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[[Frederick Manson Bailey]] reported in 1913 that the indigenous people of Stradbroke Island knew it as ''bumbar''.<ref name="Bailey 1913">{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Frederick Manson|title=Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants|publisher=A. J. Cumming, government printer|location=Brisbane, Queensland|date=1913|pages=455|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39928812}}</ref>
[[Frederick Manson Bailey]] reported in 1913 that the indigenous people of Stradbroke Island knew it as ''bumbar''.<ref name="Bailey 1913">{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Frederick Manson|title=Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants|publisher=A. J. Cumming, government printer|location=Brisbane, Queensland|date=1913|pages=455|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39928812}}</ref>

=== Placement within ''Banksia'' ===
The current [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] arrangement of the genus ''Banksia'' is based on botanist [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]]'s 1999 monograph for the ''[[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]]'' book series.<ref name="George 1999">{{cite book|author=George, Alex|author-link=Alex George (botanist)|year=1999|chapter=Banksia|editor-last=Wilson | editor-first=Annette |title=Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra|pages=175–251|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|location=Collingwood, Victoria |isbn=0-643-06454-0}}</ref> In this arrangement, ''B.&nbsp;robur'' is placed in ''Banksia'' [[subgenus]] ''[[Banksia subg. Banksia|Banksia]]'', because its inflorescences take the form of ''Banksia''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s characteristic flower spikes, [[Section (botany)|section]] [[Banksia sect. Banksia|''Banksia'']] because of its straight [[carpel|styles]], and [[Series (botany)|series]] [[Banksia ser. Salicinae|''Salicinae'']] because its inflorescences are cylindrical. In a [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] cladistic analysis published in 1994, [[Kevin Thiele]] placed it in the newly described subseries ''Acclives'' along with ''[[Banksia plagiocarpa|B.&nbsp;plagiocarpa]]'', ''[[Banksia oblongifolia|B.&nbsp;oblongifolia]]'' and ''[[Banksia dentata|B.&nbsp;dentata]]'' within the series ''Salicinae''.<ref name="Thiele 1996">{{cite journal | last1=Thiele | first1=Kevin | author-link1=Kevin Thiele | last2=Ladiges | first2=Pauline Y. | author-link2=Pauline Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A Cladistic Analysis of ''Banksia'' (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 [705–08] | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661}}</ref> However, this subgrouping of the ''Salicinae'' was not supported by George.<ref name="George 1999"/>
''B.&nbsp;oblongifolia''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s placement within ''Banksia'' may be summarised as follows:
:'''Genus ''[[Banksia]]'''''
::Subgenus ''[[Banksia subg. Isostylis|Isostylis]]''
::'''Subgenus ''[[Banksia subg. Banksia|Banksia]]'''''
:::Section ''[[Banksia sect. Oncostylis|Oncostylis]]''
:::Section ''[[Banksia coccinea|Coccinea]]''
:::'''Section ''[[Banksia sect. Banksia|Banksia]]'''''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Grandes|Grandes]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Banksia|Banksia]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Crocinae|Crocinae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Prostratae|Prostratae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis|Cyrtostylis]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Tetragonae|Tetragonae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Bauerinae|Bauerinae]]''
::::Series ''[[Banksia ser. Quercinae|Quercinae]]''
::::'''Series ''[[Banksia ser. Salicinae|Salicinae]]'''''
:::::''[[Banksia dentata|B.&nbsp;dentata]]'' – ''[[Banksia aquilonia|B.&nbsp;aquilonia]]'' – ''[[Banksia integrifolia|B.&nbsp;integrifolia]]'' – ''[[Banksia plagiocarpa|B.&nbsp;plagiocarpa]]'' – ''[[Banksia oblongifolia|B.&nbsp;oblongifolia]]'' – '''''B.&nbsp;robur''''' – ''[[Banksia conferta|B.&nbsp;conferta]]'' – ''[[Banksia paludosa|B.&nbsp;paludosa]]'' – ''[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]'' – ''[[Banksia canei|B.&nbsp;canei]]'' – ''[[Banksia saxicola|B.&nbsp;saxicola]]''

Since 1998, American botanist [[Austin Mast]] and co-authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of [[DNA sequence]] data for the subtribe [[Grevilleoideae|Banksiinae]], which then comprised genera ''Banksia'' and ''[[Banksia ser. Dryandra|Dryandra]]''. Their analyses suggest a [[phylogenetics|phylogeny]] that differs greatly from George's taxonomic arrangement. ''Banksia robur'' resolves as the closest relative, or "[[sister group|sister]]", to ''B.&nbsp;oblongifolia'', with ''B.&nbsp;plagiocarpa'' as next closest relative.<ref name="Mast 1998">{{cite journal |author=Mast, Austin R. | author-link=Austin Mast |year=1998 |title=Molecular Systematics of Subtribe Banksiinae (''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra''; Proteaceae) Based on cpDNA and nrDNA Sequence Data: Implications for Taxonomy and Biogeography |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |volume=11 |issue=3–4 |pages=321–42 |doi =10.1071/SB97026}}</ref><ref name="Mast 2002">{{cite journal |author=Mast, Austin R. |author2=Givnish, Thomas J. |author-link2=Thomas J. Givnish |year=2002 |title=Historical Biogeography and the Origin of Stomatal Distributions in ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) Based on their cpDNA Phylogeny |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=89 |issue=8 |pages=1311–23 |doi=10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311 |issn=0002-9122 |pmid=21665734 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Mast 2005">{{cite journal |author1=Mast, Austin R. |author2=Jones, Eric H. |author3=Havery, Shawn P. |year=2005 |volume=18 |issue=1 |title=An Assessment of Old and New DNA Sequence Evidence for the Paraphyly of ''Banksia'' with Respect to ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |pages=75–88 |doi=10.1071/SB04015}}</ref> In 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus ''Banksia'' by merging ''Dryandra'' into it, and published [[Banksia subg. Spathulatae|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Spathulatae'']] for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus ''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'' was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of ''Dryandra'' was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, ''B.&nbsp;robur'' is placed in ''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Spathulatae''.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{cite journal |author1=Mast, Austin R. |author2=Thiele, Kevin |year=2007 |title=The Transfer of ''Dryandra'' R.Br. to ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae) |journal = Australian Systematic Botany |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.1071/SB06016}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==

Revision as of 02:51, 23 February 2024

Swamp banksia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Banksia
Subgenus: Banksia subg. Banksia
Section: Banksia sect. Banksia
Series: Banksia ser. Salicinae
Species:
B. robur
Binomial name
Banksia robur

Banksia robur, commonly known as swamp banksia, or less commonly broad-leaved banksia, grows in sand or peaty sand in coastal areas from Cooktown in north Queensland to the Illawarra region on the New South Wales south coast. It is often found in areas which are seasonally inundated.

Although it was one of the original banksias collected by Joseph Banks around Botany Bay in 1770, it was not named until 1800 by Cavanilles, with a type collection by Luis Née in 1793.

Description

Banksia robur is a spreading shrub to 2.5 m (8.2 ft), although it can get a little larger in cultivation. It has very large, leathery tough green leaves with serrated margins up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 10 cm (3.9 in) wide. The new growth is colourful, in shades of red, maroon or brown with a dense felt-like covering of brown hairs.

Plants from different areas seem to flower at different times, some in spring and summer, others predominantly in autumn. The stunning large flower spikes, up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in) high and 5 to 6 centimetres (2.0 to 2.4 in) wide, are metallic green with pinkish styles in bud, becoming cream-yellow and fading to golden-brown in the golden stage. The old flowers turn grey and persist on old cones, concealing the small follicles. These follicles are reddish and furred when new, before fading. The plant is lignotuberous, regenerating from the ground after fire.

Hybrids with its close relative, B. oblongifolia (fern-leaved banksia) can be sometimes found where both species occur (such as near Bulli in the Illawarra), with features intermediate between both species.

Taxonomy

See also: Taxonomy of Banksia

The first botanical collection of B. robur was made by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander, naturalists on the Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770, at a place that he later named Botany Bay in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr Solander found in this place".[2] Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including the first specimens of a new genus that would later be named Banksia in Banks' honour.

It is said that every specimen collected during the Endeavour voyage was sketched by Banks' botanical illustrator Sydney Parkinson, but no such painting of B. robur is extant. On the Endeavour's return to England in July 1771, Banks' specimens became part of his London herbarium, and artists were employed to paint watercolours from Parkinson's sketches. Banks had plans to publish his entire collection as "Banks' Florilegium", but for various reasons the project was never completed, and it would be ten years before any of the Banksia species were formally published.[3]

Despite being one of the first four Banksia species collected, the single specimen of B. robur was somehow overlooked and not described by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in 1782.[4] Specimens of the species were collected again in 1793 by Luis Née around Port Jackson (Sydney) and Botany Bay, and it was on the basis of these specimens that it was described and named in 1800 by Antonio José Cavanilles. Describing it as a tree, Cavanilles gave it the species epithet robur;[5] meaning "strength" or "hard wood", the epithet was assumed by Alex George to relate to the mistaken belief it was a tree. The name could also refer to a resemblance of the wood or leaves to the English oak (Quercus robur).[6]

The gardener Joseph Knight published On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae in 1809, within which he described Banksia uncigera from the Duke of Northumberland's collection at Sion House, and B. dilleniæfolia "Dillenia-leaved banksia", reporting that seeds of the latter had recently arrived in England. Knight equated the former with Banksia oblongifolia and the latter with B. robur.[7]

Robert Brown renamed B. robur as B. latifolia in 1810, clarifying that he was forced to change the name as the plant grew as a low shrub not a tall tree.[8] The same year, Brown recorded 31 species of Banksia in his 1810 work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen, and stuck with the epithet latifolia in his taxonomic arrangement, placing the taxon in the subgenus Banksia verae, the "True Banksias", because the inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike. He classed B. dilleniæfolia, B. uncigera and B. robur as taxonomic synonyms.[9]


In 1891, Otto Kuntze, in his Revisio Generum Plantarum, rejected the generic name Banksia L.f., on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1776 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst, referring to the genus now known as Pimelea. Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative, referring to this species as Sirmuellera robur.[10] This application of the principle of priority was largely ignored,[11] and Banksia L.f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940.[12]

Frederick Manson Bailey reported in 1913 that the indigenous people of Stradbroke Island knew it as bumbar.[13]

Placement within Banksia

The current taxonomic arrangement of the genus Banksia is based on botanist Alex George's 1999 monograph for the Flora of Australia book series.[14] In this arrangement, B. robur is placed in Banksia subgenus Banksia, because its inflorescences take the form of Banksia's characteristic flower spikes, section Banksia because of its straight styles, and series Salicinae because its inflorescences are cylindrical. In a morphological cladistic analysis published in 1994, Kevin Thiele placed it in the newly described subseries Acclives along with B. plagiocarpa, B. oblongifolia and B. dentata within the series Salicinae.[15] However, this subgrouping of the Salicinae was not supported by George.[14] B. oblongifolia's placement within Banksia may be summarised as follows:

Genus Banksia
Subgenus Isostylis
Subgenus Banksia
Section Oncostylis
Section Coccinea
Section Banksia
Series Grandes
Series Banksia
Series Crocinae
Series Prostratae
Series Cyrtostylis
Series Tetragonae
Series Bauerinae
Series Quercinae
Series Salicinae
B. dentata – B. aquilonia – B. integrifolia – B. plagiocarpa – B. oblongifolia – B. robur – B. conferta – B. paludosa – B. marginata – B. canei – B. saxicola

Since 1998, American botanist Austin Mast and co-authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae, which then comprised genera Banksia and Dryandra. Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George's taxonomic arrangement. Banksia robur resolves as the closest relative, or "sister", to B. oblongifolia, with B. plagiocarpa as next closest relative.[16][17][18] In 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and published B. subg. Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B. subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, B. robur is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.[19]

Ecology

Main article: Ecology of Banksia

Like other banksias, B. robur plays host to a wide variety of pollinators, including insects such as butterflies, moths, bees, wasps, ants and jewel beetles, and many bird species. These include honeyeaters such as New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), little wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta), tawny-crowned honeyeater (Gliciphila melanops), Lewin's honeyeater (Meliphaga lewinii), and little friarbird (Philemon citreogularis) - all recorded in the 1988 The Banksia Atlas survey.[20]

Cultivation

As B. robur naturally occurs in wet areas (hence the common name) on sandy soils, these make the best growing conditions. It appreciates a sunny aspect and extra water, especially when actively growing and during dry spells. Propagation from seed is reliable. Hardened pencil-thickness stems have been struck successfully as cuttings.

References

  1. ^ Forster, P.; Ford, A.; Griffith, S.; Benwell, A. (2020). "Banksia robur". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T112529639A113306761. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T112529639A113306761.en. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  2. ^ Cook, James (1893). Wharton, William J. L. (ed.). Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage Round the World made in H. M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768-71: A Literal Transcription of the Original MSS . London: E. Stock.
  3. ^ Salkin, Alf I. (1981). "A short history of the discovery and naming of banksias in Eastern Australia: Part I, Banks and Solander". Victorian Naturalist. 98 (2).
  4. ^ George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 3 (3): 239–473 [304–306]. ISSN 0085-4417.
  5. ^ Cavanilles, Antonio José (1800). Anales de historia natural (in Spanish). Vol. I. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta Real por P. J. Pereyra. p. 226.
  6. ^ Wrigley & Fagg 1991, p. 113.
  7. ^ Knight, Joseph (1809). On the Cultivation of the Plants Belonging to the Natural Order of Proteeae. London, United Kingdom: W. Savage. p. 112-113.
  8. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 10 (1): 208.
  9. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. London: Taylor. p. 394.
  10. ^ Kuntze, Otto (1891). Revisio generum plantarum. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Arthur Felix. pp. 581–582.
  11. ^ Rehder, A.; Weatherby, C. A.; Mansfeld, R.; Green, M. L. (1935). "Conservation of Later Generic Homonyms". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). 1935 (6/9): 368. doi:10.2307/4107078. JSTOR 4107078.
  12. ^ Sprague, T. A. (1940). "Additional Nomina Generica Conservanda (Pteridophyta and Phanerogamae)". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1940 (3): 99. doi:10.2307/4111642. JSTOR 4111642.
  13. ^ Bailey, Frederick Manson (1913). Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants. Brisbane, Queensland: A. J. Cumming, government printer. p. 455.
  14. ^ a b George, Alex (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
  15. ^ Thiele, Kevin; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 9 (5): 661–733 [705–08]. doi:10.1071/SB9960661.
  16. ^ Mast, Austin R. (1998). "Molecular Systematics of Subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) Based on cpDNA and nrDNA Sequence Data: Implications for Taxonomy and Biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany. 11 (3–4): 321–42. doi:10.1071/SB97026.
  17. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Givnish, Thomas J. (2002). "Historical Biogeography and the Origin of Stomatal Distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) Based on their cpDNA Phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 89 (8): 1311–23. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21665734.
  18. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Jones, Eric H.; Havery, Shawn P. (2005). "An Assessment of Old and New DNA Sequence Evidence for the Paraphyly of Banksia with Respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 18 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015.
  19. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The Transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 20 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
  20. ^ Taylor, Anne; Hopper, Stephen (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9. p. 202

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