyle changes - actually it does, as described in the Energy conservation article that we already link to. Energy conservation can be broadly thought of as technical efficiency plus behavioural change. I understand the concern about people's eyes glazing over so I'll propose a solution for this.
Demand reduction is not just for developed countries which host 17% of the world's population; there is lots of opportunity in developing countries as described in sources like this one.
To solve the eyes-glazing-over problem, well we probably can't 100% solve it but it will help a lot if we give behavioural change wp:due weight. Mainstream high-quality sources give demand reduction a relatively minor role in decarbonizing the energy system: In the IEA's pathway it's 24% and in IRENA's pathway it's 25%. Behavioural change is a fraction of these fractions. The IEA Net Zero Emissions Scenario says "8% of emissions reductions stem from behavioural changes and materials efficiency gains that reduce energy demand, e.g. flying less for business purposes."
We should not be saying in Wikipedia's voice that reducing emissions requires phasing out fossil fuel use, as this is controversial. In general, the word "requires" for mitigation options implies higher certainty than exists in the higher-quality literature. We should also avoid suggesting that the proposed magnitude of increase for nuclear power is on par with the magnitude of wind and solar build-out.
Strategies to reduce fossil usage involve generating electricity cleanly, using electricity to power transportation, heat buildings, and operate industrial facilities, and conserving energy. The electricity supply can be made cleaner and more plentiful by vastly increasing deployment of wind, and solar power, alongside other forms of renewable energy and nuclear power.
That's generally an improvement, but I still have concerns.
"Reduce fossil fuel use" is too weak, as it could just mean a 5% reduction. There are no pathways that don't involve the substantial phase out of fossil fuel use. I think it is OK to leave the words "phase out" as we are not being prescriptive and saying it must be done in all cases, but rather the sentence is saying what actions that direction requires.
I think we need to give a bit more prominence to energy conservation. Two words at the end of a list is not 25% of the attention, and I think it's arguable that the issue deserves more than 25% of the attention. The wealthiest 10% are responsible for 50% of global emissions, while the bottom 50% are responsible for 8%. If global consumption keeps rising then renewable energy will just supplement fossil fuels rather than supplanting them. There is both a pathways issue here and also a social justice issue here.
To fix things I propose going back to "phase out" and then beginning the list with "conserving energy" rather than ending with that. So here's the proposal:
Your first point makes sense. It sounds like the only issue for which we aren't on the same page yet is where to put "conserving energy" to give it due weight. I'll think about this one some more. Clayoquot (talk | contribs) 00:51, 19 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]
@Uwappa: This article is about climate change itself. The 1.5° threshold is relevant, and the date of reaching that threshold is a secondary issue, and the changes in predictions of reaching that threshold is a third issue further removed from climate change itself. We can tell you're putting a lot of work into graphics (and this one is very clever), but I think this graphic is not adequately relevant to this highest-level article, which is already very, very long. Another issue is that it is hard for most readers to WP:Verify the accuracy of the chart since it requires an external tool that relies on one organization's data; especially in highest-level articles, we're careful to present exactly what sources explicitly state. Sorry, but I'm not sure where this graphic can find a home on Wikipedia. —RCraig09 (talk)15:49, 9 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Primary image updated to include 2023 data released today
I switched from using a 10 year average comparison to NASA's "trend" comparison, going from 1973 to 2023 using annual temperatures. Results are similar but hopefully a bit more accurate and easier to understand. Updates involved stomping on internationalization unfortunately. For more info, see the image description, and let me know if you see any issues. Efbrazil (talk) 19:57, 12 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Brill, thanks! Wdym with stumping on internationalisation? Looks more smooth this new graph :). I'm not sure what the 'annual' is doing in the figure. An annual trend would be something like 0.02C/year of GW, right? —Femke 🐦 (talk) 20:07, 12 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks! I just removed "annual" from the graphic, you're right that it was confusing. I was trying to say that the trend was based on annualized data, but it read like it was a measure of annual temperature changes instead. Also a few other minor tweaks in there, like saying "over the past" instead of "in the last".
The wikimedia file had been updated a few times for internationalization purposes. I had to regenerate the files from source, so those edits were lost.
The caption to the image I struggled with a bit too, feel free to critique. It's kind of redundant with the image title as it exists, but I didn't want to go too verbose either. Efbrazil (talk) 21:23, 12 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Current level of warming in lead, suggested changes
Text now in lead:
Many climate change impacts are already felt at the current 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) level of warming.
The lead does not define the word current , neither does the chapter Terminology.
Current could mean:
now, today, this month, this year, 2024, which seems to match "are already felt" and this quote from this BBC article "2023 confirmed as world's hottest year on record": "It raises the possibility that 2024 may even surpass the key 1.5C warming threshold across the entire calendar year for the first time, according to the UK Met Office."
somewhere in a 20 years period, as in this quote from Copernicus: For the rest of 2023, global daily temperature anomalies above 1.5°C became a regular occurrence, to the point where close to 50% of days in 2023 were in excess of 1.5°C above the 1850-1900 level. This does not mean that we have surpassed the limits set by the Paris Agreement (as they refer to periods of at least 20 years where this average temperature anomaly is exceeded) but sets a dire precedent. This 20 years average matches the definition given in Modelling.
Suggestions:
Make text in the lead unambiguous: In 2023, at 1.48 °C (2.66 °F) level of warming, many climate change impacts were felt already.[1]
Move the '20 years' definition from Modelling to either Terminology or Impact.
Detail current and future impacts in the chapter 'Impacts'. Split it into 3 subchapters which include text currently in "Tipping points and long-term impacts"
For #1 that's good sourcing and I like the idea, but I think the sentence can be better structured so that we're not containing impacts to 2023, but rather just specifying the temperature in that year. How about this:
Agree, impacts should not be contained to 2023. Be cautious with "current level of warming". That could be interpreted as the 20 year average of 2004-2023 where the +1.48 °C was in 2023, the warmest year on record.
Alternative:
Many climate change impacts have been felt in recent decades, with 2023 as the warmest year on record at +1.48 °C (2.66 °F). Uwappa (talk) 23:47, 15 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I think there's a substantial misunderstanding here. As indeed said in the Copernicus link, "current" refers to the 20-year average: not "somewhere" within 20 years, but an average of all those years. The reason why an average is important, is because the temperature of any given year can vary by up to 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) in either direction. You can see this on practically any global temperature graph. You can see this in the AR6:
It is likely that well-mixed GHGs contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C, other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C, natural drivers changed global surface temperature by –0.1°C to +0.1°C, and internal variability changed it by –0.2°C to +0.2°C.[2]: 5
Other papers confirm that the 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) difference can indeed occur from one year to another:
At the time of writing, that translated into 2035–2045, where the delay was mostly due to the impacts of the around 0.2 °C of natural, interannual variability of global mean surface air temperature[3]
What this means is that a year at 1.48 °C (2.66 °F) is just about what we would expect from the temperature average of about 1.28 °C (2.30 °F). We would not really be able to start talking about an 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) average until there are years at 1.7 °C (3.1 °F).
I suppose that if this point can confuse even veteran editors of the WikiProject, it should probably be somewhere in this article. I'll let the editors who have spent more time on this article than me decide where it should go. InformationToKnowledge (talk) 07:34, 16 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Replying to Uwappa text, getting closer, although I don't think it is necessary to say "decades". Maybe just this:
Many climate change impacts have been felt in recent years, with 2023 as the warmest year on record at +1.48 °C (2.66 °F).
Replying to the point InformationToKnowledge makes about how much smoothing should be applied to define "current" temperature, I think we can put that aside as an issue for the lead, especially since Uwappa's text no longer says "current". The issue gets complicated as the "current" temperature most correctly applies to the trend line and not simply averaged years, and that can easily be higher than the temperature of any particular year as temperatures are rising (as was the case in 2022 for instance). We could add a digression on that issue somewhere later on in the article, but I don't think it belongs in the lead. Efbrazil (talk) 17:01, 16 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Efbrazil, a second thought: 'Recent' would require a definition too. So it is not any better than 'current'. 'Recent years' could falsely imply that no impacts were felt, 10, 20 years ago. An alternative, make the 20 years explicit:
In the past 20 years, averaging at +1.2 °C (2.2 °F), many climate change impacts have been felt, with 2023 as the warmest year on record at +1.48 °C (2.66 °F). Uwappa (talk) 12:41, 17 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I generally like this, but a possible issue with this phrasing is that to some, it may imply that the impacts weren't felt until the past 20 years. This might be even better:
In the past 20 years, temperatures averaged at +1.2 °C (2.2 °F) and 2023 was the warmest year on record at +1.48 °C (2.66 °F). Climate change impacts have become apparent as many historical [weather] records were broken.
I placed square brackets around "weather" because that word is serviceable, but I would ideally prefer a term which would also convey that the other preindustrial records we don't normally think of as weather - i.e. ice sheet loss - have also been broken. I would appreciate it if others could come up with one. InformationToKnowledge (talk) 13:18, 17 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I believe the proposed text reflects a basic misreading of the source. The source for 20 years is simply talking about using a 20 year smoothing average for temperature trends, not saying that we average the last 20 years and call that "current", or that there must be 20 years of data before we can say we've exceeded 1.5 C. Further, change didn't start to magically happen 20 years ago- there is no magic cutoff date. Put another way, impacts in the last few years are much greater than the impacts were 20 (or 21) years ago.
I think the best wording is what I proposed up above. Scoping to "recent years" makes it clear that we are not talking about a few days or a few decades, but rather a few years closing in on today. That sets the scope correctly without being pedantic about the issue. Efbrazil (talk) 17:22, 17 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Efbrazil, I would love to agree with you. I am so sorry to bring bad news: Yes, the Copernicus source does say we need 20 years of data before we can say we have exceeded 1.5C. See "Current could mean", point 2 above with the quote from Copernicus and a link to the source.
"Even though the temperature will need to stay at or above 1.5 °C for 20 years to pass the threshold defined by the Paris agreement..."
So, Have one "cool" hour at just +1.49 °C and we start a fresh count for 20 years? This seems totally ridiculous. As there is no source given for the 20 years, I've searched the primary source, the text of the Paris agreement and found the 1.5 C limit on page 22, article 2.1.a. I did not find anything about a 20 year period. I did not find anything either on how the "the increase in the global average temperature" is measured.
I think we should ignore the "20 years" for the moment, remove it from the chapter Modelling. I support your proposed text for the lead, please include a ref to the BBC article. Uwappa (talk) 22:59, 17 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks for the research. The Copernicus source that we're all talking about is just a single parenthetical, so I'm glad we're going back to source documents. The AR6 TS has this text:
Timing of crossing 1.5°C global warming: Slightly different approaches are used in SR1.5 and in this Report. SR1.5 assessed a likely range of 2030 to 2052 for reaching a global warming level of 1.5°C (for a 30-year period), assuming a continued, constant rate of warming. In AR6, combining the larger estimate of global warming to date and the assessed climate response to all considered scenarios, the central estimate of crossing 1.5°C of global warming (for a 20-year period) occurs in the early 2030s, in the early part of the likely range assessed in SR1.5, assuming no major volcanic eruption. (Section TS.1.3, Cross-Section Box TS.1)
Further: The time when a given simulation reaches a GWL, for example, +2°C, relative to 1850–1900 is taken as the time when the central year of a 20-year running mean first reaches that level of warming.
So I think my interpretation is correct with regards to the IPCC, and Copernicus was just sloppy in their wording. I'll make the updates tomorrow if there's no objections. Efbrazil (talk) 23:41, 17 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
"It's also important to note that the Paris Agreement does not specify how many years should make up this long-term trend, which dataset should be used, and which time period makes up the pre-industrial period. That means different scientists, governments and groups might come to different conclusions about when Earth passes this critical threshold.".
Seen your improvements in Modelling. Thanks. As different groups might come to different conclusions: Make it clear which organisation comes up with a forecast, expectation, etc. Updated Modelling, made it clear that it is IPCC's expectations. Uwappa (talk) 00:35, 18 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Sure, that works, although we do use IPCC as the gold standard in this article. Anything not explicitly scoped to one source or the other is usually from the IPCC as it represents the latest consensus science.
Back to the 1.5 C Paris thing, there are some remarkable gaps in these reports. This is a digression, but one issue that bothers me is that older IPCC reports would talk about how much emissions would cause how much warming, and then would have high uncertainty in their models because of carbon cycle unknowns. Newer reports base all their modeling on RCP values, which are CO2 equivalent concentrations in the atmosphere, which is a sleight of hand that allows them to ignore the issue of the carbon cycle. It might seem a little wonky of a complaint, but it cut the uncertainty in half when they did that. To my way of thinking, they should still be talking more directly about what people are doing vs how the planet is reacting. Efbrazil (talk) 00:41, 18 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Tweaking reports, definitions, a soothing 20 year average, won't change the reality that people experience.
In 2023 reality kicked in at +1.48C. People have experienced heatwaves, droughts, floods,cyclones, failed crops, etc. 2024 already started way warmer than 2023. So it would not surprise me if 2024 is the first of many years above +1.5, even if CO2 emissions would be zero tomorrow, which they won't. Looking at 2024 could even have many days above +2.0C. Serious climate change is not something of a distant future, it is current.
What this climate change article can do:
List the impacts of +1.5C and +2.0C, as mentioned in my point 3 above.
Find sources to keep graphs such as , , up to date, so people see the current reality. How close are we are to the limits?
Again, I think that the point which I have been trying to make earlier has been missed.
That is, that when published scientific literature describes "impacts of +1.5C", it does not mean impacts in any single year where the average temperature is just over 1.5C. Instead, it refers to impacts which would be certain to occur in a climate where the annual temperature is in the +1.3-1.7C range (and the majority of years are obviously around +1.5C) - because the annual temperature is always in this kind of range in any climate. Likewise, "impacts at +2.0C" really means "impacts at +1.8-2.2C", at +2.7C means at +2.5-2.9C", etc. This is also where the average, however, defined, comes in.
That's well said. Since you are focused on the connection to impacts, perhaps that's the section where it best belongs. Perhaps you could add a sentence to the last paragraph of impacts / environmental effects, where 1.5 C impacts are discussed? Efbrazil (talk) 20:00, 18 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I did some reorganization and there is now a section titled "future global temperatures" that leads with this issue. I hope that scratches the itch. Efbrazil (talk) 20:11, 20 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Great! Suggestion: move the time related chapters together:
Yeah, I get the argument for that, and was mulling the same thing yesterday. Thanks for the nudge. I made the change to put future temperatures in that section, but kept "prior" as the last item, as I think it is arguably there to offer context for the two prior sections, not as something that is meant to stand on its own. I get the appeal of being sequential, but in this case I think it's better to lead with the topic of the article. Take a look and see if it works for you... Efbrazil (talk) 18:38, 21 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
It is an improvement to have temperature together in one chapter. Thank you.
For me the current setup is confusing, a roller-coaster in time, swinging backwards, forwards, forward again, and ends with going backwards and forwards:
2 Global temperature rise starts with a link to a main article going 2000 years back in time.
Chapter 2 itself describes the present and recent history. It also describes some impacts on glaciers, arctic and Gulf stream which should be in chapter Impact.
The text about the present lacks a 'current' subchapter heading.
2.1 forwards to the near future, 2023-2027, early 2030s, where 2023 isn't future anymore.
2.2 backwards millions of years, then forwards to pre-industrial times.
I strongly prefer to keep changes in sequence as change is a process in time. Mix up time and change is mixed up.
What I would like to see:
Provide overview of past and present with the graph at the top of chapter '2. Global temperature rise'. It will show 2000 years of history and the current rapid rise. That graph is like a summary of the whole chapter. That graph is currently misplaced in "Temperature records prior to global warming".
sequential subchapters for past, present and future. Tell the same story as the graph: climate change used to be a slow process. The speedy temperature rise of current climate change is exceptional.
Move impacts to the chapter 'Impacts'. A tough one: The chapter 'Impacts' could follow the same sequential structure. What were impacts of previous climate changes? What are current impacts? Which impacts will happen at +1.5C? Which at +2.0C?
A probably too radical alternative: Create main chapters 2. past, 3. present and 4. future, each having their own subchapters temperature and impacts.
The subchapter of past > temperature will describe slow climate changes in the past. Past > Impacts will describe impact of ice ages.
The subchapter of present > Impacts will describe current impacts of the rapid temperature rise.
The chapters on Modelling and tipping points can be subchapters of 4 Future. The subchapter future > Impacts will describe impacts at +1.5C, +2.0C and beyond.
I added a section header for "Differences by region", as that's the last 2 paragraphs of the first section. Hopefully that's a clear incremental improvement for now.
I can see the argument for moving graphics around as well. The trouble is moving back the 2000 year temperature trace to the first section (where it used to be) probably requires cutting a graphic by RCraig09, either ocean heat content or warm / cold records. I'm hesitant to trample his work, maybe he could chime in here?
If we are to resequence the entire section like you say then I think it will take more time and thought. A rewrite is probably required to some extent so that the section tells a story and hopefully uses less words in the process. I'm certainly open to that, but want to be careful. Maybe I'll tackle it tomorrow unless somebody else does first. Efbrazil (talk) 21:44, 21 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
(I'm frankly not following details of the previous discussion but...) Generally, since so many readers "only look at the pictures", I'm disinclined to eliminate charts. Specifically, re Global temperature rise, I think it's important to emphasize both the degree and the depth of warming that are the very basis of climate change. Re the degree, a "...Record temperatures" chart seems very convincing; and re depth, the ocean heat content graphic is enlightening. Detail: Re "...Record temperatures", one of the newer charts at Commons User:RCraig09/Charts of record temperatures might be more appropriate than the "September records" chart. —RCraig09 (talk)22:37, 21 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
No need or desire to cut graphics. Graphics help to tell the story from past via present to future:
Do we have to feature what is effectively an RCP8.5 graphic (the "projected changes" one) so prominently? I would say that at the minimum, modifying the caption to clarify that point would be necessary, but since this graphic was apparently created by @Efbrazil, surely an SSP4.5 one can also be made? (Or a three-image one, with SSP4.5 in between the two presently existing images?) InformationToKnowledge (talk) 09:35, 22 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Unfortunately an SSP4.5 image was not produced by the IPCC. They only published the extremes. I actually wrote them to complain about the issue and got back a mealy mouthed excuse. I figured neither of the two RCP limits are reasonable at this point, so showing both of them is OK as people can imagine the point in the middle. Efbrazil (talk) 17:59, 22 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
^Samset, B. H.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Lund, M. T. (7 July 2020). "Delayed emergence of a global temperature response after emission mitigation". Nature Communications. 11. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17001-1.
Graphics / charts
(Breaking out discussion re graphics and charts so it's not buried in the preceding section)
A. September only
B. All months
C. Ratios
D. Shares (total 100%)
E. Raw numbers, stacked
Per the above, it's important to prominently emphasize both the degree and the depth of warming that are the very basis of climate change, with "degree" being the more important of the two. Re degree, I'm thinking the second or third graphic should replace the first ("September") graphic.
Agree with replacement, the choice of September is arbitrary and could be construed as cherry picking data to make a point. I'm partial to the second graphic as it's not just another hockey stick graph. Seeing the cold record decline is helpful. One thing that isn't clear to me from the second graphic is why the warm and cold trace lines extend forward to current year, but don't extend backwards to the beginning of the time period (that issue applies to the September graphic as well though). Efbrazil (talk) 18:04, 22 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Additionally, it is not clear to me why "cold records" start so elevated over warm records. Shouldn't they start at a similar level, since the baseline would be pre-industrial? Efbrazil (talk) 18:23, 22 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
The solid lines in the first two graphics are ten-year trailing averages, so the ten-year-average doesn't exist until the tenth year (here, 1959). Separately, I'm not sure "why" cold records start higher, but I-don't-make-the-news-I-only-report-it; though I note there was a cooling trend during mid-century. The charts aren't temperature graphs per se, but are based on new high records and new low records that have nothing to do with comparison to a pre-industrial baseline. —RCraig09 (talk)18:39, 22 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I could theorize that localized smog was prevalent at that time and led to localized cooling that led to a lot of cold records, while modest heating was spread globally and so produced fewer records. The overall temperature graph doesn't go down by much in that time, so you'd need a localized effect. That's just a theory though; maybe records for cold temperatures just got better or something. See this for instance:
To correctly show a ten year average you should be plotting against the central year the average is based on, correct? So the average should begin 5 years after the start of data and end 5 years before the end of data. Efbrazil (talk) 00:20, 23 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Suggestions to make less "busy":
use small light blue dots for cold records.
for warm records also use dots, light red, no black border. No need for 2 shapes as colour is already differentiating.
remove red/blue background colour below lines
replace dashed grid lines by thin solid light grey lines. Alternative: light grey background, solid white grid lines.
move legenda for records outside graph, as already done for lines. Replace "Thick lines are" by a short red and blue line, like in graph "Ratios". Remove the "(plotted annually)"
simplify y-axes description to "Earth surface", the percentage is already in y axes values
y-axis: percentage of earth, blue: cold records, red: warm record
Old years will have a lot of blue, recent years will have a lot of red. Simplified example with just 3 years:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1950
1980
2020
% surface with cold record
% surface warm record
The chart could show 100% by adding categories as: colder than usual, normal, warmer than usual. The result will be a graph similar to , but with a meaningful y-axis.
Another idea, leading to a similar design: show a stacked bar per year showing how recent records were broken.
height of bar segment: number of days, e.g. 208 days with broken that year' in 2023
I've uploaded Version 3 of Chart B, which has less dominantly colored dots—to reduce busy-ness. Other suggested changes were either not necessary to reduce busy-ness, were hard to implement in SVG, or were not color-blind friendly.
Your suggestions make me think it might be good to have a stacked bar chart of percentages of new record highs (red) and new record lows (blue). It's like a more balanced, comprehensive alternative to Chart C.
We're getting lost in details and endless alternatives... To focus discussion, please let me know which chart's approach you all think is best used in this high-level article. —RCraig09 (talk)05:26, 24 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
This will probably rock your boat even more, but still: A chart in the chapter "Warming since the Industrial Revolution" should show more than number of record days.
Please show eh, well, ... warming since the industrial revolution. How much warmer has it been?
for each year the number of days per warming range, e.g. in buckets of half degree Celsius.
colour codes, dark blue for much colder, dark red for much warmer.
The number of record days will show in a different way. Only recent years will have bar segments with the hottest colours, e.g 2023 is the first year shortly peaking above +2C and will have the highest number of days above 1.5C. Uwappa (talk) 14:31, 24 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@Uwappa: My boat is definitely rocked. Over the years here, I've learned this community favors simpler graphics that clearly convey (usually) one concept per graphic. I've come around to agreeing with that view, since we're communicating with the general public in a layman's encyclopedia—not trying to impress our Ph.D. advisor. I've just added some relatively simple bar charts above, as Charts "D" and "E". If you have radically new suggestions, please place them in a separate sub-section. —RCraig09 (talk)20:46, 24 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Chart E is really easy to read, decreasing blue, increasing red. Too easy, well done!
Small suggestion: reduce visual noise, replace dashed grid lines by solid lines in a lighter shade of grey. The chart will be ready to go and replace the current
I'll start a new section with the radical idea: a chart showing warming since the industrial revolution in the chapter "Warming since the Industrial Revolution". Uwappa (talk) 17:33, 25 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Craig- I'm copying this comment from up above because I think you missed it:
To correctly show a ten year average you should be plotting against the central year the average is based on, correct? So the average should begin 5 years after the start of data and end 5 years before the end of data. Efbrazil (talk) 17:13, 24 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@Efbrazil: Sorry for not responding earlier. I'm aware of both "centered" moving averages and "trailing" moving averages. I've always used trailing moving averages, as they visually convey that the chart is up to date. Yes, I realize that the Ocean Heat content chart uses centered moving averages, but that is only because one of the sources provided only that data.) In any event, it's a formal consideration to be tackled after the substantive decision re what's most appropriate to include in this article (I've just uploaded new bar charts "D" and "E", above), indirectly inspired by Uwappa.) —RCraig09 (talk)20:54, 24 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
The problem with 10 year trailing moving average is it shows the average as of 5 years ago as being the average today, which is simply incorrect. Lowess smoothing or something like that is good, although Excel doesn't natively do that. One thing you can do in Excel is use forecast.linear to smooth the last 5 data points in either direction, then use a moving average in the middle. Efbrazil (talk) 18:36, 25 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Hmmm... I'm not fully grasping Lowess-ing, and Excel doesn't generate the curves (my spreadsheets generate the actual curves)... I am debating whether to center-justify (as in File:1955- Ocean heat content - NOAA.svg) or simply amend legends to read "...trailing moving average" to resolve any ambiguity. 19:13, 25 January 2024 (UTC) The question is likely moot for this particular article, since the bar chart seems to be the chosen replacement for the September-only graphic. —RCraig09 (talk)19:22, 25 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
The way forecast.linear works in excel is that it fits a linear line to data you have, then uses that to estimate data points outside of that interval. It works well for extending a moving average to the extents of the data as the central data point in the linear fit will be the same value as the moving average.
Partly for my own understanding, I figured things out in Excel formula world. Say you are doing a 9 year moving average on a data set that goes from B2 to B101 (100 years).
This will give you the moving average for cells B6 through B97 in a way that lets you paste the formula anywhere:
Although separate columns might be better so you can keep track of things. Really terrible that Excel in 2024 doesn't support the most basic of trend line options. Welcome to monopoly world. Efbrazil (talk) 20:23, 25 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
I'm not comfortable presenting a chart trace with "ends" that are based on fewer data points than everything between the ends. Before I jump in to studying Excel in this regard, can you tell me (yes/no): are your four coding examples exactly literal? This coding seems simpler. —RCraig09 (talk)21:20, 27 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Chart for global warming since the industrial revolution
Chapter "Warming since the Industrial Revolution" could show a chart that shows global warming since the industrial revolution:
The chart shows decades of daily temperature anomalies against the preindustrial level. Temperature increases in time, leading to a stream of new warmth records.
Old years are blue. These are the coldest years at the bottom.
Recent years are red. These are the hottest year at the top.
2023 shows as an exceptional hot year, breaking a lot of warmth records since June, months above +1.5C since Sep and even peaking above +2.0C in November.
2023 was just one extreme year. It was just one year, it may cool down in years to come. Nothing to worry about until the IPCC reports a multi decade average crossing the +1.5 and +2.0C limits. Climate is long term, so let us happily ignore the alarming warming of 2023 and satisfy for charts such as and with temperatures till 2020 .
Certainly 2023 temperatures are news worthy, but they are not yet significant to the overall story of climate change. Depressed temperatures the few years prior to 2023 made 2023 much more likely. The IPCC uses a 20 year average to estimate temperatures, because year to year there are significant variations. We need to be careful not to be alarmist and cherry pick data- remember that "an inconvenient truth" spent a ton of time focused on the recent active hurricane season, but that was an outlier and really discredits the film in retrospect. Put another way, would you have advocated for a version of this chart in 2022, prior to last year's temperature spike?
Yes, I would have advocated this graph in 2022, had I known of its existence at the time. The graph is a design marvel:
80+ years of daily global temperature anomalies. That is a massive amount of data in one chart. It is an excellent design.
despite the massive amount of data, still easy on the eye. The bands of red, white, blue are easy to see. Old years are blue, those are the years at the cool bottom. Recent years are red, those are the years at the warm top. It is very easy to see that temperatures have been going up the last 80+ years. It truly shows decades of global warming in a split second.
Vertically the days of one month can be compared, e.g. blue Januaries of the 1940s against red Januaries of the 2020s. It is easy to see that it is not just one particular season that warms up, it is all months, all year round.
And yes it shows that 2023 was an exceptionally hot year as it jumps out of bandwidth of 'normal' warming. Time will tell if this was an 'just' and exception or the first year of accelerated warming. Please read the section "A warning for 2024 and beyond at BBC" with these quotes:
"It raises the possibility that 2024 may even surpass the key 1.5C warming threshold across the entire calendar year for the first time, according to the UK Met Office." and
"The year 2024 could be warmer than 2023 - as some of the record ocean surface heat escapes into the atmosphere"
"it highlights the concerning direction of travel, with each hot year bringing the world closer to passing 1.5°C over the longer term".
It is very significant to the overall story of climate change to approach the 1.5°C and 2.0°C limits. Those limits are key elements of the Paris agreement for a reason, see chapter Tipping points and long-term impacts. The chart shows that daily temperatures already crossed +1.5°C and even +2.0°C. Yes, that is 'just' daily temperatures, 'just' a warning, not a confirmed multi decade average yet. Yet effects of temperatures at +1.5°C won't wait for a multi decade average. In 2023 some short term effects were felt already.
For now I suggest to update the chapter "Warming since the Industrial Revolution":
insert the the chart and describe that it shows 80+ years of global warming, with the pre industrial level as base line. Suggestion: create an image gallery after the first paragraph with , and .
update the second paragraph "Multiple independent instrumental datasets show ... are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade", mentioning the +1.48°C average of 2023. Describe that 2023 could have been an exception or the start of accelerated future warming. Time will tell.
The next chapter, "Future global temperatures", already describes: "...a 20 year temperature average ... it expects that 1.5 °C limit to be exceeded in the early 2030s". That is fine already. Uwappa (talk) 20:28, 26 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
The overall trend line for temperatures already predicted 2023, as 2021 and 2022 were depressed. See this graph, which is what the update will look like:
The lowess line is 5 year based and it actually shows temperature increases slowing down currently. The 20 year average rate of increase has been remarkably steady and well correlated with greenhouse gas concentrations, which is why the IPCC uses that. It smoothes out the el nino and la nina effects in particular.
Like Craig, I disagree with adding the annual spark line chart to the other two charts Craigs already made. As Craig said, it excessively emphasizes the most recent year. Efbrazil (talk) 20:53, 26 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@Uwappa: Your enthusiasm is impressive, but in general I think you'll have better results here if you focus on simplicity in charts and brevity in comments/suggestions. In answer to your specific 19:12 27 Jan suggestion: combining too many ideas in one chart (mixing past values, averages of past values, projections to future values, comparisons to thresholds) also risks running afoul of WP:SYNTH... in addition to requiring frequent updates. —RCraig09 (talk)21:34, 27 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Thank you. Please feel free to simplify this chart, remove future values and update it yearly:
Thanks! Regarding the data, can you comment on the source more? Nice to have it going back to 1850, but I would like to know how reliable that is. I have been pulling from the public NASA dataset instead, located here, the rebaselining to the IPCC 1850-1900 average:
Regarding the trend line, there is an issue that the line stubs out 10 years before today, which leads to the impression that temperatures are lower than they are. I have been working on calculating a 20-year lowess smoothing line instead, which will extend to the limits of the data set. Efbrazil (talk) 17:49, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Great, you are welcome! The straight yellow line since the 70s surprised me. Based on news reports I expected a curve going up, accelerated heating. But no, you were right with your 'remarkably steady'.
The early ending (and late starting) yellow line and continuing-till-present blue dots tell the right story: While 2023 got close to the 1.5C limit, it will take another decade before we know the average for 2023 conform the IPCC definition. I suggest to leave the chart the way it is and explain the blue-yellow year-range difference in the text. That will counter a lot of speculation currently in the news: 2024 will break the +1.5C limit.
Can you recommend a url of an IPCC CSV file? I'll be happy to draw a fresh chart based on an other source data though it won't change the chart much. In a previous version of the chart, a line connected the blue dots and that line was very similar to the black line in . The line was also similar to the first chart version, based on NASA data. Uwappa (talk) 20:28, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
In the interests of avoiding wasted effort, I point to the large number of charts that are already in Commons categories: Hockey_stick_temperature_graph, Global_warming_graphs and Climate_change_diagrams. I'm not seeing what would be accomplished by having another chart. Also, the possible WP:SYNTH issue I mention above, hasn't been dealt with. Separately, I think that the smoothed average, being more indicative of meaningful global warming, should be more dominant (darker) than the choppy annual values. —RCraig09 (talk)21:11, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Well, well, well RCraig09. OK, so let me address WP:SYNTH. Be careful. You may want to skip my answer as it might rock your boat again, but anyway, here we go:
WP:SYNTH is about reaching or implying a conclusion not explicitly stated by any source. The chart does not present any conclusion. It is a chart presenting data, not text describing a conclusion. The text for the image caption is yet to be defined. Any conclusion would be in the mind of the reader, not in the chart. That is similar to a reader arriving at a personal conclusion after reading a text. Я не занимаюсь контролем над разумом.
WP:OI (scroll down a little bit, it is just below WP:SYNTH) encourages Wikipedians to upload own images. It makes me happy to see that the idea of dots and lines is so well received, you already proposed it for . Good cooperation, well done!
There is no rule that images should be based on only one source, just as there is no rule that text of one paragraph should have only one source. An image like , with data from several sources is fine. is based on data from just one source, which renders the synthesis concern, well eh, ... Fill in the dots yourself.
Computing a 20 year average is a routine calculation, primary school level. It does not qualify as original research. Please read WP:CALC.
Thank you for your comment about the dominance of the yellow line for the 20 year average. The yellow line is now blue and the dots are smaller. Is the line now sufficiently dominant (darker) for you?
The main issue was what value would such a chart add to those already in existence, and which currently-used chart it should replace. I'm hoping to avoid your doing numerous versions of a chart, if it doesn't supersede an existing graphic (which could also add various horizontal lines, including 1.5°, and 2.0°(?), and 2.7°(?) where do we stop?). You're definitely right about WP:CALC, but the SYNTH issue has to do with the purpose/meaning of adding miscellaneous dominant horizontal line(s) whose relevance must be explained somewhere: adding explanations to the chart itself clutters it, and adding to captions cannot be readily policed if it is added by multiple editors across multiple articles in multiple languages. PS is sourced to a single page. —RCraig09 (talk)04:46, 30 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
So you are worried about my time? That should not be your worry. I suggest you focus on spending your own time well. Your suggestions on improving the chart have been welcome. Thank you.
Are you worried that an inferior graphic will be replaced? Are you worried that it may replace one of your graphics? I have not made such a suggestion. Replacing inferior graphics should not be a worry. It should something to strive for.
Are you worried that the +1.5 and +2.0 C limits are miscellaneous, hard to explain? Really??? See 4th paragraph of the article. News about those limits is hard to miss. It seems ridiculous but I have added article 2.1.(a) of the Paris agreement as a source for the two horizontal lines.
Are you worried that a future caption may describe: The 20 year average is approaching the +1.5 limit of the Paris agreement? Sorry, but that caption is not there yet and it would not be a new conclusion. Feel free to write the future caption yourself.
Are you worried that global warming will pass +2.0C in the near future? Well, that is worry I do share, especially since Nov 2023 peaked above +2.0C already. For now I suggest we stop at 2.0C, the upper limit of the Paris agreement. Worry about adding new limits only when a new agreement sets new limits. I do not expect that to happen any time soon.
Are you worried that this chart may get popular in many language versions of Wikipedia? Well, I take that as a compliment. Feel free to police the caption in all languages if it does get popular. My advice: Have a bit of faith in your fellow Wikipedians.
I am not a psychologist, but I do suggest you stop worrying about future edits that might never happen. Cross a bridge when your get there.
Let us go back to the main issue:
Chapter "Warming since the Industrial Revolution" could show a chart that shows global warming since the industrial revolution.
I would like to say that this needs input of other editors, but this discussion is now almost hopelessly impenetrable for anyone else. May I suggest updating the section directly above this one (Graphics/charts) with all the newly proposed charts, then moving that section to the end of talk page? It now looks as if you two have very different idea on what makes a chart good, and I would be great if other editors had more of a chance to compare all the proposals side-by-side. InformationToKnowledge (talk) 10:06, 30 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Go for it in a new topic! But please leave discussion above intact. Proposed candidates are:
It shows the long term trend since the 1940s with an incredible amount of daily temperatures anomalies against the pre industrial level. The blue-white-red colour coding for old->recent shows the long term trend: it is getting warmer. It also highlights the recent 2023, the hottest year on record with its many days of 2023 peaking above the Paris levels.
a simpler design with a long term focus on the 20 year average against +1.5 and 2.0 limits. It does show yearly average anomalies since 1850, but years are not the focus. There is no highlight of the most recent year. It lacks daily anomalies, so it does not show any day-based peaks above the limits. It tells: while years jump up and down, the increase of the 20 year average is quite steady since the 1970s, almost a straight line. Recent year averages are close to the +1.5C limit but no year has crossed the limit yet. The latest 20 year average is a decade old and roughly half a degree from the +1.5 limit.
I must say that to me, a lot of the chart discussions on this page are somewhere between bemusing and dispiriting, because as important as graphics are for getting the point across, too many discussions seem about choosing between very good and slightly better - all while so many related, highly relevant pages have been languishing without graphics or with insuffficient graphics for a very long time. This even involves pages with similar (or greater) views to this one, like the recently merged ENSO.
At the risk of perpetuating this, I would like to ask editors' opinion on the graphics from this two-week old paper (Communications, so the license is BY). All of them seem very good at a glance, but I would like to ascertain if you think any of them should replace the current heat content graph, or perhaps go somewhere else in this article (or simply illustrate ocean heat content.) InformationToKnowledge (talk) 20:01, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
My impression of the Nature Communications graphics is that they are overly complex and techy for use in a high-level article in a layman's encyclopedia. After years interacting on these pages, I've come to value clean and crisp graphics that portray one major concept per image. To simplify for the layman, I generally prefer avoiding jargon, and excluding or minimizing the distraction of uncertainty ranges. —RCraig09 (talk)20:55, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Global temperature and forces graphics updated
The fahrenheit and non-fahrenheit versions have been updated. Changes:
Observed data extended from 2020 to 2023
Added a 20-year smoothing line to match IPCC basis for estimating GGE impact on global temperatures
Removed confusing human+natural drivers trace (which is also now going out of date)
The 20-year smoothing was the most work. I did a 20-year moving average, then matched the lowess line smoothing value to that. Advantage of lowess is it extends to the limits of the data set (instead of cutting off 10 years before the end of the data set). Efbrazil (talk) 21:16, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Definitely, an improvement. Minor suggestions for the future: I suggest changing the annual values to dots, and making the smoothed curve more dominant since the trend is more important than yearly variations . . . lightening the uncertainty range of the natural forces (which is less important than the natural forces themselves, and distracting or confusing to the lay reader) would make the uncertainty range less dominant. On reflection, it's somewhat inconsistent to show an uncertainty range for natural drivers, when there is also an uncertainty range for each observation, however small. —RCraig09 (talk)21:28, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks! Good question about changing the annual line to points. I agree it would make sense if there weren't the "Natural drivers only" line, but with that line there I don't think the change is a good idea. They should either both be points or neither, and I don't think natural drivers should be changed to points and a trend line because the value is in showing how the annual fluctuations mirror the natural driver fluctuations (and that's how the IPCC presented the data).
As for uncertainty, I don't have data on the uncertainty for observed data, so I can't show that information. In more recent years I expect that uncertainty is close to zero. Natural drivers uncertainty is presented because that's how the IPCC presents the data and it helps to make clear that observations are really no longer explainable by natural drivers as of the 1980s or so. Efbrazil (talk) 00:15, 30 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
@Efbrazil: I think it's OK to use dots for annual temperatures (since they're measurements) but despite inconsistency a line for natural drivers (since they're theoretically derived). I was only suggesting to make the green uncertainty interval much less dominant (lighter green or less opaque) so that the chart is friendlier for >90% of our readers but still satisfies scientific purists. —RCraig09 (talk)
I agree. Use red dots for annual values. Those dots will 'surround' the red line nicely and the 20-year line will be more the focus of attention. Also, it will make the chart less busy and make it easier to compare the red and green line.
I am not sure about smoothing. It is ingenious, but does not match the IPPC definition of a 20 year average.
Also, the light green area is not explained as being an uncertainty range. Is is relevant enough? The green line looks 'certain' but it can't be. Omit either the uncertainty or the green line? Uwappa (talk) 21:46, 29 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
See above in my reply to Craig for the issue with going to annual data points instead of a line. The light green area is explained in the details for the image if you click in, but I agree it's a little odd that it's not explained in the caption or key. I'll give that some thought. Overall, I'm presenting the data the same way the IPCC did. Efbrazil (talk) 00:17, 30 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
The black line is now overshouting the red line.
Alternative: change the black line to a thin, light red line or maybe light grey, with a bit of red, e.g. #E7C1C1. The 'red' and 'light red' colours will work together, as a team. Uwappa (talk) 00:34, 30 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
True, but I don't know that the black line being most visible is bad, as that's the only real data here. It used to be all we showed in this graphic. The trend line and natural drivers lines are additions meant to provide context and aren't real data. The IPCC just switched from a 30 year to a 20 year trend line for instance (from AR5 to AR6), so those lines are kind of fungible off shoots of the real data, which is the black line. The red trend line is topmost in z-order, for what that's worth, but you are right that the black line is higher contrast and so more visible. Efbrazil (talk) 00:54, 30 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]
True, the black line is the only real data. That is why the black line could be changed to red dots, but the green line can not.
Real data is the wrong question. The question should be: what is more important, what deserves more attention, individual years or the long term general trend? See for another example of real data and trends.
The graph in the IPCC report is frozen in time. Such a report ships and the design iterations for graphics stop, no further improvements possible. At Wikipedia there is no deadline, no freeze. So you have the opportunity to design graphics that are improved versions of the ones in the golden standard of IPCC reports.
Do stick to source data, source definitions. It feels wrong, possibly even original research, to present a line that is not the 20 year average as used by the IPCC. The current chart may lead to the false conclusion that the current 20 year average is at +1.2C. It is not, it will be unknown for another decade. The line should stop 10 years before now. Alternative: show a thinner line for the last 10 years, indicating an estimate. But that does not feel right either, is too much like predicting the future, WP:CRYSTAL.
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 January 2024 and 3 May 2024. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Harleydrools (article contribs).
level-3 vital article is rated FA-class on Wikipedia's content assessment scale.
_-_global_warming.svg)
2024 could even have many days above +2.0C. Serious climate change is not something of a distant future, it is current.
, 
, 
at the top of chapter '2. Global temperature rise'. It will show 2000 years of history and the current rapid rise. That graph is like a summary of the whole chapter. That graph is currently misplaced in "Temperature records prior to global warming".
_-_Global_warming_-_NOAA.svg)
_-_Global_warming.svg)
less "busy":
_-_Climate_Lab_Book_(Ed_Hawkins).svg){kind=small}
, but with a meaningful y-axis.
does exactly that. (newer version available with 1.5 and 2.0C emphasized ) Record days are easy to spot: the lowest/highest at the time.
is really easy to read, decreasing blue, increasing red. Too easy, well done!
.png)
and 
with temperatures till 2020 .
, 
.
Uwappa (talk) 10:35, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
, with data from several sources is fine. 
is based on data from just one source, which renders the synthesis concern, well eh, ... Fill in the dots yourself.
It shows the long term trend since the 1940s with an incredible amount of daily temperatures anomalies against the pre industrial level. The blue-white-red colour coding for old->recent shows the long term trend: it is getting warmer. It also highlights the recent 2023, the hottest year on record with its many days of 2023 peaking above the Paris levels.
a simpler design with a long term focus on the 20 year average against +1.5 and 2.0 limits. It does show yearly average anomalies since 1850, but years are not the focus. There is no highlight of the most recent year. It lacks daily anomalies, so it does not show any day-based peaks above the limits. It tells: while years jump up and down, the increase of the 20 year average is quite steady since the 1970s, almost a straight line. Recent year averages are close to the +1.5C limit but no year has crossed the limit yet. The latest 20 year average is a decade old and roughly half a degree from the +1.5 limit.
for another example of real data and trends.
but it worked amazingly well. See older versions of that chart for how a line was far worse than dots. Please try offline and upload a new version only if you like the result. Uwappa (talk) 01:23, 30 January 2024 (UTC).svg){kind=small}
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 January 2024 and 3 May 2024. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Harleydrools (article contribs).