Lenape Stone: Difference between revisions
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==Authenticity== |
==Authenticity== |
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Henry Mercer purported the Lenape Stone was authentic. The stone was a significant find at the time, being supposedly the first ancient illustration of a mammoth in America.<ref name="Kraft Article">{{cite news |last1=Kraft |first1=Herbert |title=Mammoth Frauds in Archaeology |issue=51 |publisher=Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey |date=1996}}</ref> |
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However, there is much evidence against the authenticity of the Lenape Stone. While mammoths were indeed in North America, they are thought to have become extinct in North America around 10,000 years ago. Most gorgets uncovered in archaeological digs are less than 2,000 years old. In addition, other artifacts found in the same field as the Lenape Stone bore stylistically similar carvings, and these were all dated to around 2,000 years ago. |
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| ⚫ | There were no witnesses to verify the circumstances under which either fragment of the stone was found, and after it was found, the stone was cleaned multiple times, making geological tests virtually impossible. The carvings on each half of the stone appear not to match up perfectly, which may indicate that they were made after the stone was broken.<ref>{{cite book|last=Feder|first=Kenneth L.|title=Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO/Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-37918-5|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofdu0000fede|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofdu0000fede/page/159 159]}}</ref> |
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[[Herbert C. Kraft]], a leading scholar on Lenape History from the 1960s to the 1990s, concluded the Lenape Stone in a fake. While gorget stones were used from 1000 BC to 1000 AD, few are incised with figures. The bow and arrow shown on the stone was not in use by Paleo-Indian mastodon or mammoth hunters. Teepees, as depicted on the stone, were not known to be use by Native Americans in the East. <ref name="Kraft Article"></ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 03:03, 2 March 2024
The Lenape Stone is a piece of slate found in Bucks County, Pennsylvania in 1872, which appears to depict Native Americans hunting a woolly mammoth. This image, however, seems to have been carved some time after the stone was broken into two; for this and other reasons, it is generally considered an archaeological forgery.
History
The first portion of the stone is reported to have been found in Bucks County by Barnard Hansell, a farmer, in the spring of 1872. In 1881, Hansell sold the fragment to Henry Paxon, a young man with an interest in Native American artifacts. A few months later, Hansell reported finding the second piece of the stone in the same field where he had unearthed the first.
Once the two pieces were joined, they were examined by members of the Bucks County Historical Society, including archaeologist and historian Henry Chapman Mercer. Despite evidence which cast doubt on the stone's origin, Mercer came to be an ardent proponent of its authenticity, an argument which he put forth in his 1885 book, The Lenape Stone, or the Indian and the Mammoth. However, even Mercer acknowledged that the stone's unique nature and a lack of physical evidence (such as soil samples) made scientific certainty impossible.
The Lenape Stone was acquired by the Mercer Museum in 1934 for $600.[1] In 1967 the stone was stolen from the museum and was missing for two years.[2] It was recovered in 1969 during an undercover investigation in Philadelphia.[3]
The stone is still housed at the Mercer Museum in Doylestown, Pennsylvania.
_p344_The_Lenape_Stone_or_the_Indian_and_the_Mammoth.jpg)
Physical description
The Lenape Stone is a small piece of slate, 4 ⅜ by 1 ¾ inches, ½ inch thick and 2 inches wide. It is hypothesised to have been a gorget, a type of ornamental necklace. Supporting this theory are the two holes drilled into the stone which would have enabled it to be worn about the neck. The stone comprises two fragments, each of which is decorated with clear engravings on both sides; they form a complete picture when the two halves are joined. On one side there are numerous depictions of turtles, fish, birds, and snakes. The reverse side shows an elephant-like creature, apparently a mammoth, along with humanoid figures, a forest, some teepees, and other markings. The humanoid figures are engaged in battle with the mammoth, and one even appears to have been trampled by it.
Authenticity
Henry Mercer purported the Lenape Stone was authentic. The stone was a significant find at the time, being supposedly the first ancient illustration of a mammoth in America.[4]
However, there is much evidence against the authenticity of the Lenape Stone. While mammoths were indeed in North America, they are thought to have become extinct in North America around 10,000 years ago. Most gorgets uncovered in archaeological digs are less than 2,000 years old. In addition, other artifacts found in the same field as the Lenape Stone bore stylistically similar carvings, and these were all dated to around 2,000 years ago.
There were no witnesses to verify the circumstances under which either fragment of the stone was found, and after it was found, the stone was cleaned multiple times, making geological tests virtually impossible. The carvings on each half of the stone appear not to match up perfectly, which may indicate that they were made after the stone was broken.[5]
Herbert C. Kraft, a leading scholar on Lenape History from the 1960s to the 1990s, concluded the Lenape Stone in a fake. While gorget stones were used from 1000 BC to 1000 AD, few are incised with figures. The bow and arrow shown on the stone was not in use by Paleo-Indian mastodon or mammoth hunters. Teepees, as depicted on the stone, were not known to be use by Native Americans in the East. [4]
See also
- Holly Oak gorget – another forged artifact bearing a carving of a mammoth
Notes
- ^ "Bucks Society Buys the Lenape Stone". No. Page 4. The Wilkes-Barre Record. May 28, 1934.
- ^ "Historic Lenape Stone Missing". No. Page 40. The Morning Call. June 11, 1967.
- ^ "Undercover Investigation Recovers Lenape Stone in Pennsylvania". Doylestown Intelligencer. October 28, 1969.
- ^ a b Kraft, Herbert (1996). "Mammoth Frauds in Archaeology". No. 51. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey.
- ^ Feder, Kenneth L. (2011). Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum. ABC-CLIO/Greenwood. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-313-37918-5.