Jump to content

John Williams Reynolds: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m v2.05b - Bot T21 CW#557 - Fix errors for CW project (Missing whitespace before a link)
Line 5: Line 5:


==Regimental service==
==Regimental service==
On 18 September 1835 Reynolds was commissioned as a [[Cornet (rank)#United Kingdom|cornet]] in the British Army,<ref name=PMB/> taking a passage to India to join the [[11th Hussars|11th Light Dragoons]], a "[[Social structure of the United Kingdom#Upper class|society]]" regiment then stationed at [[Meerut]]. The regiment was recalled to England in 1838, and Reynolds was promoted to lieutenant in November that year.<ref name=Miller>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=David |title=The Black Bottle Affair and its Family Background |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |date=2001 |volume=79 |pages=209–18 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44232607|jstor= 44232607}}</ref><ref name=GH>{{cite book |editor1-last=Hart |editor1-first=H. G. |editor1-link=Henry George Hart |title=[[Army List|Annual Army List]] |date=1859 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London |page=56}}</ref><ref name=RSCh>{{cite journal |last1=Abel |first1=Frederick |author1-link=Frederick Abel |editor1-last=Watts |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-link=Henry Watts (chemist) |title=Anniversary Meeting |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society |volume=1 |pages=620–621 |publisher=[[John Van Voorst|J. van Voorst]] |location=London|date=1876}}</ref> He initially made a favourable impression upon Lord Cardigan, the commanding officer (with whom he was on social terms<ref>{{cite news |title=Brighton Sept. 17 |work=[[The Times]] |issue=17465 |date=19 September 1840 |page=4}}</ref>), and on 10 January 1840 he was, by[[Purchase of commissions in the British Army| purchase]], made captain.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Colburn |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-link=Henry Colburn |title=United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal |date=February 1840 |page=293 |chapter=War Office Promotions and Appointments}}</ref>
On 18 September 1835 Reynolds was commissioned as a [[Cornet (rank)#United Kingdom|cornet]] in the British Army,<ref name=PMB/> taking a passage to India to join the [[11th Hussars|11th Light Dragoons]], a "[[Social structure of the United Kingdom#Upper class|society]]" regiment then stationed at [[Meerut]]. The regiment was recalled to England in 1838, and Reynolds was promoted to lieutenant in November that year.<ref name=Miller>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=David |title=The Black Bottle Affair and its Family Background |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |date=2001 |volume=79 |pages=209–18 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44232607|jstor= 44232607}}</ref><ref name=GH>{{cite book |editor1-last=Hart |editor1-first=H. G. |editor1-link=Henry George Hart |title=[[Army List|Annual Army List]] |date=1859 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London |page=56}}</ref><ref name=RSCh>{{cite journal |last1=Abel |first1=Frederick |author1-link=Frederick Abel |editor1-last=Watts |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-link=Henry Watts (chemist) |title=Anniversary Meeting |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society |volume=1 |pages=620–621 |publisher=[[John Van Voorst|J. van Voorst]] |location=London|date=1876}}</ref> He initially made a favourable impression upon Lord Cardigan, the commanding officer (with whom he was on social terms<ref>{{cite news |title=Brighton Sept. 17 |work=[[The Times]] |issue=17465 |date=19 September 1840 |page=4}}</ref>), and on 10 January 1840 he was, by [[Purchase of commissions in the British Army|purchase]], made captain.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Colburn |editor1-first=Henry |editor1-link=Henry Colburn |title=United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal |date=February 1840 |page=293 |chapter=War Office Promotions and Appointments}}</ref>
==="Black bottle" affair===
==="Black bottle" affair===
On 18 May 1840, while stationed at [[Howe Barracks|Canterbury Barracks]], Kent, the officers of the 11th Hussars (the renamed 11th Light Dragoons) held a formal [[Dining in|mess dinner]] in honour of a visit from General [[James Wallace Sleigh|James Sleigh]], the Inspector-General of Cavalry. Reynolds ordered a bottle of [[moselle wine]] for a guest, which the waiter brought to the table in its customary black bottle. Lord Cardigan mistook the beverage for [[Porter (beer)|porter]] (a form of beer also sold in black bottles) and sent Reynolds a reprimand for ungentlemanly behaviour. Reynolds refused to accept this and Cardigan had him placed under close arrest, confined to his room for 22 hours a day. After three days of this detention the conditions were relaxed to "open arrest", while Cardigan travelled to [[Horse Guards (building)|Horse Guards]], London, (the headquarters of the British army) to complain of Reynolds's behaviour. [[Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill|Lord Hill]], the commander-in-chief, was persuaded to send Reynolds a letter of admonishment but Reynolds would not accept this, and in turn wrote to Horse Guards to request permission to leave the Army. In this he was supported by his guardian, Henry Harvey (by this time an influential figure in society) who threatened to release the true background to the disagreement to the ''[[Morning Post]]'' newspaper: Cardigan's resentment of the young officer had arisen when a [[court martial]] on which Reynolds had served as president had denied Cardigan's wish for a conviction; furthermore Cardigan had claimed, without justification, that officers like Reynolds who had served in India lacked discipline.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Donald |author1-link=Donald Serrell Thomas |title=Cardigan: the hero of Balaclava |date=1987 |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]] |location=London |isbn=0-7102-1205-4 |page=91}}</ref> Fearing scandal, not least because a large proportion of the Army's commanders had served in India, [[FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan|Lord Somerset]], the [[Military Secretary (United Kingdom)|military secretary]], persuaded Reynolds to stay, with a promise of six months' leave, a two-year senior command course at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst (RMC) and an intimation that he would never again have to serve under Cardigan. Reynolds accepted. The story broke to the public on 17 September 1840, when an anonymous but detailed account of the affair appeared in ''[[The Times]]''.<ref name=TT>{{cite news |title=Earl of Cardigan and the 11th Hussars |work=[[The Times]] |issue=17465 |date=17 September 1840 |pages=4–5}}</ref>
On 18 May 1840, while stationed at [[Howe Barracks|Canterbury Barracks]], Kent, the officers of the 11th Hussars (the renamed 11th Light Dragoons) held a formal [[Dining in|mess dinner]] in honour of a visit from General [[James Wallace Sleigh|James Sleigh]], the Inspector-General of Cavalry. Reynolds ordered a bottle of [[moselle wine]] for a guest, which the waiter brought to the table in its customary black bottle. Lord Cardigan mistook the beverage for [[Porter (beer)|porter]] (a form of beer also sold in black bottles) and sent Reynolds a reprimand for ungentlemanly behaviour. Reynolds refused to accept this and Cardigan had him placed under close arrest, confined to his room for 22 hours a day. After three days of this detention the conditions were relaxed to "open arrest", while Cardigan travelled to [[Horse Guards (building)|Horse Guards]], London, (the headquarters of the British army) to complain of Reynolds's behaviour. [[Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill|Lord Hill]], the commander-in-chief, was persuaded to send Reynolds a letter of admonishment but Reynolds would not accept this, and in turn wrote to Horse Guards to request permission to leave the Army. In this he was supported by his guardian, Henry Harvey (by this time an influential figure in society) who threatened to release the true background to the disagreement to the ''[[Morning Post]]'' newspaper: Cardigan's resentment of the young officer had arisen when a [[court martial]] on which Reynolds had served as president had denied Cardigan's wish for a conviction; furthermore Cardigan had claimed, without justification, that officers like Reynolds who had served in India lacked discipline.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Donald |author1-link=Donald Serrell Thomas |title=Cardigan: the hero of Balaclava |date=1987 |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]] |location=London |isbn=0-7102-1205-4 |page=91}}</ref> Fearing scandal, not least because a large proportion of the Army's commanders had served in India, [[FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan|Lord Somerset]], the [[Military Secretary (United Kingdom)|military secretary]], persuaded Reynolds to stay, with a promise of six months' leave, a two-year senior command course at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst (RMC) and an intimation that he would never again have to serve under Cardigan. Reynolds accepted. The story broke to the public on 17 September 1840, when an anonymous but detailed account of the affair appeared in ''[[The Times]]''.<ref name=TT>{{cite news |title=Earl of Cardigan and the 11th Hussars |work=[[The Times]] |issue=17465 |date=17 September 1840 |pages=4–5}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:25, 26 February 2024

John Williams Reynolds (1817–28 July 1874) was an English cavalry officer and organic chemist. His disagreement in 1840 with Lord Cardigan, his commanding officer, (the notorious "black bottle affair") made him famous, and a popular cause célèbre in London. At the end of 1840 he left his regiment to study at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. After graduating he did not return to regimental duties but took up the study of organic chemistry at the Royal College of Chemistry, London. He discovered the compound propylene, thus advancing the theory of homology. He was recalled to service in 1851 and rose to the rank of Major-General.

Early life

Reynolds was the son of Lieutenant-General Charles Reynolds of the army of the Honourable East India Company (HEIC), who in 1807 had returned to live in England after his retirement. Charles Reynolds died in 1819 and John Reynolds became the ward of Henry Harvey, another former officer of the HEIC, whose own son died 1828. In April 1830 Reynolds was sent as a boarder to Eton College, leaving after four years.[1]

Regimental service

On 18 September 1835 Reynolds was commissioned as a cornet in the British Army,[2] taking a passage to India to join the 11th Light Dragoons, a "society" regiment then stationed at Meerut. The regiment was recalled to England in 1838, and Reynolds was promoted to lieutenant in November that year.[1][3][4] He initially made a favourable impression upon Lord Cardigan, the commanding officer (with whom he was on social terms[5]), and on 10 January 1840 he was, by purchase, made captain.[6]

"Black bottle" affair

On 18 May 1840, while stationed at Canterbury Barracks, Kent, the officers of the 11th Hussars (the renamed 11th Light Dragoons) held a formal mess dinner in honour of a visit from General James Sleigh, the Inspector-General of Cavalry. Reynolds ordered a bottle of moselle wine for a guest, which the waiter brought to the table in its customary black bottle. Lord Cardigan mistook the beverage for porter (a form of beer also sold in black bottles) and sent Reynolds a reprimand for ungentlemanly behaviour. Reynolds refused to accept this and Cardigan had him placed under close arrest, confined to his room for 22 hours a day. After three days of this detention the conditions were relaxed to "open arrest", while Cardigan travelled to Horse Guards, London, (the headquarters of the British army) to complain of Reynolds's behaviour. Lord Hill, the commander-in-chief, was persuaded to send Reynolds a letter of admonishment but Reynolds would not accept this, and in turn wrote to Horse Guards to request permission to leave the Army. In this he was supported by his guardian, Henry Harvey (by this time an influential figure in society) who threatened to release the true background to the disagreement to the Morning Post newspaper: Cardigan's resentment of the young officer had arisen when a court martial on which Reynolds had served as president had denied Cardigan's wish for a conviction; furthermore Cardigan had claimed, without justification, that officers like Reynolds who had served in India lacked discipline.[7] Fearing scandal, not least because a large proportion of the Army's commanders had served in India, Lord Somerset, the military secretary, persuaded Reynolds to stay, with a promise of six months' leave, a two-year senior command course at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst (RMC) and an intimation that he would never again have to serve under Cardigan. Reynolds accepted. The story broke to the public on 17 September 1840, when an anonymous but detailed account of the affair appeared in The Times.[8]

Reynolds was allowed paid leave for the remainder of 1840, until he received leave of absence to take his place at RMC Sandhurst.[9] The generous terms Somerset offered Reynolds did not go unnoticed: George Muntz, a reformist MP, alleged in a House of Commons speech on 13 May 1841 that the undue favouritism being shown to Reynolds was, in the public's mind, a confirmation that Cardigan had been in the wrong but, as an aristocrat, he was being shielded from scrutiny.[10]

On completion of the course Reynolds did not return to service immediately, taking official leave-of-absence as a "half-pay-officer".[1]

Marriage

On 20 January 1841 Reynolds was married to Helen Harvey, his guardian's daughter.[11] A son, Henry Charles Reynolds, was born 12 October 1841.[12]

Study of chemistry

On Reynolds's release from the army he enrolled as a student at the Royal College of Chemistry, London, investigating the new field of organic chemistry under the direction of professor Wilhelm Hofmann.[13] In April 1850 Reynolds published a paper in which he reported the identification of a new hydrocarbon: while analysing the products formed when fusel oil was heated he found that a component in the original mixture, amyl alcohol, yielded an unknown gas. To identify it he reacted it with bromine and isolated the resulting compound. He deduced that this was C6H5Br2 and that the original gas was therefore C6H6. He named the gas propylene, after the hypothesised, but not yet isolated, propylic alcohol.[14][15][16] The Royal Society of Chemistry recognised this as an important step in the development of the theory of homology.[4] He was elected a Fellow of The Chemical Society of London.[1]

Army staff officer

On the outbreak of the Crimean War at the end of 1853, the War Office decided that Reynolds should be recalled to fill vacated staff officer positions. After a spell of duty at Horse Guards in the Adjutant-General's department, in 1856 he was posted to Jamaica as deputy Adjutant-General, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel.[17] Returning to England after ten years, he was assigned to the northern division of the army at Manchester as assistant Adjutant-General.[1] He retired on 23 December 1864.[3] He was promoted to brevet major-general on 6 March 1868.[18]

Reconciliation with Cardigan

At a formal dinner of the 11th Hussars in 1865, some senior officers of the regiment persuaded Cardigan to meet Reynolds, and the two men entered the dining room together, hand-in-hand.[19] Cardigan and Reynolds rode together at the farewell parade of the 11th Hussars on 15 May 1866, before the regiment's posting to India.[20]

Death

After a short illness Reynolds died in Koblenz, Germany, on 28 July 1874.[2][4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Miller, David (2001). "The Black Bottle Affair and its Family Background". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 79: 209–18. JSTOR 44232607.
  2. ^ a b "The Army and Navy". Pall Mall Budget. 6 August 1875. p. 33.
  3. ^ a b Hart, H. G., ed. (1859). Annual Army List. London: John Murray. p. 56.
  4. ^ a b c Abel, Frederick (1876). Watts, Henry (ed.). "Anniversary Meeting". Journal of the Chemical Society. 1. London: J. van Voorst: 620–621.
  5. ^ "Brighton Sept. 17". The Times. No. 17465. 19 September 1840. p. 4.
  6. ^ Colburn, Henry, ed. (February 1840). "War Office Promotions and Appointments". United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal. p. 293.
  7. ^ Thomas, Donald (1987). Cardigan: the hero of Balaclava. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 91. ISBN 0-7102-1205-4.
  8. ^ "Earl of Cardigan and the 11th Hussars". The Times. No. 17465. 17 September 1840. pp. 4–5.
  9. ^ Thomas (1987) pp.113, 129
  10. ^ "The Earl of Cardigan". api.parliament.uk. Hansard. 13 May 1841. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  11. ^ "Marriages". The Times. No. 17573. 21 January 1841. p. 7.
  12. ^ "Births". The Times. No. 17800. 13 October 1841. p. 7.
  13. ^ Gay, Hannah; Griffith, William Pettitt (2017). The chemistry department at Imperial College, London: a history, 1845-2000. London: World Scientific. p. 29. ISBN 9781783269730.
  14. ^ Reynolds, John W. (1851). "XV.—On "propylene," a new hydrocarbon of the series C n H n". Q. J. Chem. Soc. 3 (2): 111–120. doi:10.1039/QJ8510300111.
  15. ^ Francis, William, ed. (1 June 1850). "Proceedings of Societies—the Chemical Society of London". The Chemical Gazette, or Journal of Practical Chemistry. VIII (83). London: Richard & John Taylor: 218.
  16. ^ Rasmussen, Seth (2018). Acetylene and Its Polymers. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-319-95488-2.
  17. ^ "Staff". London Gazette. 26 August 1859. p. 3206.
  18. ^ "Brevet" (PDF). London Gazette: 1594. 10 March 1874.
  19. ^ Williams, Godfrey Trevelyan (1908). The Historical Records of the Eleventh Hussars, Prince Albert's Own. London: George Newnes. p. 306. OCLC 752898837.
  20. ^ David, Saul (1997). The homicidal Earl: the life of Lord Cardigan (1999 ed.). London: Little Brown. p. 475. ISBN 0-349-10854-4.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Williams_Reynolds&oldid=1210466610"