Pakistani Instrument of Surrender: Difference between revisions

Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan
Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan
	Lt. Gen. A. A. K. Niazi of the Pakistan Army signing the Instrument of Surrender under the direction of Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora of the Indian Army and Bangladesh Forces
Ratified	16 December 1971
Location	Dacca, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
Signatories	A. A. K. Niazi; Jagjit Singh Aurora
Subject	Surrender of the Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command
Purpose	Ending the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

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The Pakistani Instrument of Surrender (Template:Lang-bn) was a legal document signed between India (alongside the Provisional Government of Bangladesh) and Pakistan to end the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.^[2] Per the trilateral agreement, the Pakistani government surrendered the Armed Forces Eastern Command,^[1]^[3]^[4] thereby enabling the establishment of the People's Republic of Bangladesh over the territory of East Pakistan. The document was signed by Jagjit Singh Aurora and Pakistan's A. A. K. Niazi, who corroborated the surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers — the world's largest surrender in terms of number of personnel since World War II.^[5]^[6] Despite the agreement, Pakistan did not formally recognize Bangladeshi sovereignty until February 1974.

The ratification of the agreement by all sides also marked the end of the Bangladesh genocide, perpetrated by Pakistan during the conflict. Bangladesh and the Indian Armed Forces celebrate Pakistan's 1971 defeat and surrender on an annual basis, observing 16 December as Victory Day.

Surrender ceremony

The surrender ceremony took place at the Ramna Race Course in Dacca, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), on 16 December 1971: A. A. K. Niazi of the Pakistan Army formally surrendered to Jagjit Singh Aurora, an Indian Army officer and joint commander of the Bangladesh Forces. A. K. Khandker, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Bangladesh Forces, represented the Provisional Government of Bangladesh at the ceremony.^[7]

Also present from the Pakistani Eastern Command were Mohammad Shariff of the Pakistan Navy and Patrick Desmond Callaghan of the Pakistan Air Force, both of whom signed the agreement alongside Niazi.^{[citation needed]} Sagat Singh, Commander of the Indian IV Corps; Hari Chand Dewan, Commander of the Indian Eastern Air Command; and J. F. R. Jacob, Chief of Staff of the Indian Eastern Command; all acted as witnesses on behalf of India.^{[citation needed]}

Niazi accepted the surrender while the crowd on the race course promptly erupted in celebrations.^[8]

Text of the instrument

The document is now public property under the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, and can be seen on display at the National Museum in the Indian capital of New Delhi. The text of the Instrument of Surrender is as follows:^[9]^[10]

INSTRUMENT OF SURRENDER The PAKISTAN Eastern Command agree to surrender all PAKISTAN Armed Forces in BANGLA DESH to Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA, General Officer Commanding in Chief of the Indian and BANGLA DESH forces in the Eastern Theatre. This surrender includes all PAKISTAN land, air and naval forces as also all para-military forces and civil armed forces. These forces will lay down their arms and surrender at the places where they are currently located to the nearest regular troops under the command of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA. The PAKISTAN Eastern Command shall come under the orders of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA as soon as this instrument has been signed. Disobedience of orders will be regarded as a breach of the surrender terms and will be dealt with in accordance with the accepted laws and usages of war. The decision of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA will be final, should any doubt arise as to the meaning or interpretation of the surrender terms. Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA gives a solemn assurance that personnel who surrender shall be treated with dignity and respect that soldiers are entitled to in accordance with the provisions of the GENEVA Convention and guarantees the safety and well-being of all PAKISTAN military and para-military forces who surrender. Protection will be provided to foreign nationals, ethnic minorities and personnel of WEST PAKISTAN origin by the forces under the command of Lieutenant-General JAGJIT SINGH AURORA.
<signed>	<signed>
(JAGJIT SINGH AURORA) Lieutenant-General General Officer Commanding in Chief Indian and BANGLA DESH Forces in the Eastern Theatre 16 December 1971	(AMIR ABDULLAH KHAN NIAZI) Lieutenant-General Martial Law Administrator Zone B and Commander Eastern Command (PAKISTAN) 16 December 1971

Sources

References

^ ^a ^b "The Surrender Document". The New York Times. 17 December 1971. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
^ Burke, S. M. (1974). Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-6172-5. OCLC 234380949. ...continuing deadlock over the release of some 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war, including 15,000 civilian men, women and children, captured in East Pakistan (the few hundred prisoners captured by each side on the Western front were exchanged on December 1, 1972).
^ Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Prisoners of War, Trial of". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
^ "Flashback: From behind the barbed wire". Dawn. 16 December 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
^ Koul, Bill K. (2020). The Exiled Pandits of Kashmir: Will They Ever Return Home?. Springer Nature. p. 254. ISBN 978-981-15-6537-3. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2022. More than 90,000...., the largest ever since World War 2.
^ "Country marks 50 years of 1971 war". The Hindu. 16 December 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022. It was the largest military surrender after the Second World War and the Indian armed forces, along with Mukti Bahini, liberated Bangladesh in a span of just 13 days and also the surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers, the largest surrender of armed forces post Second World War.
^ Howard S. Levie (January 1974). "The Indo-Pakistani Agreement of August 28, 1973". American Journal of International Law. 68 (1). American Society of International Law: 95–97. doi:10.2307/2198806. JSTOR 2198806. S2CID 246007433.
^ Kuldip Nayar (3 February 1998). "Of betrayal and bungling". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
^ "The Instrument of Surrender". Virtual Bangladesh. 2015. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ "The Separation of East Pakistan". Story of Pakistan. 1 June 2003. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2020.

[ny-1] "The Surrender Document". The New York Times. 17 December 1971. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.

[2] Burke, S. M. (1974). Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-6172-5. OCLC 234380949. ...continuing deadlock over the release of some 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war, including 15,000 civilian men, women and children, captured in East Pakistan (the few hundred prisoners captured by each side on the Western front were exchanged on December 1, 1972).

[3] Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Prisoners of War, Trial of". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 30 December 2024.

[4] "Flashback: From behind the barbed wire". Dawn. 16 December 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.

[5] Koul, Bill K. (2020). The Exiled Pandits of Kashmir: Will They Ever Return Home?. Springer Nature. p. 254. ISBN 978-981-15-6537-3. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2022. More than 90,000...., the largest ever since World War 2.

[6] "Country marks 50 years of 1971 war". The Hindu. 16 December 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022. It was the largest military surrender after the Second World War and the Indian armed forces, along with Mukti Bahini, liberated Bangladesh in a span of just 13 days and also the surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers, the largest surrender of armed forces post Second World War.

[Levie1974-7] Howard S. Levie (January 1974). "The Indo-Pakistani Agreement of August 28, 1973". American Journal of International Law. 68 (1). American Society of International Law: 95–97. doi:10.2307/2198806. JSTOR 2198806. S2CID 246007433.

[Nayar1998-8] Kuldip Nayar (3 February 1998). "Of betrayal and bungling". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.

[Virtual-9] "The Instrument of Surrender". Virtual Bangladesh. 2015. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2016.

[SoP-10] "The Separation of East Pakistan". Story of Pakistan. 1 June 2003. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2020.

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@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 |purpose = Ending the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
 |subject=Surrender of the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command]]}}
-The '''Pakistani Instrument of Surrender''' ({{lang-bn|পাকিস্তানের আত্মসমর্পণের দলিল|translit=Pākistānēr Atmasamarpaṇēr Dalil}}) was a legal document signed between [[India]] (alongside the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]) and [[Pakistan]] to end the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=S. M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234380949 |title=Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies |date=1974 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-6172-5 |location=Minneapolis |oclc=234380949 |quote=...continuing deadlock over the release of some 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war, including 15,000 civilian men, women and children, captured in East Pakistan (the few hundred prisoners captured by each side on the Western front were exchanged on December 1, 1972).}}</ref> Per the trilateral agreement, the Pakistani government surrendered the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Armed Forces Eastern Command]],<ref name="ny">{{cite news |title=The Surrender Document |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/17/archives/the-surrender-document.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 December 1971 |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216212222/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/17/archives/the-surrender-document.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite Banglapedia| article = Prisoners_of_War,_Trial_of}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Flashback: From behind the barbed wire |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/771713/flashback-from-behind-the-barbed-wire |work=Dawn |access-date=16 December 2021 |language=en |date=16 December 2012 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216211433/https://www.dawn.com/news/771713/flashback-from-behind-the-barbed-wire |url-status=live }}</ref> thereby enabling the establishment of the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] over the territory of [[East Pakistan]]. The document was signed by India's [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] and Pakistan's [[A. A. K. Niazi]], who corroborated the surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers to India — the world's largest surrender in terms of number of personnel since [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Bill K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CW78DwAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA254|title=The Exiled Pandits of Kashmir: Will They Ever Return Home?|date=2020|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-15-6537-3|pages=254|language=en|quote=More than 90,000...., the largest ever since World War 2.|access-date=20 January 2022|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727160759/https://books.google.com/books?id=CW78DwAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA254|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2021 |title=Country marks 50 years of 1971 war|language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-hails-indias-armed-forces-bangladeshi-freedom-fighters-on-vijay-diwas/article37966588.ece|access-date=2022-01-26|issn=0971-751X|quote=It was the largest military surrender after the Second World War and the Indian armed forces, along with Mukti Bahini, liberated Bangladesh in a span of just 13 days and also the surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers, the largest surrender of armed forces post Second World War. |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126060442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-hails-indias-armed-forces-bangladeshi-freedom-fighters-on-vijay-diwas/article37966588.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the agreement, Pakistan did not formally [[International recognition of Bangladesh#Pakistan|recognize Bangladeshi sovereignty]] until February 1974.
+The '''Pakistani Instrument of Surrender''' ({{lang-bn|পাকিস্তানের আত্মসমর্পণের দলিল|translit=Pākistānēr Atmasamarpaṇēr Dalil}}) was a legal document signed between [[India]] (alongside the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]) and [[Pakistan]] to end the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=S. M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234380949 |title=Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies |date=1974 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-6172-5 |location=Minneapolis |oclc=234380949 |quote=...continuing deadlock over the release of some 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war, including 15,000 civilian men, women and children, captured in East Pakistan (the few hundred prisoners captured by each side on the Western front were exchanged on December 1, 1972).}}</ref> Per the trilateral agreement, the Pakistani government surrendered the [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan|Armed Forces Eastern Command]],<ref name="ny">{{cite news |title=The Surrender Document |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/17/archives/the-surrender-document.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 December 1971 |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216212222/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/17/archives/the-surrender-document.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite Banglapedia| article = Prisoners_of_War,_Trial_of}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Flashback: From behind the barbed wire |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/771713/flashback-from-behind-the-barbed-wire |work=Dawn |access-date=16 December 2021 |language=en |date=16 December 2012 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216211433/https://www.dawn.com/news/771713/flashback-from-behind-the-barbed-wire |url-status=live }}</ref> thereby enabling the establishment of the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]] over the territory of [[East Pakistan]]. The document was signed by [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] and Pakistan's [[A. A. K. Niazi]], who corroborated the surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers — the world's largest surrender in terms of number of personnel since [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Koul|first=Bill K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CW78DwAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA254|title=The Exiled Pandits of Kashmir: Will They Ever Return Home?|date=2020|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-15-6537-3|pages=254|language=en|quote=More than 90,000...., the largest ever since World War 2.|access-date=20 January 2022|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727160759/https://books.google.com/books?id=CW78DwAAQBAJ&dq=largest+pow+after+ww2+1971&pg=PA254|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2021 |title=Country marks 50 years of 1971 war|language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-hails-indias-armed-forces-bangladeshi-freedom-fighters-on-vijay-diwas/article37966588.ece|access-date=2022-01-26|issn=0971-751X|quote=It was the largest military surrender after the Second World War and the Indian armed forces, along with Mukti Bahini, liberated Bangladesh in a span of just 13 days and also the surrender of 93,000 Pakistani soldiers, the largest surrender of armed forces post Second World War. |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126060442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-hails-indias-armed-forces-bangladeshi-freedom-fighters-on-vijay-diwas/article37966588.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the agreement, Pakistan did not formally [[International recognition of Bangladesh#Pakistan|recognize Bangladeshi sovereignty]] until February 1974.
 The ratification of the agreement by all sides also marked the end of the [[Bangladesh genocide]], perpetrated by Pakistan during the conflict. Bangladesh and the [[Indian Armed Forces]] celebrate Pakistan's 1971 defeat and surrender on an annual basis, observing 16 December as [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]].