Conquest of Koneswaram Temple: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
Tinkaer1991 (talk | contribs) |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Alter: url, location, pages, template type. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: bibcode, doi, issue, date, journal, website. Removed parameters. Formatted dashes. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Jay8g | Category:CS1 maint: extra punctuation | #UCB_Category 2/2 |
||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
| caption = The fort at Trincomalee (1606) |
| caption = The fort at Trincomalee (1606) |
||
| coordinates = {{coord|8|34|57|N|81|14|44|E|type:landmark_region:LK|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|8|34|57|N|81|14|44|E|type:landmark_region:LK|display=inline,title}} |
||
| territory = Trincomalee conqured by the Portuguese<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ramerini |first=Marco |url=https://www.academia.edu/21956822 |
| territory = Trincomalee conqured by the Portuguese<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ramerini |first=Marco |url=https://www.academia.edu/21956822 |title=The History of Trincomalee during Portuguese and Dutch rule |website=www.colonialvoyage.com (First published: 2005) |year=2005}}</ref><ref name="Portuguese">{{Cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Joaquim |url=https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/48607/1/As_Primeiras_Fortificacoes_Europeias.pdf |title=AS PRIMEIRAS FORTIFICAÇÕES EUROPEIAS NO SRI LANKA |publisher=International go |year=2019 |location=Faculdade de Arquitetura e Escola Politécnica da UFBA |pages=620–635 |language=Portuguese |trans-title=THE FIRST EUROPEAN FORTIFICATIONS IN SRI LANKA}}</ref> |
||
| result = Portuguese victory |
| result = Portuguese victory |
||
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}} |
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}} |
||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
[[File:De jure political map of Sri Lanka, early 17th century.png|left|thumb|208x208px|Map of Ceylon, early 17th century]] |
[[File:De jure political map of Sri Lanka, early 17th century.png|left|thumb|208x208px|Map of Ceylon, early 17th century]] |
||
[[File:Contract between Christian IV of Denmark and Raja of Ceylon- 1618.jpg|left|thumb|198x198px|Contract between Christian IV of Denmark and Raja of Ceylon (1618)]] |
[[File:Contract between Christian IV of Denmark and Raja of Ceylon- 1618.jpg|left|thumb|198x198px|Contract between Christian IV of Denmark and Raja of Ceylon (1618)]] |
||
In 1611, the Portuguese captured [[Kandy]] and torched the city.<ref name="Codrington">{{Citation |last=Codrington |first=H.W |title=A Short History of Sri Lanka |chapter=7}}.</ref> In response, king [[Senarat of Kandy|Senerat]] of Kandy desperately sent courier Marchells Michielsz Boschouver to Europe for negotiating an [[alliance]]-[[treaty]] with the [[Dutch East India Company]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=P. E. |first=Pieris |url=https://ia800907.us.archive.org/23/items/ceylonportuguese00pier/ceylonportuguese00pier.pdf |title=Ceylon and the Portuguese |publisher=The University of California Los Angeles |year=1920 |pages= |
In 1611, the Portuguese captured [[Kandy]] and torched the city.<ref name="Codrington">{{Citation |last=Codrington |first=H.W |title=A Short History of Sri Lanka |chapter=7}}.</ref> In response, king [[Senarat of Kandy|Senerat]] of Kandy desperately sent courier Marchells Michielsz Boschouver to Europe for negotiating an [[alliance]]-[[treaty]] with the [[Dutch East India Company]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=P. E. |first=Pieris |url=https://ia800907.us.archive.org/23/items/ceylonportuguese00pier/ceylonportuguese00pier.pdf |title=Ceylon and the Portuguese |publisher=The University of California Los Angeles |year=1920 |pages=197–206 |language=English}}</ref> This diplomatic mission proved a failure, and instead Boschouver went to Denmark and concluded an un-ratified treaty with [[Christian IV of Denmark]].<ref name=":0" /> Denmark sent five vessles and 300 soldiers, at the command of [[Ove Gjedde]], to Ceylon on the purpose of establishing the promised terms in the treaty.<ref name=":0" /> |
||
=== Dano-Sinhalese negotiations and treaty === |
=== Dano-Sinhalese negotiations and treaty === |
||
{{Further|Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts#Danish negotiations}} |
{{Further|Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts#Danish negotiations}} |
||
On May the 18th the Danish expedition reached the coastal city of [[Trincomalee]].<ref name="Kåre" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2022 |
On May the 18th the Danish expedition reached the coastal city of [[Trincomalee]].<ref name="Kåre" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lach |first=Donald |title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2022 |pages=90}}</ref> The Sinhalese king's reaction to the Danish arrival was anticlimatic. He had made peace with the Portuguese three years prior,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Stow |first=Randolph |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1013&context=kunapipi |title=Denmark in the Indian Ocean, 1616-1845 An Introduction |year=1979 |pages=13 |language=english}}</ref> and did therefore not necessarily need Danish [[Military aid|military assistance]]. The Sinhalese were still intrested to know if the [[Danes]], if necessary, were strong enough to defeat the Portuguese.<ref name="Kåre" /><ref name=":0" /> Prolonged [[Negotiation|negotiations]] bewteen the Danes, who wanted the promised monopol on [[Europe|European]] trade on ceylon described in the treaty made by Boschouver, and the Sinhalese who wished to have a treaty with less Danish influence.<ref name="Kåre" /><ref name=":2" /> In the end, [[Senarat of Kandy|Senarat]] agreed to cede Trincomalee to the Danes<ref name="Kåre" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> |
||
== Action == |
== Action == |
||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
=== Portuguese attack === |
=== Portuguese attack === |
||
{{See also|Fort Fredrick#1622 destruction of Koneswaram temple}}[[File:Saint Francis Xavier Inspiring Portuguese Troops.png|thumb|220x220px|Portuguese soldiers in Asia in the 17th century, painted by André Reinoso]] |
{{See also|Fort Fredrick#1622 destruction of Koneswaram temple}}[[File:Saint Francis Xavier Inspiring Portuguese Troops.png|thumb|220x220px|Portuguese soldiers in Asia in the 17th century, painted by André Reinoso]] |
||
The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] quickly observed this new Danish interference in the affairs of the island, and promptly responded.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ramerini |first=Marco |url=https://www.academia.edu/21956822 |
The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] quickly observed this new Danish interference in the affairs of the island, and promptly responded.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Ramerini |first=Marco |url=https://www.academia.edu/21956822 |title=The History of Trincomalee during Portuguese and Dutch rule |website=www.colonialvoyage.com (First published: 2005) |year=2005}}</ref> On April 14, 1622 ([[Puthandu|Tamil New Year's Day]]), the Koneswaram temple, known by the Portugese as the ''Temple of a Thousand'' ''Pillars,<ref name="CSHindu">{{cite book |last1=Sivaratnam |first1=C |title=An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism |publisher=Stangard Printers |year=1964 |edition=1 |location=Colombo |oclc=12240260 |quote=Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 BCE. according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty...}}</ref>'' was attacked by the Portuguese general and governor of [[Portuguese Ceylon]], [[Constantino de Sá de Noronha]].<ref>Olsen, op. cit. (n. 274) pp. 42-79</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Portuguese" /> During a religious procession, the shrine was destroyed and the main statue was taken to the town. Concurrently, Portuguese soldiers disguised as [[Iyer]] priests entered the temple and looted its [[treasures]]. In an act of [[religious zeal]], the temple was pushed over the edge and into the sea. Fleeing [[Priest|priests]] resorted to burying some of the temple's statues in the surrounding area.<ref name="Ras">{{cite book |last1=Rasanayagam |first1=M.C. |title=Being a research into the history of Jaffna, from very early times to the Portuguese period |publisher=Asian Educational Services (republished: 1993) |year=1926 |location=New Delhi |pages=378 |oclc=249907591}}</ref> The Danes were forced to hastly escape, which resulted in the loss of two Danish vessels<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Queyroz |title=The temporal and spiritual... |journal=Nature |date=1987 |volume=II |issue=6150 |pages=727, 737|doi=10.1038/330705a0 |bibcode=1987Natur.330..705C }}</ref> |
||
== Aftermath == |
== Aftermath == |
||
{{Main articles|Fort Fredrick}} |
{{Main articles|Fort Fredrick}} |
||
Revision as of 02:40, 17 February 2024
 | This article, Conquest of Koneswaram Temple, has recently been created via the Articles for creation process. Please check to see if the reviewer has accidentally left this template after accepting the draft and take appropriate action as necessary.
Reviewer tools: Inform author |
| This article, Conquest of Koneswaram Temple, has recently been created via the Articles for creation process. Please check to see if the reviewer has accidentally left this template after accepting the draft and take appropriate action as necessary.
Reviewer tools: Inform author |
| Conquest of Koneswaram Temple | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts | |||||||||
 The fort at Trincomalee (1606) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Kingdom of Kandy | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
.svg){kind=small} Constantino de Sá Baretto[1] Cabral[1] |
 Erich Grubbe | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown[note 1] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| unknown |
14 artillery pieces[1][4] Multipel guns[4] 2 Ships | ||||||||
The Conquest of Koneswaram Temple, also known as The Destruction of Koneswaram Temple. Was a destruction of the hindu temple of Koneswaram, at Trincomalee by the Portuguese governor of Ceylon, Constantino de Sá de Noronha in April, 1622.[4] Koneswaram was at the time of conquest a Danish fortress.[2]
Background
Since the early fases of the Crisis of the Sixteenth Century, the Portuguese Empire had started to intervene in internal Sinhalese politics by taking advantage of the rivalries and animosities among the Sinhalese kingdoms, to further their own interests.[5] By placing puppets on the various Sinhalese kingdoms, the Portuguese slowly extended their control over the island. After the annexation of Jaffna, the kingdom of Kandy as the last independent Sinhalese kingdom[6]
In 1611, the Portuguese captured Kandy and torched the city.[7] In response, king Senerat of Kandy desperately sent courier Marchells Michielsz Boschouver to Europe for negotiating an alliance-treaty with the Dutch East India Company.[8] This diplomatic mission proved a failure, and instead Boschouver went to Denmark and concluded an un-ratified treaty with Christian IV of Denmark.[8] Denmark sent five vessles and 300 soldiers, at the command of Ove Gjedde, to Ceylon on the purpose of establishing the promised terms in the treaty.[8]
Dano-Sinhalese negotiations and treaty
On May the 18th the Danish expedition reached the coastal city of Trincomalee.[3][9] The Sinhalese king's reaction to the Danish arrival was anticlimatic. He had made peace with the Portuguese three years prior,[10] and did therefore not necessarily need Danish military assistance. The Sinhalese were still intrested to know if the Danes, if necessary, were strong enough to defeat the Portuguese.[3][8] Prolonged negotiations bewteen the Danes, who wanted the promised monopol on European trade on ceylon described in the treaty made by Boschouver, and the Sinhalese who wished to have a treaty with less Danish influence.[3][10] In the end, Senarat agreed to cede Trincomalee to the Danes[3][8][10]
Action
Failed Danish fortification
After the final treaty, Ove Gjedde left parts of his expeditionary army in Ceylon to build a fort at Trincomalee, and he himself left for India.[10][3] Gjedde left Erich Grubbe in charge of the construction of the fort.[8] When Gjedde visited again in March, 1621, he was surprised that little to nothing had been done with the fort and left dissapointed[8][9]
Portuguese attack
The Portuguese quickly observed this new Danish interference in the affairs of the island, and promptly responded.[1] On April 14, 1622 (Tamil New Year's Day), the Koneswaram temple, known by the Portugese as the Temple of a Thousand Pillars,[11] was attacked by the Portuguese general and governor of Portuguese Ceylon, Constantino de Sá de Noronha.[12][9][2] During a religious procession, the shrine was destroyed and the main statue was taken to the town. Concurrently, Portuguese soldiers disguised as Iyer priests entered the temple and looted its treasures. In an act of religious zeal, the temple was pushed over the edge and into the sea. Fleeing priests resorted to burying some of the temple's statues in the surrounding area.[13] The Danes were forced to hastly escape, which resulted in the loss of two Danish vessels[1][14]
Aftermath
Following the Danish incursion, the Portuguese recognized the necessity of establishing a fortified base on the eastern coast of Ceylon to enhance their control over the goods in the region.[1] That is why the construction of a new triangular fort called Fort of Triquillimale was quickly established by the Portuguese.[15] The guns and artillery taken from the Danish, now served as protection of the new fort[14]
Notes
- ^ The Danish expeditionary force was set to be 300 men, but much of the crew died during the voyage and another additional number of men left for Tranquebar.[3] Includingly 697 Sinhalese men were promised to help build fortifications at the temple, yet its undocumented how many Danes or Sinhales participated in the confrontation[3]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Ramerini, Marco (2005). The History of Trincomalee during Portuguese and Dutch rule.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ a b c Rodrigues, Joaquim (2019). AS PRIMEIRAS FORTIFICAÇÕES EUROPEIAS NO SRI LANKA [THE FIRST EUROPEAN FORTIFICATIONS IN SRI LANKA] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Faculdade de Arquitetura e Escola Politécnica da UFBA: International go. pp. 620–635.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lauring, Kåre. Marchells Michielsz Boschouver — imperiebygger eller svindler [Marchells Michielsz Boschouver — Empire builder or imposter] (in Danish).
- ^ a b c Bocarro, A. “Livro das plantas das fortalezas cidades e povoacois do Estado da India Oriental”, p. 238.
- ^ S.G Perera pp 8-11
- ^ Gaston Perera p. 144
- ^ Codrington, H.W, "7", A Short History of Sri Lanka.
- ^ a b c d e f g P. E., Pieris (1920). Ceylon and the Portuguese (PDF). The University of California Los Angeles. pp. 197–206.
- ^ a b c Lach, Donald (2022). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III. University of Chicago Press. p. 90.
- ^ a b c d Stow, Randolph (1979). Denmark in the Indian Ocean, 1616-1845 An Introduction. p. 13.
- ^ Sivaratnam, C (1964). An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism (1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers. OCLC 12240260.
Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 BCE. according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty...
- ^ Olsen, op. cit. (n. 274) pp. 42-79
- ^ Rasanayagam, M.C. (1926). Being a research into the history of Jaffna, from very early times to the Portuguese period. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services (republished: 1993). p. 378. OCLC 249907591.
- ^ a b Queyroz (1987). "The temporal and spiritual...". Nature. II (6150): 727, 737. Bibcode:1987Natur.330..705C. doi:10.1038/330705a0.
- ^ Bocarro, A. “Livro das plantas das fortalezas cidades e povoacois do Estado da India Oriental”, p. 238.