Maeil sinbo: Difference between revisions
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It was reorganized into a number of different departments in 1920.<ref name=":3" /> On 2 July 1920, it hired the first female Korean reporter, [[Yi Kak-kyong|Yi Kak-kyŏng]] ({{Korean|hangul=이각경|hanja=李珏璟|labels=no}}), and she began working on 5 September. The criterion for female reporters that the newspaper wanted was reportedly "1. To be the wife of the head of a household, 2. to be between 20 and 30 years of age, 3. to have graduated from high school and to have writing as a hobby".<ref name=":32" /> |
It was reorganized into a number of different departments in 1920.<ref name=":3" /> On 2 July 1920, it hired the first female Korean reporter, [[Yi Kak-kyong|Yi Kak-kyŏng]] ({{Korean|hangul=이각경|hanja=李珏璟|labels=no}}), and she began working on 5 September. The criterion for female reporters that the newspaper wanted was reportedly "1. To be the wife of the head of a household, 2. to be between 20 and 30 years of age, 3. to have graduated from high school and to have writing as a hobby".<ref name=":32" /> |
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From February 1934 to January 1935, it published a monthly magazine called ''[[Wŏlgan Maeshin]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=월간매신|hanja=月刊每申|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|정|2013|p=52}} In 1937, it had a [[news ticker]] installed on the roof of the {{Ill|Whashin Department Store|ko|화신백화점}} on [[Jongno]].<ref name=":32" /> Beginning on April 3, 1938, it began publishing a Japanese-language youth newspaper called ''[[Kokumin Shinpō]]'' (國民新報; 국민신보).{{Sfn|정|2013|p=52}} |
From February 1934 to January 1935, it published a monthly magazine called ''[[Wŏlgan Maeshin]]'' ({{Korean|hangul=월간매신|hanja=月刊每申|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|정|2013|p=52}} In 1937, it had a [[news ticker]] installed on the roof of the {{Ill|Whashin Department Store|ko|화신백화점}} on [[Jongno]].<ref name=":32" /> Beginning on April 3, 1938, it began publishing a Japanese-language youth newspaper called ''[[Kokumin Shinpō]]'' (國民新報; 국민신보).{{Sfn|정|2013|p=52}} |
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=== Independence from ''Keijō Nippō'' === |
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''Maeil Sinbo'' often experienced management issues and difficulties in continuing to operate.{{Sfn|강|2019|p=212}} Japanese reporters in the ''Keijō Nippō'' reportedly looked down on the paper, and called it "The Cancer of Keijō Nippō", and felt that their hard-earned money was being used to support the ''Maeil Sinbo'' and its employees.{{Sfn|강|2019|p=212}} |
''Maeil Sinbo'' often experienced management issues and difficulties in continuing to operate.{{Sfn|강|2019|p=212}} Japanese reporters in the ''Keijō Nippō'' reportedly looked down on the paper, and called it "The Cancer of Keijō Nippō", and felt that their hard-earned money was being used to support the ''Maeil Sinbo'' and its employees.{{Sfn|강|2019|p=212}} On 29 April 1938, the ''Maeil Sinbo'' became independent from the ''Keijō'' and changed a character in its name (申 to 新; same pronunciation in Korean).<ref name=":3" />{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=212–213}}{{Sfn|정|2013|p=52}} 40% of its shares became owned by private Korean owners, and the remaining 60% became owned by the colonial government.{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=212–213}} Most of its major executives were Korean by this point,<ref name=":32" /> although its finance department was headed and mainly staffed by Japanese people.{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=212–213}} It was expanded to contain eight pages instead of four.<ref name=":3" /> In celebration of these changes, it published a special issue on 30 June 1938, which talked about Korean history and calligraphy.<ref name=":32" /> |
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From November 1938 to September 1944, it published a monthly Japanese-language magazine called ''[[Maishin Shashin Tokupō]]'' (每新寫眞特報; later 每新寫眞旬報).<ref>{{Cite web |title=每新寫眞旬報 |url=http://yhdbookmuseum.com/book/7278/?ckattempt=1 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=yhdbookmuseum.com}}</ref> |
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In August 1940, it became the only major daily Korean-language newspaper published in Korea, after its rivals ''[[The Chosun Ilbo]]'' and ''[[The Dong-a Ilbo]]'' were made to close by the Japanese government.{{Sfn|정|2013|p=56}}{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=|p=213}} The colonial government made a point to hire Korean journalists from these papers into the ''Maeil Sinbo'' in order to appease them.{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=|p=213}} The paper prospered due to its dominance over the market; it came to operate 17 branches and 327 bureaus<!-- not sure if I translated this right --> ({{Korean|hangul=지국|labels=no}}), and had a circulation of 500,000 copies.{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=|p=213}} |
In August 1940, it became the only major daily Korean-language newspaper published in Korea, after its rivals ''[[The Chosun Ilbo]]'' and ''[[The Dong-a Ilbo]]'' were made to close by the Japanese government.{{Sfn|정|2013|p=56}}{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=|p=213}} The colonial government made a point to hire Korean journalists from these papers into the ''Maeil Sinbo'' in order to appease them.{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=|p=213}} The paper prospered due to its dominance over the market; it came to operate 17 branches and 327 bureaus<!-- not sure if I translated this right --> ({{Korean|hangul=지국|labels=no}}), and had a circulation of 500,000 copies.{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=|p=213}} |
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{{Main article|Seoul Shinmun}} |
{{Main article|Seoul Shinmun}} |
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[[File:1945년 8월 15일 매일신보.jpg|thumb|The edition published on the day Japan's surrender was announced (15 August 1945)]] |
[[File:1945년 8월 15일 매일신보.jpg|thumb|The edition published on the day Japan's surrender was announced (15 August 1945)]] |
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[[Liberation of Korea|Korea was liberated]] in August 1945. The ''Maeil Sinbo'' chairman Lee Seong-geun ({{Korean|hangul=이성근|labels=no}}) resigned, and the employees took over operation of the paper. The U.S. military arrived on 2 October 1945, and took control of it.<ref name=":3" /> |
[[Liberation of Korea|Korea was liberated]] in August 1945. The ''Maeil Sinbo'' chairman Lee Seong-geun ({{Korean|hangul=이성근|labels=no}}) resigned, and the employees took over operation of the paper. The U.S. military arrived on 2 October 1945, and took control of it.<ref name=":3" />{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=|p=236}} |
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However, the U.S. faced pushback from the around 600 employees.{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=236–237|p=}} The newspaper and U.S. publically criticized each other on a number of occasions.{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=236–238|p=}} On 10 November 1945, the U.S. issued an order for the paper to only be allowed to print a single one-sided issue per day.{{Sfn|강|2019|pp=236–237|p=}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=서울신문(서울新聞) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0014991 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko}}</ref> It was reorganized and resumed publication on 23 November 1945 as ''Seoul Shinmun''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Its first president was independence activist [[O Se-chang]],<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> who had participated in the 1919 [[March 1st Movement]] protests against Japanese rule.<ref name=":32" /> |
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== Content == |
== Content == |
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Revision as of 05:17, 15 February 2024
 First page of the inaugural edition of the Maeil Sinbo (30 August 1910) | |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
|---|---|
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Founded | August 30, 1910 |
| Political alignment | Pro-Empire of Japan |
| Language | Korean |
| Ceased publication | November 10, 1945 |
| Headquarters | Keijō, Chōsen, Empire of Japan |
The Maeil Sinbo (Korean: 매일신보; Hanja: 每日申報; 每日新報) was a Korean-language newspaper that was published from 1910 to 1945 from Keijō (Seoul), Chōsen (Korea), Empire of Japan. The newspaper was the successor to The Korea Daily News, which was first published in 1904. It continued publication, largely as a mouthpiece of the Japanese colonial government, until the liberation of Korea in 1945. Afterwards, it was taken over by the United States Army Military Government in Korea and reorganized into the Seoul Shinmun by 23 November 1945.
Background
Its predecessor The Korea Daily News had actually been a forerunner in the Korean independence movement. However, its reporting drew the ire of Japan, which was quickly absorbing Korea around that time.[1] After the newspaper's owner Ernest Bethell died, the Japanese and British governments pressured Bethell's successor, Arthur Marnham, to fold and leave the country.[1] He did so on 21 May 1910,[2] selling the newspaper to former employee Lee Jang-hoon (이장훈; 李章薰) for 40,000 won[3] (or 700 British pounds[2]) worth of gold. The 14 June, 1408th issue reflects this, with Lee's name given as editor.[3] The Korean independence activists of the paper resigned and denounced it publicly as a propaganda piece.[3][2]
The paper became strictly controlled by Japan. It changed its name to Maeil Sinbo on 30 August 1910.[1] Other pro-Japanese newspaper, Taehan Sinmun, was merged into the paper on 1 September.[4]
History
The newspaper then became subordinated to the Japanese-language paper Keijō Nippō, and its offices were moved into that paper's building.[5][2] Japanese journalist Tokutomi Sohō was selected to oversee both the Keijō Nippō and Maeil Sinbo.[6][7][8] Tokutomi warned his Korean staff to avoid anti-Japanese reporting, and to avoid writing with a "biased and polarized mind", as well as to avoid "deceitful and false reportage".[9]
In the 1910s, it was one of the only Korean-language newspapers allowed in the country. Despite mostly publishing along Japanese lines, it also served as a medium for Korean-language literature, and published pieces from many famous Korean writers.[5] It held a literature contest in August 1919.[2]
It was reorganized into a number of different departments in 1920.[5] On 2 July 1920, it hired the first female Korean reporter, Yi Kak-kyŏng (이각경; 李珏璟), and she began working on 5 September. The criterion for female reporters that the newspaper wanted was reportedly "1. To be the wife of the head of a household, 2. to be between 20 and 30 years of age, 3. to have graduated from high school and to have writing as a hobby".[2]
From February 1934 to January 1935, it published a monthly magazine called Wŏlgan Maeshin (월간매신; 月刊每申).[10] In 1937, it had a news ticker installed on the roof of the Whashin Department Store on Jongno.[2] Beginning on April 3, 1938, it began publishing a Japanese-language youth newspaper called Kokumin Shinpō (國民新報; 국민신보).[10]
Independence from Keijō Nippō
Maeil Sinbo often experienced management issues and difficulties in continuing to operate.[11] Japanese reporters in the Keijō Nippō reportedly looked down on the paper, and called it "The Cancer of Keijō Nippō", and felt that their hard-earned money was being used to support the Maeil Sinbo and its employees.[11] On 29 April 1938, the Maeil Sinbo became independent from the Keijō and changed a character in its name (申 to 新; same pronunciation in Korean).[5][12][10] 40% of its shares became owned by private Korean owners, and the remaining 60% became owned by the colonial government.[12] Most of its major executives were Korean by this point,[2] although its finance department was headed and mainly staffed by Japanese people.[12] It was expanded to contain eight pages instead of four.[5] In celebration of these changes, it published a special issue on 30 June 1938, which talked about Korean history and calligraphy.[2]
From November 1938 to September 1944, it published a monthly Japanese-language magazine called Maishin Shashin Tokupō (每新寫眞特報; later 每新寫眞旬報).[13]
In August 1940, it became the only major daily Korean-language newspaper published in Korea, after its rivals The Chosun Ilbo and The Dong-a Ilbo were made to close by the Japanese government.[14][15] The colonial government made a point to hire Korean journalists from these papers into the Maeil Sinbo in order to appease them.[15] The paper prospered due to its dominance over the market; it came to operate 17 branches and 327 bureaus (지국), and had a circulation of 500,000 copies.[15]
End and reorganization into Seoul Shinmun
Korea was liberated in August 1945. The Maeil Sinbo chairman Lee Seong-geun (이성근) resigned, and the employees took over operation of the paper. The U.S. military arrived on 2 October 1945, and took control of it.[5][16]
However, the U.S. faced pushback from the around 600 employees.[17] The newspaper and U.S. publically criticized each other on a number of occasions.[18] On 10 November 1945, the U.S. issued an order for the paper to only be allowed to print a single one-sided issue per day.[17][19] It was reorganized and resumed publication on 23 November 1945 as Seoul Shinmun.[3][5][19] Its first president was independence activist O Se-chang,[5][19] who had participated in the 1919 March 1st Movement protests against Japanese rule.[2]
Content
Reporters of the Maeil Sinbo were instructed to promote that Japan's takeover was benevolent and noble, and that if Koreans obeyed orders to assimilate, the rewards would be immense.[9] A range of views on the relationship between Korea and Japan were published in the newspaper. Some promoted that Korea and Japan had once been part of the same civilization, and that their reunification was natural. Most editorials assumed that Koreans should "become Japanese", although one identified by historian Mark E. Caprio suggested that a hybrid culture could be formed in the future.[20] The paper advocated a view that assimilation and the learning of the Japanese language should be done gradually, over the course of several generations.[21]
The paper criticized elements of Korean culture and society for the purpose of both assimilation and reform.[22] Some of these criticisms were the same criticisms repeated by Korean scholars for decades, for example, the condemnation of women being married too early.[21]
The paper encouraged women's education, especially to prepare them for what it saw as their primary role in society: educating children at home.[21] Mark E. Caprio writes that Korean women were still treated condescendingly, however, compared to Japanese women. When covering a visit of Korean women to Tokyo, the newspaper wrote that the experience was particularly valuable for the women on the trip. The newspaper wrote that they could learn from Japanese housewives, as Korean women's "knowledge [of modern households] was much shallower" than theirs.[7]
Legacy
The newspaper has a significant position in the history of the Korean press. It was the only major daily Korean-language newspaper available throughout Korea for much of the 1910s and from 1940 to the liberation of Korea in 1945.[23] And shortly after the liberation of Korea, the majority of Korean-language journalists were alumni of the paper.[23]
List of presidents
- 1938–1941 – Choe Rin[10]
- 1941–1945 – Yi Sŏng-kŭn[10]
See also
- List of newspapers in Korea
- History of newspapers in Korea
- Category:Japanese-language newspapers published in Korea
References
- ^ a b c Neff, Robert (2 May 2010). "UK journalist Bethell established newspapers in 1904". The Korea Times. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "서울신문 연혁" [Seoul Shinmun Timeline]. company.seoul.co.kr. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d "대한매일신보(大韓每日申報)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ "대한신문 (大韓新聞)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "매일신보". 우리역사넷. National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ Henry 2005, p. 644.
- ^ a b Caprio 2011, p. 11.
- ^ 정 2013, pp. 50–51.
- ^ a b Caprio 2011, pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b c d e 정 2013, p. 52.
- ^ a b 강 2019, p. 212.
- ^ a b c 강 2019, pp. 212–213.
- ^ "每新寫眞旬報". yhdbookmuseum.com. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ 정 2013, p. 56.
- ^ a b c 강 2019, p. 213.
- ^ 강 2019, p. 236.
- ^ a b 강 2019, pp. 236–237.
- ^ 강 2019, pp. 236–238.
- ^ a b c "서울신문(서울新聞)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 26 January 2024.
- ^ Caprio 2011, p. 12.
- ^ a b c Caprio 2011, p. 13.
- ^ Caprio 2011, pp. 11–13.
- ^ a b 정 2013, p. 57.
Sources
- 강, 준만 (2019). 한국 언론사 [History of the Korean Press] (in Korean) (Google Play, original pages view ed.). 인물과사상사. ISBN 978-89-5906-530-1.
- 정, 진석 (2013). 한국 신문 역사 [The History of Korean Newspapers]. 커뮤니케이션북스. ISBN 9788966801848.
- Caprio, Mark E. (2011). "Marketing Assimilation: The Press and the Formation of the Japanese-Korean Colonial Relationship". The Journal of Korean Studies. 16 (1): 1–25. ISSN 0731-1613.
- Henry, Todd A. (2005). "Sanitizing Empire: Japanese Articulations of Korean Otherness and the Construction of Early Colonial Seoul, 1905-1919". The Journal of Asian Studies. 64 (3): 639–675. ISSN 0021-9118.
External links
- https://nl.go.kr/newspaper/publish_date.do?searchPaper=%EB%A7%A4%EC%9D%BC%EC%8B%A0%EB%B3%B4 – Scanned copies of many of its issues