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The film was advertised as "the modern miracle you see without glasses", a dig at the [[3D movie]]s of the day. Since many theaters of the day were not equipped to show a [[CinemaScope]] film, two versions of ''The Robe'' were made: one in the standard screen ratio of the day, the other in the widescreen process. Setups and some dialogue differ between the versions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 27, 2009|title=The Robe: The Birth of Cinemascope|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/movies/29kehr.html |last1=Kehr |first1=Dave }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Robe: Alternate Versions|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046247/alternateversions/}}</ref> The film was usually shown on television using the standard 1.33:1 [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] version that fills a standard television screen rather than the CinemaScope version. [[American Movie Classics]] may have been the first to offer telecasts of the widescreen version. Recent DVDs and Blu-ray Discs of the film, however, present the film in the original widescreen format, as well as the multitrack stereophonic soundtrack.
The film was advertised as "the modern miracle you see without glasses", a dig at the [[3D movie]]s of the day. Since many theaters of the day were not equipped to show a [[CinemaScope]] film, two versions of ''The Robe'' were made: one in the standard screen ratio of the day, the other in the widescreen process. Setups and some dialogue differ between the versions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 27, 2009|title=The Robe: The Birth of Cinemascope|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/movies/29kehr.html |last1=Kehr |first1=Dave }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Robe: Alternate Versions|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0046247/alternateversions/}}</ref> The film was usually shown on television using the standard 1.33:1 [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]] version that fills a standard television screen rather than the CinemaScope version. [[American Movie Classics]] may have been the first to offer telecasts of the widescreen version. Recent DVDs and Blu-ray Discs of the film, however, present the film in the original widescreen format, as well as the multitrack stereophonic soundtrack.

==Release==
The film was due to open at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City but the Hall would not drop its stageshow for the film's planned run and so the film premiered at the [[Roxy Theatre (New York City)|Roxy Theatre]] in New York City on September 16, 1953.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Variety|title=Radio City Music Hall Wouldn't Drop Stageshow So It Lost Out On 'Robe'|date=September 2, 1953|page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/variety191-1953-09/page/n2/mode/1up?view=theater|access-date=February 24, 2024|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> It opened to the public at the Roxy the following day.


==Reception==
==Reception==
Line 100: Line 103:


===Box office===
===Box office===
The film premiered at the [[Roxy Theatre (New York City)|Roxy Theatre]] in New York City on September 16, 1953. On its public release the following day, it set a record one-day gross (for a single theatre) of $36,000.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Motion Picture Daily]]|title=Record $36,000 Gross for 'Robe' Opening|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/motionpicturedai74unse#page/n384/mode/1up|date=September 18, 1953|page=1|access-date=September 22, 2019|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> It set a one-week record gross (for a single theatre)<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Motion Picture Daily]]|title=World Record Set by 'Robe' In 1st Week|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/motionpicturedai74unse#page/n398/mode/1up|date=September 22, 1953|page=1|access-date=September 22, 2019|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> of $264,427.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Motion Picture Daily]]|title=See $225,000 for 2nd 'Robe' Week|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/motionpicturedai74unse#page/n418/mode/1up|date=September 25, 1953|page=1|access-date=September 22, 2019|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> In its second week, it expanded to Los Angeles, Chicago and Philadelphia and grossed $490,000, placing it at [[List of 1953 box office number-one films in the United States|number one at the US box office]], setting box office records at each location, including more than doubling the previous record at [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] in LA, with a gross of $80,000.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=National Boxoffice Survey|date=September 30, 1953|page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/variety191-1953-09/page/n282/mode/1up|access-date=May 13, 2023|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=Picture Grosses|date=September 30, 1953|page=10|url=https://archive.org/details/variety191-1953-09/page/n289/mode/1up|access-date=May 13, 2023|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> It gradually expanded to 44 locations by the end of October and remained number one for nine straight weeks.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title='Robe' in 44 Locations in October|date=September 30, 1953|page=4|url=https://archive.org/details/variety191-1953-09/page/n283/mode/1up|access-date=May 13, 2023|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=National Boxoffice Survey|date=October 28, 1953|page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/variety192-1953-10/page/n254/mode/1up|access-date=May 13, 2023|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> In its fourth week of release, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported it had a weekly gross of $1,026,000 from 16 cities that it sampled, a record gross for a week.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=National Boxoffice Survey|date=October 14, 1953|page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/variety192-1953-10/page/n82/mode/1up|access-date=May 13, 2023|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref>
''The Robe'' set a record one-day gross (for a single theatre) of $36,000 at the Roxy.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Motion Picture Daily]]|title=Record $36,000 Gross for 'Robe' Opening|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/motionpicturedai74unse#page/n384/mode/1up|date=September 18, 1953|page=1|access-date=September 22, 2019|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> It set a one-week record gross (for a single theatre)<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Motion Picture Daily]]|title=World Record Set by 'Robe' In 1st Week|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/motionpicturedai74unse#page/n398/mode/1up|date=September 22, 1953|page=1|access-date=September 22, 2019|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> of $264,427.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Motion Picture Daily]]|title=See $225,000 for 2nd 'Robe' Week|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/motionpicturedai74unse#page/n418/mode/1up|date=September 25, 1953|page=1|access-date=September 22, 2019|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> In its second week, it expanded to Los Angeles, Chicago and Philadelphia and grossed $490,000, placing it at [[List of 1953 box office number-one films in the United States|number one at the US box office]], setting box office records at each location, including more than doubling the previous record at [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] in LA, with a gross of $80,000.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=National Boxoffice Survey|date=September 30, 1953|page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/variety191-1953-09/page/n282/mode/1up|access-date=May 13, 2023|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=Picture Grosses|date=September 30, 1953|page=10|url=https://archive.org/details/variety191-1953-09/page/n289/mode/1up|access-date=May 13, 2023|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> It gradually expanded to 44 locations by the end of October and remained number one for nine straight weeks.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title='Robe' in 44 Locations in October|date=September 30, 1953|page=4|url=https://archive.org/details/variety191-1953-09/page/n283/mode/1up|access-date=May 13, 2023|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=National Boxoffice Survey|date=October 28, 1953|page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/variety192-1953-10/page/n254/mode/1up|access-date=May 13, 2023|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> In its fourth week of release, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported it had a weekly gross of $1,026,000 from 16 cities that it sampled, a record gross for a week.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=National Boxoffice Survey|date=October 14, 1953|page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/variety192-1953-10/page/n82/mode/1up|access-date=May 13, 2023|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref>


It earned an estimated $17.5 million in [[theatrical rental]]s in the United States and Canada during its initial theatrical release.<ref>{{cite news|title=All Time Domestic Champs|work=Variety|date= January 6, 1960 |page= 34}}</ref> Its worldwide rentals were estimated at $32 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=20th's Global C'Scope Jackpot|work=[[Daily Variety]]|date= November 9, 1955 |page= 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=20th Counts C'Scope Blessing|date=November 9, 1955|page=5|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/variety200-1955-11#page/n88/mode/1up|access-date=April 24, 2019}}</ref>
It earned an estimated $17.5 million in [[theatrical rental]]s in the United States and Canada during its initial theatrical release.<ref>{{cite news|title=All Time Domestic Champs|work=Variety|date= January 6, 1960 |page= 34}}</ref> Its worldwide rentals were estimated at $32 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=20th's Global C'Scope Jackpot|work=[[Daily Variety]]|date= November 9, 1955 |page= 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=20th Counts C'Scope Blessing|date=November 9, 1955|page=5|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/variety200-1955-11#page/n88/mode/1up|access-date=April 24, 2019}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:05, 24 February 2024

The Robe
Theatrical release poster
Directed byHenry Koster
Screenplay by
Based onThe Robe
by Lloyd C. Douglas
Produced byFrank Ross
Starring
CinematographyLeon Shamroy
Edited byBarbara McLean
Music byAlfred Newman
Color processTechnicolor
Distributed by20th Century Fox
Release dates
  • September 16, 1953 (1953-09-16) (Premiere)
  • September 17, 1953 (1953-09-17) (New York City opening)
Running time
135 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$4.1 million[1] – $4.6 million[2]
Box office$36 million (United States)[3]

The Robe is a 1953 American fictional Biblical epic film that tells the story of a Roman military tribune who commands the unit that is responsible for the Crucifixion of Jesus. The film was released by 20th Century Fox and was the first film released in the widescreen process CinemaScope.[4] Like other early CinemaScope films, The Robe was shot with Henri Chrétien's original Hypergonar anamorphic lenses.

The film was directed by Henry Koster and produced by Frank Ross. The screenplay was adapted from Lloyd C. Douglas's 1942 novel by Gina Kaus, Albert Maltz, and Philip Dunne — although Maltz's place among the blacklisted Hollywood 10 led to his being denied his writing credit for many years. The score was composed by Alfred Newman, and the cinematography was by Leon Shamroy.

The film stars Richard Burton, Jean Simmons, Victor Mature and Michael Rennie, and co-stars Dean Jagger, Jay Robinson, Richard Boone and Jeff Morrow. The 1954 sequel, Demetrius and the Gladiators, picks up exactly where The Robe ends.[5]

Plot

Roman tribune Marcellus Gallio, on the way to a gladiator auction, helps catch runaway defiant Greek slave Demetrius, then at the auction site is reunited with childhood love Diana (now ward of Emperor Tiberius), who has been pledged in marriage to the regent Caligula, with whom Marcellus has a longstanding feud. Marcellus outbids Caligula in an auction for Demetrius, whom Marcellus wins and sets free, yet Demetrius remains honor bound to Marcellus and becomes his household servant. That evening, Caligula vengefully assigns Marcellus a military transfer to Jerusalem; before Marcellus leaves, he and Diana pledge their love and reaffirm their promise from youth to one day marry, as Diana will not allow her marriage to Caligula.

Accompanied by Demetrius and centurion Paulus, Marcellus arrives in Jerusalem on the same day Jesus, a man hailed as the Messiah, enters the city. Demetrius feels compelled to follow this man and later learns of the plot to arrest him; he attempts to warn Jesus but is told by a distraught man that he has already been arrested. Demetrius implores Marcellus to intercede, but the procurator Pontius Pilate has already condemned Jesus to death and orders Marcellus to take charge of the crucifixion.

Shortly after the crucifixion, Marcellus wins Jesus's robe from Paulus in a dice game on Calvary, but when he uses it to shield himself from rain, it causes him sudden, intense pain. Demetrius denounces Marcellus and the Roman Empire and leaves with the robe. Marcellus, now haunted by nightmares of the crucifixion, reports back to Tiberius at Capri, where the emperor's soothsayer says that the robe is cursed and has begun to work its dark magic. Tiberius gives Marcellus an imperial commission to find and destroy the robe as well as the followers of Jesus. At Diana's request, Tiberius leaves her free to marry Marcellus, provided he successfully returns from his commission and cures himself of his madness.

Marcellus travels to Cana, whose inhabitants believe Jesus has risen from the dead. Marcellus learns from a weaver, Justus, that Demetrius has arrived at the village and confronts him at an inn, where he is unable to destroy the robe. Demetrius says the robe has no real power and it is Marcellus' guilt over killing an innocent man that has caused his troubles. Justus is killed by Paulus, who informs Marcellus that Caligula has succeeded Tiberius as emperor and his original orders are no longer valid. Marcellus defeats Paulus in a duel and is invited by the fisherman Simon Peter to join Demetrius and him as missionaries. After confessing his role in Jesus' death, Marcellus pledges his life to Jesus and their missionary journey takes them to Rome, where Caligula has proscribed them.

In Rome, Caligula informs Diana that Marcellus has become a traitor to Rome by indulging his madness and proceeds to have Demetrius captured and tortured. The slave Marcipor helps reunite Marcellus and Diana, who attempt to rescue Demetrius, but he is mortally wounded through torture. Demetrius is brought to the house of Gallio where he is healed by Peter, and Marcellus' father disowns his son as an enemy of Rome. Caligula, learning that Demetrius was rescued, orders Marcellus to be brought before him to stand trial. Marcellus and Demetrius attempt to flee but Marcellus gives himself up so Demetrius can escape. Diana visits Marcellus in his holding cell and pleads with him to say what is necessary during his trial, but Marcellus will not deny Jesus.

At his trial, Marcellus admits to being a follower of Jesus but denies that he and his friends are plotting against the state. Caligula condemns Marcellus to death unless he denounces his beliefs that Jesus is the son of God and rose from the dead, but Marcellus defies him. Diana stands with Marcellus and denounces Caligula, who condemns Diana to die alongside Marcellus. As they depart the audience hall for their execution, Marcellus is pitied by his forlorn father and Diana gives the robe to Marcipor. The two are led from the hall and prepare for an eternal life together in heaven.

Cast

Historical inaccuracies

Despite the careful attention to Roman history and culture displayed in the film, some inaccuracies are included: in reality, Emperor Tiberius' wife, Julia, who had been banished from Rome by her father Augustus years before Tiberius acceded to the imperial throne, was already dead.

Caligula did not systematically persecute Christians, as indicated in the movie (Roman soldiers killing Justus in Cana). The first persecution of Christians organized by the Roman government was under the emperor Nero in 64 AD after the Great Fire of Rome and took place entirely within the city of Rome.

Background and production

Frank Ross acquired the rights to the novel in 1942, before it was completed for $100,000.[7][8]

The Robe was originally announced for filming by RKO in the 1940s and was set to be directed by Mervyn LeRoy,[9] but the rights were eventually sold to Twentieth Century Fox. Ross received $40,000 plus 20% of the profits.[8] RKO received $300,000 plus $650,000 from future profits.[8]

Jeff Chandler was originally announced for the role of Demetrius.[10] Victor Mature signed in December 1952[11] to make both The Robe and a sequel about Demetrius.[12] John Buckmaster tested for the role of Caligula.[13]

Filming finished on April 30, 1953, two weeks ahead of schedule.[14]

The film was advertised as "the modern miracle you see without glasses", a dig at the 3D movies of the day. Since many theaters of the day were not equipped to show a CinemaScope film, two versions of The Robe were made: one in the standard screen ratio of the day, the other in the widescreen process. Setups and some dialogue differ between the versions.[15][16] The film was usually shown on television using the standard 1.33:1 aspect ratio version that fills a standard television screen rather than the CinemaScope version. American Movie Classics may have been the first to offer telecasts of the widescreen version. Recent DVDs and Blu-ray Discs of the film, however, present the film in the original widescreen format, as well as the multitrack stereophonic soundtrack.

Release

The film was due to open at Radio City Music Hall in New York City but the Hall would not drop its stageshow for the film's planned run and so the film premiered at the Roxy Theatre in New York City on September 16, 1953.[17] It opened to the public at the Roxy the following day.

Reception

Critical reception

Critical reaction of the film and CinemaScope following the premiere in New York was generally favourable.[18] Frank Quinn of the New York Daily Mirror called it: "a new realistic and phenomenal concept of the art of motion picture production."[18] Kate Cameron at the New York Daily News gave it eight stars (four for the film and four for CinemaScope) and claimed that "any picture projected on a flat screen...is going to seem dull" after The Robe.[18] The only criticism came from Bosley Crowther of The New York Times[18] who wrote: "The human drama of this story of Christian conversion occurs amid sumptuous and scenic surroundings and are mighty impressive to see. But the mightiness of surroundings—the spectacle of settings and costumes—is meaningful only in relation to the story that is being told. And the story in this instance is not spectacular, so that the amplitude of its surroundings does not enhance its scope."[19] Variety wrote: "It is a 'big' picture in every sense of the word. One magnificent scene after another, under the anamorphic technique, unveils the splendor that was Rome and the turbulence that was Jerusalem at the time of Christ on Calvary."[20]

Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times stated that the film was in "a class that is unique, deeply spiritual and even awe-inspiring."[21] Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote: "Partly through the writing, partly through the variety of acting styles, this reverence does not stir the emotions. It is very hard to take seriously a film which presents so petulantly obvious a performance as Jay Robinson's sophomoric Caligula or a script which early observes: 'You have made me the laughing stock of Rome.' These and matters like them are not aspects of fine motion picture making."[22] Harrison's Reports declared: "Excellent! Even if it had been produced in the conventional 2-D form, Lloyd C. Douglas' powerful novel of the birth of Christianity in the days of ancient Rome would have made a great picture, but having been produced in the revolutionary CinemaScope process, it emerges as not only a superior dramatic achievement but also as a spectacle that will electrify audiences with its overpowering scope and magnitude."[23] The Monthly Film Bulletin called it "a routine addition to the numerous Hollywood Biblical films", presenting "a characteristically distorted and simplified view of Imperial Rome, with a ranting Caligula, a doddering Tiberius, and the customary scenes of 'spectacle' in the palace, the market-place and the torture chamber. The performances lack enthusiasm, and Richard Burton in particular seems ill at ease as the morose Marcellus."[24] Basil Wright wrote in Sight & Sound: "As a film on a religious subject, Henry Koster's The Robe has rather fewer lapses in taste than most of its predecessors. If the actual speaking of Christ's cry from the Cross is a major error, it is not multiplied. In general, the subject is treated with reasonable reverence and is a deal better than Quo Vadis, which was a perfect illustration of Aristotle's remark about the ludicrous being merely a sub-division of the ugly."[25]

Based on 21 reviews, the film holds a score of 38% on Rotten Tomatoes.[26]

Box office

The Robe set a record one-day gross (for a single theatre) of $36,000 at the Roxy.[27] It set a one-week record gross (for a single theatre)[28] of $264,427.[29] In its second week, it expanded to Los Angeles, Chicago and Philadelphia and grossed $490,000, placing it at number one at the US box office, setting box office records at each location, including more than doubling the previous record at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in LA, with a gross of $80,000.[30][31] It gradually expanded to 44 locations by the end of October and remained number one for nine straight weeks.[32][33] In its fourth week of release, Variety reported it had a weekly gross of $1,026,000 from 16 cities that it sampled, a record gross for a week.[34]

It earned an estimated $17.5 million in theatrical rentals in the United States and Canada during its initial theatrical release.[35] Its worldwide rentals were estimated at $32 million.[36][37]

Awards and honors

26th Academy Awards:

Wins[38]
Nominations

11th Golden Globe Awards:

Wins

Others

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

First telecast

ABC paid a record $2 million for the television rights, sponsored by Ford, for four screenings in the United States.[42] The film was first telecast on Easter weekend on Sunday 26, March 1967, at the relatively early hour of 7:00 P.M., EST, to allow for family viewing. In a highly unusual move, the film was shown with only one commercial break – a luxury not even granted to the then-annual telecasts of The Wizard of Oz.[43] The film received a Nielsen rating of 31.0 and an audience share of 53%,[44] with the second largest TV audience for a film, behind The Bridge on the River Kwai, with 60 million viewers.[42]

Home media

The film was released on VHS and DVD on October 16, 2001.[45] It was released on Blu-ray on March 17, 2009.[46]

Soundtrack

Poster

The elaborate poster for the film has one glaring flaw. The woman's face is not Jean Simmons. Originally, Jean Peters had been cast as Diana, but became pregnant. Simmons was hired to replace her. But the poster was not changed, and shows the wrong Jean.[47]

Sequel

The film's successful and highly praised sequel, Demetrius and the Gladiators (1954), featured Victor Mature in the title role. Demetrius and the Gladiators begins with Caligula's challenge to Marcellus and Diana as they climb the stairs to their execution. Filming was completed before The Robe was released.[5]

Preservation

The Academy Film Archive preserved The Robe in 2008.[48]

In the first episode "Openings" of The Queen's Gambit miniseries, the film is playing for the staff and wards of the Mathuen orphanage, and the final chorus of Alleluia provides a diegetic source of music while Beth breaks into the dispensary and overdoses.[49]

See also

References

  1. ^ Aubrey Solomon, Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History, Scarecrow Press, 1989 p248
  2. ^ THOMAS M. PRYOR (May 1, 1953). "Film Group to Aid State Department: Industry Council Pledges Its Cooperation to De Mille for Overseas Information Work". The New York Times. p. 17.
  3. ^ The Robe. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 20, 2010.
  4. ^ Chrissochoidis, Ilias (ed.). CinemaScope: Selected Documents from the Spyros P. Skouras Archive. Stanford, 2013.
  5. ^ a b "Random Observations on Pictures and People". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  6. ^ Miller, Malcolm (October 30, 1953). "Music and Drama". The Knoxville Journal. p. 24. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
  7. ^ The Robe at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  8. ^ a b c "Ross' 20%; RKO's 950G". Variety. September 16, 1953. p. 1. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  9. ^ "Religion: Celluloid Revival". TIME. April 24, 1944. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  10. ^ Schallert, Edwin (August 1, 1952). "Jeff Chandler Likely for Demetrius; 'Highest Mountain' New Purchase". Los Angeles Times. p. B7.
  11. ^ Hopper, Hedda (December 19, 1952). "Mature About to Sign as Demetrius in 'Robe". Los Angeles Times. p. B8.
  12. ^ Hopper, Hedda (January 10, 1953). "Victor Mature to Do 'Story of Demetrius'". Los Angeles Times. p. 14.
  13. ^ Schallert, Edwin (February 5, 1953). "Art of Dali Will Spur Three-D; Buckmaster Flying In for Caligula". Los Angeles Times. p. A9.
  14. ^ "FOX COMPLETES 'ROBE': $4,600,000 Film in CinemaScope Was 10 Years in Making". The ew York Times. May 1, 1953. p. 16.
  15. ^ Kehr, Dave (March 27, 2009). "The Robe: The Birth of Cinemascope". The New York Times.
  16. ^ "The Robe: Alternate Versions".
  17. ^ "Radio City Music Hall Wouldn't Drop Stageshow So It Lost Out On 'Robe'". Variety. September 2, 1953. p. 3. Retrieved February 24, 2024 – via Archive.org.
  18. ^ a b c d "New York Critics Generally; Favorable; 'The Robe' Into 100 Spots Next Month". Variety. September 23, 1953. p. 4. Retrieved October 7, 2019 – via Archive.org.
  19. ^ Crowther, Bosley (September 27, 1953). "Now Cinemascope! A Look at 'The Robe' and the New System in Which It Is Put On". The New York Times. Section 2, p. 1.
  20. ^ "Film Reviews: The Robe". Variety. September 23, 1953. p. 6. Retrieved October 7, 2019 – via Archive.org.
  21. ^ Schallert, Edwin (September 25, 1953). "'The Robe' Hailed as Epochal Film". Los Angeles Times. Part 2, p. 1.
  22. ^ Coe, Richard L. (October 2, 1953). "'The Robe' Reveals Cinema Scope". The Washington Post. 55.
  23. ^ "'The Robe' with Richard Burton, Victor mature and Jean Simmons". Harrison's Reports. September 19, 1953. 152.
  24. ^ "The Robe". The Monthly Film Bulletin. 21 (240): 5. January 1954.
  25. ^ Wright, Basil (January–March 1954). "The Robe". Sight & Sound. 23 (3): 143.
  26. ^ "The Robe". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  27. ^ "Record $36,000 Gross for 'Robe' Opening". Motion Picture Daily. September 18, 1953. p. 1. Retrieved September 22, 2019 – via Archive.org.
  28. ^ "World Record Set by 'Robe' In 1st Week". Motion Picture Daily. September 22, 1953. p. 1. Retrieved September 22, 2019 – via Archive.org.
  29. ^ "See $225,000 for 2nd 'Robe' Week". Motion Picture Daily. September 25, 1953. p. 1. Retrieved September 22, 2019 – via Archive.org.
  30. ^ "National Boxoffice Survey". Variety. September 30, 1953. p. 3. Retrieved May 13, 2023 – via Archive.org.
  31. ^ "Picture Grosses". Variety. September 30, 1953. p. 10. Retrieved May 13, 2023 – via Archive.org.
  32. ^ "'Robe' in 44 Locations in October". Variety. September 30, 1953. p. 4. Retrieved May 13, 2023 – via Archive.org.
  33. ^ "National Boxoffice Survey". Variety. October 28, 1953. p. 3. Retrieved May 13, 2023 – via Archive.org.
  34. ^ "National Boxoffice Survey". Variety. October 14, 1953. p. 3. Retrieved May 13, 2023 – via Archive.org.
  35. ^ "All Time Domestic Champs". Variety. January 6, 1960. p. 34.
  36. ^ "20th's Global C'Scope Jackpot". Daily Variety. November 9, 1955. p. 1.
  37. ^ "20th Counts C'Scope Blessing". Variety. November 9, 1955. p. 5. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
  38. ^ "Oscars.org – The Robe" Archived January 10, 2014, at archive.today. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  39. ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
  40. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
  41. ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
  42. ^ a b "'Bounty' Nicks Ford $2.3 Mil; A TV Record". Daily Variety. July 28, 1967. p. 1.
  43. ^ "Television: Mar. 24, 1967". Time. March 24, 1967. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  44. ^ "Hit Movies on U.S. TV Since 1961". Variety. January 24, 1990. p. 160.
  45. ^ "Announcements". hive4media.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2001. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  46. ^ "The Robe [Blu-ray]". smile.amazon.com. March 17, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
  47. ^ The Robe poster at the Wide Screen Museum
  48. ^ "Preserved Projects". Academy Film Archive.
  49. ^ Nguyen, Hanh (October 23, 2020). ""The Queen's Gambit" is the sexiest and most thrilling TV show about chess you'll ever watch". Salon. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
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