Jump to content

All India Muslim Personal Law Board: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Ndm500 (talk | contribs)
126 edits
m Added some reference and interlink some useful page for readers to understand the article.
Tags: Reverted Visual edit
Line 27: Line 27:


==Description==
==Description==
AIMPLB is a private body working to protect Muslim personal laws, liaise with and influence the [[Government of India]] and guide the general public about crucial issues. The board has a working committee of 51 [[ulama]] representing various schools of thought. In addition to this, it also has a general body of 201 persons of ulama as well as laymen, including about 25 women.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}
AIMPLB is a private body working to protect Muslim personal laws, liaise with and influence the [[Government of India]] and guide the general public about crucial issues. The board has a working committee of 51 [[ulama]] representing various schools of thought. In addition to this, it also has a general body of 201 persons of ulama as well as laymen, including about 25 women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All India Muslim Personal Law Board |url=https://aimplboard.org/introduction.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=aimplboard.org}}</ref>


However, some of the [[Shia]] Muslims and [[Islamic feminism|Muslim feminists]] have formed their own separate boards, the [[All India Shia Personal Law Board]] and the All India Muslim Women's Personal Law Board, respectively but have failed to win any significant support from the Muslims or the government.<ref name="milgaz">{{cite web |url=http://www.milligazette.com/IndMusStat/2006a/966-aimwplb-12jun06-reservation.htm|title=All India Muslim Women's Personal Law Board on Muslim Women's Reservation|author=PARVEEN ABDI |date=12 June 2006|publisher=.milligazette.com|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>
However, some of the [[Shia]] Muslims and [[Islamic feminism|Muslim feminists]] have formed their own separate boards, the [[All India Shia Personal Law Board]] and the All India Muslim Women's Personal Law Board, respectively but have failed to win any significant support from the Muslims or the government.<ref name="milgaz">{{cite web |url=http://www.milligazette.com/IndMusStat/2006a/966-aimwplb-12jun06-reservation.htm|title=All India Muslim Women's Personal Law Board on Muslim Women's Reservation|author=PARVEEN ABDI |date=12 June 2006|publisher=.milligazette.com|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref>
Line 33: Line 33:
==Executive committee==
==Executive committee==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
[[Rabey Hasani Nadvi]] is the incumbent president of the board and [[Kalbe Sadiq]], [[Syed Sadatullah Husaini]], [[Syed Shah Fakhruddin Ashraf]], Sayeed Ahmed Oomeri are its incumbent vice presidents. [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]] is the incumbent acting general secretary after the demise of [[Wali Rahmani]] and Fazlur Rahim Mujaddedi, [[Zafaryab Jilani]] and Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani are its incumbent secretaries. Riaz Umar is the treasurer of the board.
[[Rabey Hasani Nadvi]] is the incumbent president of the board and [[Kalbe Sadiq]], [[Syed Sadatullah Husaini]], [[Syed Shah Fakhruddin Ashraf]], Sayeed Ahmed Oomeri are its incumbent vice presidents. [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]] is the incumbent acting general secretary after the demise of [[Wali Rahmani]] and Fazlur Rahim Mujaddedi, Zafaryab Jilani and Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani are its incumbent secretaries. Riaz Umar is the treasurer of the board.


Its executive members include [[K. Ali Kutty Musliyar]], [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]], [[Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi]] and others.
Its executive members include [[K. Ali Kutty Musliyar]], [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]], [[Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi]] and others.
Line 45: Line 45:


== Criticism ==
== Criticism ==
The AIMPLB focuses primarily to defend the Sharia laws from any law or legislation that they consider infringes on it.<ref name="home">[http://www.aimplboard.org/index.html AIMPLB Home Page]</ref> In this role initially it has objected to any change in the Divorce Laws for Muslim women.<ref name="timediv">{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-18/india/27970400_1_sharia-muslim-women-aimplb|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131214222726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-18/india/27970400_1_sharia-muslim-women-aimplb|url-status= dead|archive-date= 14 December 2013|title=Sharia courts should be first option: AIMPLB |date=18 July 2007|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> In this regard it has even published a book – Nikah-O-Talaq (Marriage and Divorce).<ref name="home"/> However, from time to time it has been hinted by the board that it might reconsider its position.<ref name="implbfavdiv">{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-25/india/27798198_1_aimplb-member-muslim-women-muslim-personal-law-board|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131214222723/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-25/india/27798198_1_aimplb-member-muslim-women-muslim-personal-law-board|url-status= dead|archive-date= 14 December 2013|title=All Muslims are equal: AIMPLB|date=25 October 2006|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> It has also objected to gay rights<ref name="timesgay">{{cite news |url= http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1908406,00.html?xid=rss-mostpopularemail|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130924002949/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1908406,00.html?xid=rss-mostpopularemail|url-status= dead|archive-date= 24 September 2013|title=All India's Historic Ruling on Gay Rights|author= JYOTI THOTTAM |date= 2 July 2009|work=Times|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="indlaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.indlaw.com/guest/DisplayNews.aspx?87BD3CBF-F0D2-40B8-9DF0-B9BAC18E82A0|title=All India Muslim Personal Law Board moves SC over legalising homosexuality, UNI|author=UNI|date=2 July 2009|work=Times|access-date=13 February 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126105342/http://www.indlaw.com/guest/DisplayNews.aspx?87BD3CBF-F0D2-40B8-9DF0-B9BAC18E82A0|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and supports upholding the 1861 Indian law that bans sexual intercourse between persons of the same sex.<ref>Gardiner Harris (11 December 2013) [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/12/world/asia/court-restores-indias-ban-on-gay-sex.html?hp Court Restores India's Ban on Gay Sex] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 11 December 2013</ref>
The AIMPLB focuses primarily to defend the [[Sharia|Sharia laws]] from any law or legislation that they consider infringes on it.<ref name="home">[http://www.aimplboard.org/index.html AIMPLB Home Page]</ref> In this role initially it has objected to any change in the Divorce Laws for Muslim women.<ref name="timediv">{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-18/india/27970400_1_sharia-muslim-women-aimplb|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131214222726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-18/india/27970400_1_sharia-muslim-women-aimplb|url-status= dead|archive-date= 14 December 2013|title=Sharia courts should be first option: AIMPLB |date=18 July 2007|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> In this regard it has even published a book – Nikah-O-Talaq (Marriage and Divorce).<ref name="home"/> However, from time to time it has been hinted by the board that it might reconsider its position.<ref name="implbfavdiv">{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-25/india/27798198_1_aimplb-member-muslim-women-muslim-personal-law-board|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131214222723/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-10-25/india/27798198_1_aimplb-member-muslim-women-muslim-personal-law-board|url-status= dead|archive-date= 14 December 2013|title=All Muslims are equal: AIMPLB|date=25 October 2006|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> It has also objected to gay rights<ref name="timesgay">{{cite news |url= http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1908406,00.html?xid=rss-mostpopularemail|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130924002949/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1908406,00.html?xid=rss-mostpopularemail|url-status= dead|archive-date= 24 September 2013|title=All India's Historic Ruling on Gay Rights|author= JYOTI THOTTAM |date= 2 July 2009|work=Times|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="indlaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.indlaw.com/guest/DisplayNews.aspx?87BD3CBF-F0D2-40B8-9DF0-B9BAC18E82A0|title=All India Muslim Personal Law Board moves SC over legalising homosexuality, UNI|author=UNI|date=2 July 2009|work=Times|access-date=13 February 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126105342/http://www.indlaw.com/guest/DisplayNews.aspx?87BD3CBF-F0D2-40B8-9DF0-B9BAC18E82A0|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and supports upholding the 1861 Indian law that bans sexual intercourse between persons of the same sex.<ref>Gardiner Harris (11 December 2013) [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/12/world/asia/court-restores-indias-ban-on-gay-sex.html?hp Court Restores India's Ban on Gay Sex] ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 11 December 2013</ref>


The Board has also objected to the [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right of Children for Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009]] as they believe it will infringe on the Madrasa System of Education.<ref name="timesRTE">{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-05/delhi/31026414_1_minority-institutions-school-management-committees-kapil-sibal|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131214222721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-05/delhi/31026414_1_minority-institutions-school-management-committees-kapil-sibal|url-status= dead|archive-date= 14 December 2013|title=Bill to address minorities' RTE concerns in next session: Sibal|author= TNN|date =5 February 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> It has also supported [[child marriage]] and opposes the [[Child Marriage Restraint Act]]. It supports marriage age as 15 but says we do not promote it but people should have choice.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2238321.stm | work=BBC News | first=Charles | last=Haviland | title=Battle over India's marriage age | date=5 September 2002}}</ref> It has also objected to the Supreme Court of India Judgement on [[Babri Mosque]].<ref name="zeenews">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/not-satisfied-with-ayodhya-verdict-will-move-sc-aimplb_658682.html|title=Not satisfied with Ayodhya verdict; will move SC: AIMPLB|author= Zeenews Bureau|date= 30 September 2010|publisher=Zeenews.com|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> For this, it is also willing to threaten political action.<ref name="DNA">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_aimplb-set-to-corner-congress-in-up-polls_1643251|title=AIMPLB set to corner Congress in UP polls|author =Deepak Gidwani|date= 29 January 2012|publisher=DNAIndia.com |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> The Board was in the headlines for its opposition to the live video conference of author [[Salman Rushdie]] to the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] in January 2012.<ref name="IBN">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rushdie-has-hurt-religious-sentiments-aimplb/223846-40.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127070952/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rushdie-has-hurt-religious-sentiments-aimplb/223846-40.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2012|title=Salman Rushdie has hurt religious sentiments in his book: AIMPLB member|author= CNN-IBN|date= 24 January 2012|publisher=IBNLive.com |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> After government considered making yoga compulsory in schools They argued that "there is a serious threat to our religion. There is a sinister design to impose 'Brahmin dharma' through [[yoga]], [[Surya Namaskara]] and [[Vedic]] culture. They all are against Islamic beliefs. We need to awaken our community for launching a protest on a large scale"<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/aimplb-calls-conclave-to-push-its-fight-against-vedic-culture-brahmin-dharma/ India Express: "AIMPLB calls conclave to push its fight against ‘Vedic culture, Brahmin dharma’" by Mohd Faisal Fareed] 13 August 2015</ref>
The Board has also objected to the [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right of Children for Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009]] as they believe it will infringe on the Madrasa System of Education.<ref name="timesRTE">{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-05/delhi/31026414_1_minority-institutions-school-management-committees-kapil-sibal|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131214222721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-05/delhi/31026414_1_minority-institutions-school-management-committees-kapil-sibal|url-status= dead|archive-date= 14 December 2013|title=Bill to address minorities' RTE concerns in next session: Sibal|author= TNN|date =5 February 2012|work= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> It has also supported [[child marriage]] and opposes the [[Child Marriage Restraint Act]]. It supports marriage age as 15 but says we do not promote it but people should have choice.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2238321.stm | work=BBC News | first=Charles | last=Haviland | title=Battle over India's marriage age | date=5 September 2002}}</ref> It has also objected to the Supreme Court of India Judgement on [[Babri Mosque]].<ref name="zeenews">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/not-satisfied-with-ayodhya-verdict-will-move-sc-aimplb_658682.html|title=Not satisfied with Ayodhya verdict; will move SC: AIMPLB|author= Zeenews Bureau|date= 30 September 2010|publisher=Zeenews.com|access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> For this, it is also willing to threaten political action.<ref name="DNA">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_aimplb-set-to-corner-congress-in-up-polls_1643251|title=AIMPLB set to corner Congress in UP polls|author =Deepak Gidwani|date= 29 January 2012|publisher=DNAIndia.com |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> The Board was in the headlines for its opposition to the live video conference of author [[Salman Rushdie]] to the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] in January 2012.<ref name="IBN">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rushdie-has-hurt-religious-sentiments-aimplb/223846-40.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127070952/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rushdie-has-hurt-religious-sentiments-aimplb/223846-40.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2012|title=Salman Rushdie has hurt religious sentiments in his book: AIMPLB member|author= CNN-IBN|date= 24 January 2012|publisher=IBNLive.com |access-date=13 February 2012}}</ref> After government considered making yoga compulsory in schools They argued that "there is a serious threat to our religion. There is a sinister design to impose 'Brahmin dharma' through [[yoga]], [[Surya Namaskara]] and [[Vedic]] culture. They all are against Islamic beliefs. We need to awaken our community for launching a protest on a large scale"<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/aimplb-calls-conclave-to-push-its-fight-against-vedic-culture-brahmin-dharma/ India Express: "AIMPLB calls conclave to push its fight against ‘Vedic culture, Brahmin dharma’" by Mohd Faisal Fareed] 13 August 2015</ref>
Line 58: Line 58:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-07 |title=Interference in religious issues, will go to court, says AIMPLB |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/interference-in-religious-issues-will-go-to-court-says-aimplb/articleshow/107469301.cms |access-date=2024-02-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Maktoob |date=2024-02-08 |title=“Nothing more than political propaganda against Muslims,” Muslim Personal Law Board slams Uttarakhand UCC |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/nothing-more-than-a-political-propaganda-against-muslims-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-slams-uttarakhand-uniform-civil-code/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Uniform Civil Code anti-diverse, inappropriate': Muslim body opposes law |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uniform-civil-code-anti-diversity-inappropriate-muslim-body-opposes-law-2499074-2024-02-08 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==

Revision as of 03:35, 29 February 2024

All India Muslim Personal Law Board
AbbreviationAIMPLB
Formation7 April 1972 (52 years ago) (1972-04-07)
Founder
Founded atHyderabad
TypeNGO
PurposeTo protect and promote the application of Muslim personal law in India
Headquarters76 A/1, Main Market, Okhla Village Jamia Nagar, New Delhi - 110025 (India)
Region
India
President
Khalid Saifullah Rahmani
General secretary
Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi
Websiteaimplb.org

All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) is a non-governmental organization in India that represents the interests of Muslims in matters of personal law. It was formed in 1973 with the objective of protecting and promoting the application of Islamic personal law among Muslims in India. The AIMPLB is primarily concerned with issues related to marriage, divorce, inheritance, and other personal matters governed by Islamic law, known as Shariah. The AIMPLB has been involved in various significant cases and debates, including those related to the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, the Shah Bano case, and the Triple Talaq issue. It has also played a role in advocating for the preservation of Muslim personal laws and resisting attempts to introduce a uniform civil code in India.

The board consists of members who are scholars, legal experts, and representatives of various Islamic organizations across India. It functions as a consultative body, providing guidance and opinions on matters related to Muslim personal law. The AIMPLB does not have any legal authority or power to enforce its decisions, but it carries significant influence within the Muslim community.

Description

AIMPLB is a private body working to protect Muslim personal laws, liaise with and influence the Government of India and guide the general public about crucial issues. The board has a working committee of 51 ulama representing various schools of thought. In addition to this, it also has a general body of 201 persons of ulama as well as laymen, including about 25 women.[1]

However, some of the Shia Muslims and Muslim feminists have formed their own separate boards, the All India Shia Personal Law Board and the All India Muslim Women's Personal Law Board, respectively but have failed to win any significant support from the Muslims or the government.[2]

Executive committee

Rabey Hasani Nadvi is the incumbent president of the board and Kalbe Sadiq, Syed Sadatullah Husaini, Syed Shah Fakhruddin Ashraf, Sayeed Ahmed Oomeri are its incumbent vice presidents. Khalid Saifullah Rahmani is the incumbent acting general secretary after the demise of Wali Rahmani and Fazlur Rahim Mujaddedi, Zafaryab Jilani and Umrain Mahfooz Rahmani are its incumbent secretaries. Riaz Umar is the treasurer of the board.

Its executive members include K. Ali Kutty Musliyar, Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi, Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi and others.

Associated scholars

Criticism

The AIMPLB focuses primarily to defend the Sharia laws from any law or legislation that they consider infringes on it.[3] In this role initially it has objected to any change in the Divorce Laws for Muslim women.[4] In this regard it has even published a book – Nikah-O-Talaq (Marriage and Divorce).[3] However, from time to time it has been hinted by the board that it might reconsider its position.[5] It has also objected to gay rights[6][7] and supports upholding the 1861 Indian law that bans sexual intercourse between persons of the same sex.[8]

The Board has also objected to the Right of Children for Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 as they believe it will infringe on the Madrasa System of Education.[9] It has also supported child marriage and opposes the Child Marriage Restraint Act. It supports marriage age as 15 but says we do not promote it but people should have choice.[10] It has also objected to the Supreme Court of India Judgement on Babri Mosque.[11] For this, it is also willing to threaten political action.[12] The Board was in the headlines for its opposition to the live video conference of author Salman Rushdie to the Jaipur Literature Festival in January 2012.[13] After government considered making yoga compulsory in schools They argued that "there is a serious threat to our religion. There is a sinister design to impose 'Brahmin dharma' through yoga, Surya Namaskara and Vedic culture. They all are against Islamic beliefs. We need to awaken our community for launching a protest on a large scale"[14]

Model Nikahnama

AIMPLB drafted a model 'nikahnama' in 2003 laying down specific guidelines and conditions on which a marriage can be annulled by both husband and wife in large sections of Sunni Muslims in Uttar Pradesh.[15][16]

See also

References

  1. ^ "All India Muslim Personal Law Board". aimplboard.org. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  2. ^ PARVEEN ABDI (12 June 2006). "All India Muslim Women's Personal Law Board on Muslim Women's Reservation". .milligazette.com. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  3. ^ a b AIMPLB Home Page
  4. ^ "Sharia courts should be first option: AIMPLB". The Times of India. 18 July 2007. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  5. ^ "All Muslims are equal: AIMPLB". The Times of India. 25 October 2006. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  6. ^ JYOTI THOTTAM (2 July 2009). "All India's Historic Ruling on Gay Rights". Times. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  7. ^ UNI (2 July 2009). "All India Muslim Personal Law Board moves SC over legalising homosexuality, UNI". Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  8. ^ Gardiner Harris (11 December 2013) Court Restores India's Ban on Gay Sex The New York Times. Retrieved 11 December 2013
  9. ^ TNN (5 February 2012). "Bill to address minorities' RTE concerns in next session: Sibal". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  10. ^ Haviland, Charles (5 September 2002). "Battle over India's marriage age". BBC News.
  11. ^ Zeenews Bureau (30 September 2010). "Not satisfied with Ayodhya verdict; will move SC: AIMPLB". Zeenews.com. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  12. ^ Deepak Gidwani (29 January 2012). "AIMPLB set to corner Congress in UP polls". DNAIndia.com. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  13. ^ CNN-IBN (24 January 2012). "Salman Rushdie has hurt religious sentiments in his book: AIMPLB member". IBNLive.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  14. ^ India Express: "AIMPLB calls conclave to push its fight against ‘Vedic culture, Brahmin dharma’" by Mohd Faisal Fareed 13 August 2015
  15. ^ Hindustan Times
  16. ^ "No Triple Talaq Without Both Husband and Wife's Consent: Shia Law Board".

[1][2][3]

  1. ^ "Interference in religious issues, will go to court, says AIMPLB". The Times of India. 7 February 2024. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  2. ^ Staff, Maktoob (8 February 2024). ""Nothing more than political propaganda against Muslims," Muslim Personal Law Board slams Uttarakhand UCC". Maktoob media. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  3. ^ "'Uniform Civil Code anti-diverse, inappropriate': Muslim body opposes law". India Today. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=All_India_Muslim_Personal_Law_Board&oldid=1210954484"