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==West Coast Counseling==
==West Coast Counseling==


Other antiwar activists soon realized that Hirsch was on to something as many GIs contacted the GI Office asking for help. Sidney Peterman, a [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] minister and longtime [[peace activist]] in the [[American Friends Service Committee]], along with several other area activists, opened a second office in Monterey, California in March 1969, rebranding the overall project West Coast Counseling. Peterman had been inspired by the burgeoning [[G.I. coffeehouses|G.I. coffeehouse]] movement which was already convincing antiwar activists of the effectiveness of civilian and student support for GIs in their growing resistance to the military and the war. The new office was right next to the [[Fort Ord]] Army Base where 40,000 Army soldiers were being trained for Vietnam. Funding was obtained from [[pacifist]] and religious organizations, as well as some Vietnam veterans and conscientious objectors. One of the most active early staffers was Alan Miller, a Presbyterian cleric from [[Minnesota]]. By the end of 1969, additional offices were opened in Oakland, San Diego and Tacoma, Washington. The Oakland office was set up near the [[Oakland Army Base]], which in 1970 was the main embarkation point for soldiers being sent to [[Indochina]], often sending more than a thousand a day.<ref name="Jung"/>{{rp|272}}<ref name="Cortright"/>{{rp|78}}
Other antiwar activists soon realized that Hirsch was on to something as many GIs contacted the GI Office asking for help. Sidney Peterman, a [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] minister and longtime [[peace activist]] in the [[American Friends Service Committee]], along with several other area activists, opened a second office in Monterey, California in March 1969, rebranding the overall project as West Coast Counseling. Peterman had been inspired by the burgeoning [[G.I. coffeehouses|G.I. coffeehouse]] movement which was already convincing antiwar activists of the effectiveness of civilian and student support for GIs in their growing resistance to the military and the war. The new office was right next to the [[Fort Ord]] Army Base where 40,000 Army soldiers were being trained for Vietnam. Funding was obtained from [[pacifist]] and religious organizations, as well as some Vietnam veterans and conscientious objectors. One of the most active early staffers was Alan Miller, a Presbyterian cleric from [[Minnesota]]. By the end of 1969, additional offices were opened in Oakland, San Diego and Tacoma, Washington. The Oakland office was set up near the [[Oakland Army Base]], which in 1970 was the main embarkation point for soldiers being sent to [[Indochina]], often sending more than a thousand a day.<ref name="Jung"/>{{rp|272}}<ref name="Cortright"/>{{rp|78}}


==Expansion to Pacific Counseling Service==
==Expansion to Pacific Counseling Service==

Revision as of 20:08, 3 March 2024

PCS 1971 Pamphlet Cover Page - GI Rights Organization

The Pacific Counseling Service (PCS) was a G.I. counseling service organization created by antiwar activists during the Vietnam War. PCS saw itself as trying to make the U.S. Armed Forces "adhere more closely to regulations concerning conscientious objector discharges and G.I. rights."[1] The Armed Forces Journal, on the other hand, said PCS was involved in "antimilitary activities", including "legal help and incitement to dissident GIs."[2] PCS evolved out of a small GI Help office started by a freshly discharged Air Force Sergeant in San Francisco, California in January 1969.[3][1] The idea rapidly caught on among antiwar forces and within a year PCS had offices in Monterey, Oakland, and San Diego in California, plus Tacoma, Washington. By 1971 it had spread around the Pacific with additional offices in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, Okinawa, the Philippines, as well as Tokyo and Iwakuni in Japan. Each location was established near a major U.S. military base. At its peak, PCS was counseling hundreds of disgruntled soldiers a week, helping many with legal advice, conscientious objector discharges and more.[4]: 61 & 78  As the war wound down, ending in 1975, the offices closed with the remaining office in San Francisco printing its last underground newspaper in 1976.[5]

Background

By 1968 the movement against the Vietnam War was rapidly expanding in the U.S. and around the world, and GI resistance among the soldiers and sailors of the U.S. military was growing. The San Francisco area, where several key U.S. military bases served as launching pads for troops heading to the war zone, was developing into a center for disaffected soldiers, military deserters, and GI protestors.[4]: 57  In July 1968, nine military men, from all four branches of the armed forces, publicly refused to go to Vietnam and chained themselves to ministers at St. Andrews Presbyterian Church in Marin City just north of San Francisco. Their arrests, described as "a media spectacle", involved the Military Police entering the church during a Communion service, using bolt cutters to dislodge the protesters, and arresting all nine of the soldiers plus the ministers they were chained to. The incident received international press coverage and served as an early indication of wide spread discontent and antiwar sentiment among soldiers.[6][7][8]: 270  One of the nine GIs was Air Force Sergeant and radar instructor Oliver Hirsch, who had just escaped in his pajamas from the Presidio Military Stockade where he had been held for a psych evaluation after feigning insanity in an attempt to avoid orders to Vietnam.[9]

GI Help Office

After his arrest, Hirsch, expected an extended stay in Leavenworth military prison, but was instead quickly dishonorably discharged. "I went from facing years in prison . . . to standing on the side of the highway in civilian clothes -- free as a man can be in this country," he told an interviewer years later.[9] Recognizing how difficult it had been to resist the war within the military, he decided there was a pressing need to help other soldiers under similar circumstances. In January 1969 he started the GI Help office in downtown San Francisco as a service to soldiers resisting deployment to Vietnam.[10] This office, in the Mission District at 483 Guerrero Street, was the first of its kind in the U.S.[11] Hirsch had recognized and been an early part of a rapidly expanding expression within the U.S. military of the growing antiwar and anti-military sentiment surrounding the Vietnam War. Military statistics have revealed "there were about 1.5 million AWOLS and 563,000 less-than-honorable discharges between 1964 and 1974." In other words, by 1969 there was a growing and acute need among disaffected GIs for legal counseling and support.[12][13]

West Coast Counseling

Other antiwar activists soon realized that Hirsch was on to something as many GIs contacted the GI Office asking for help. Sidney Peterman, a Unitarian minister and longtime peace activist in the American Friends Service Committee, along with several other area activists, opened a second office in Monterey, California in March 1969, rebranding the overall project as West Coast Counseling. Peterman had been inspired by the burgeoning G.I. coffeehouse movement which was already convincing antiwar activists of the effectiveness of civilian and student support for GIs in their growing resistance to the military and the war. The new office was right next to the Fort Ord Army Base where 40,000 Army soldiers were being trained for Vietnam. Funding was obtained from pacifist and religious organizations, as well as some Vietnam veterans and conscientious objectors. One of the most active early staffers was Alan Miller, a Presbyterian cleric from Minnesota. By the end of 1969, additional offices were opened in Oakland, San Diego and Tacoma, Washington. The Oakland office was set up near the Oakland Army Base, which in 1970 was the main embarkation point for soldiers being sent to Indochina, often sending more than a thousand a day.[8]: 272 [4]: 78 

Expansion to Pacific Counseling Service

During 1969 the U.S. began a major tactical shift of U.S. combat operations in Southeast Asia from the ground to the air. As the ground war stalemated and Army grunts increasingly refused to fight or resisted the war in various other ways, the U.S. "turned increasingly to air bombardment".[14][2] As a result, much of the U.S. war related activity shifted to bases on the West Coast and the chain of U.S. Navy and Air Force bases ringing the Pacific.[8]: 268 [4]: 114  Recognizing this shift in early 1970, Peterman and other organizers made plans to expand abroad and replaced "West Coast" with "Pacific" becoming the Pacific Counseling Service.[15]: 6870  Peterman made a two-month tour of possible Asian locations and Japanese peace activists recalled Peterman appearing at their Tokyo office in March 1970 "wearing black clerical robes that reached to the ankles with a high collar".[16] Peterman returned to Tokyo to open the first Asian office in April 1970.[8]: 275  During the last six months of 1970, additional offices were established in Okinawa, Hong Kong, Olongapo City in the Philippines, and in Iwakuni, Japan. An office was also opened in Los Angeles during this period. As of May, 1971, forty full time staff were working in the eleven PCS projects on the West Coast and in Asia.[4]: 78  For short periods of time there were PCS offices in Balibago and Angeles City in the Philippines, Misawa and Yokota Air Bases in Japan, and Honolulu.[16]: 220 

Political Evolution

The name change signaled more than the organization's expansion around the Pacific. In a 1970 report, PCS activists explained that much of their work was "directed towards the support of non-white GIs." They recognized that "a disproportionately high number of service personnel are…members of the black, brown or third world communities." And nonwhite GIs received "twice as many" courts martial and non-judicial punishments as white GIs.[8]: 273 [10] Just as other left activists of the period were looking beyond the U.S. and taking "inspiration from liberation movements around the world", PCS and other GI movement organizers began to move beyond mainly antiwar politics to embrace "antiracist and anti-imperialist consciousness" and to work towards instilling this among GIs.[8]: 274  As they put it in a 1974 pamphlet "our efforts must go beyond the short range goal of ending the war and must focus on building the movement to create a new society."[10] Expanding to Asia, they felt, would allow them to organize GIs overlooked stateside while building alliances between GIs and Asian activists. This expansion also helped them recognize "the Vietnam War as a phase of a larger history of the US empire."[8]: 31  To implement this, PCS moved beyond mainly legal counseling and discharge advice to offering a more GI Coffeehouse-like environment where GIs could "talk about politics and society, read underground papers and historical and political books not available on bases," as well as meet young men and women "not part of the rip-off honky-tonk environment" around U.S. bases, particularly in Asia. At the Iwakuni office, PSC organized "rock concerts, camping and beach trips" and helped GIs put out an underground newspaper called Semper Fi.[17] Working together with Japanese antiwar activists they developed slogans such as "Break up the American military system. Stop the war machine!"[16]: 220  PCS was also instrumental in establishing a women's center in Okanawa, which reflected the growing understanding of women's issues within the progressive movements of the times. The Women's House, "became a center for living, counseling, consciousness-raising groups, and formulating actions and solutions to common problems." And "was the only place of its kind serving the needs of women in the military, military wives and daughters (over 35,000 in Okinawa alone), women employed by the DOD, civilian women working with the GI projects, and Asian women whose work ties them to U.S. bases as baseworkers, prostitutes, and maids." PCS published a women's journal at two of its Asian offices.[10]

National Lawyers Guild

From its very early days PCS recognized the need for additional legal help when issues of law were involved. Non-legal counselors could offer advice, support and community, but when more serious questions of military or civilian law arose, actual lawyers were needed. The National Lawyers Guild provided many of the attorneys who volunteered to help, advise and defend GIs. Often the NLG would establish an office next door or in the same building as PCS, with the first of these being in Monterey in 1970 and the second in San Francisco in 1971.[18] All PCS offices received help at one time or another from the NLG and several Guild attorneys became regular PCS advisors. As PCS expanded around the Pacific region, the Guild opened offices in the Philippines, Japan and Okinawa, "offering free legal counsel to hundreds of G.I.’s opposed to the Vietnam War."[19][12][10] A Congressional Investigation into radical activity among GIs looked into the NLG's Southeastern Asian GI movement project and reported it "working with PCS at four PCS facilities in Japan." Investigators also reported that "NLG representatives" conducted workshops outside Clark Air Force Base in the Philippians "on such subjects as conscientious objector claims, UCMJ Article 138 complaints, and dissent activities in general." And noted they used the local GI underground newspaper, Cry Out, to advertise legal services.[20]

Turning the Regs Around

Turning the Regs Around Cover Page 1973 Edition

In 1972 PCS was instrumental in creating an influential pamphlet about GI counseling and organizing. Known officially as Turning the Regs Around: A Handbook on Military Law and Counseling, An Aid to Organizing for GIs and Civilians it started out as the handbook for a class on military counseling given in San Francisco to 40 or 50 GIs and civilians. It was written by Nancy Hausch, a PCS staffer, who described its purpose: "Teaching people how to stay on top of the military machine by knowing and using the various legal tools ordinarily used to keep them down, is a very important part of the struggle."[21] The initial pamphlet was so popular in the GI movement that within a year a second improved longer edition (124 pages) was released by The Bay Area Turning The Regs Around Committee. The handbook covered everything from correspondence with Congress to filing charges against officers to court-martials, and explained GI rights to demonstrate and exercise their freedom of speech. It applied to all branches of the military and was written "so that anybody can read and apply it, not just lawyers." It also cautioned that the knowledge in the handbook couldn't "stop the brass from using their power to harass, exploit and oppress enlisted people"; that it was "only one helpful tool in a long and difficult fight."[22] During the Vietnam War, the handbook could be found in GI coffeehouses and counseling centers around the world, as well as smuggled onto military bases and ships, and was frequently reprinted, excerpted and cited wherever GI resistance emerged.[23] One GI counseling project called the pamphlet its "biggest seller" and said they were "going faster than a speeding bullet."[24]

Turning the Regs Around ad in the Liberated Barracks GI underground newspaper, Oct 1973 Issue

Impact

Within the first six months of the opening of the Monterey office, the organizers "handled more than seven hundred legal cases involving GI rights, and helped 120 soldiers obtain ‘conscientious objector’ status."[8]: 272 [25] In early 1970 Oakland PCS activists began extensive leafleting of area airports informing incoming soldiers of their right to file for conscientious objector status, which at the time, automatically delayed overseas orders. By March that year, "twelve hundred men had successfully delayed their orders" through this process. In response, the Pentagon issued a special change in regulations for West Coast bases forbidding C.O. applications during transit to Vietnam forcing GIs to wait until they arrived.[4]: 17  In Japan, PCS started by providing legal assistance to a number of U.S. military deserters. From about 1965 to 1970, there was an alliance between unhappy U.S. GIs and Japanese antiwar groups. By some estimates, Japanese activists helped "two to three hundred GIs" go underground in Japan during that period, but improved cooperation between the U.S. agents and Japanese detectives made this increasingly difficult. PCS stepped into this breach by offering GIs advice and counseling about legal avenues to resist or exit the military.[17][16]: 190&219  PCS was also instrumental in helping the highly successful FTA Show come to several U.S. military bases in the Asia-Pacific region, including in the Philippines, Japan, and Okinawa. The show, an anti-Vietnam War road show for GIs starring Jane Fonda, Donald Sutherland and a number of other entertainers, was very popular with GIs everywhere it went. PCS provided show organizers with local contacts and helped spread the word to the many GIs who came to the shows. The historical evidence indicates that over its lifetime, PCS counseled and supported many thousands of disgruntled and antiwar GIs, many of whom found ways out of the military or to avoid combat. The military conducted extensive undercover investigations and surveillance of PCS as revealed in days of hearings and testimony by the House Committee on Internal Security, and reported that "numerous military personnel are known to have sought the support or assistance of the organization."[15]: 7088  The U.S. military was so concerned about PCS/NLG activities in the Philippines that in 1972 Naval commanders provided information to the new martial law regime of Ferdinand Marcos which led to the arrest, interrogation and deportation of several PCS/NLG staff, effectively bringing an end to PCS activities in the country.[26][27]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Fact Sheet on Pacific Counseling Service". wisconsinhistory.org. Wisconsin Historical Society. 1970. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  2. ^ a b Heinl, Robert D. (1971-06-07). "The Collapse of The Armed Forces". Armed Forces Journal. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  3. ^ Miller, Alan (2009-05-28). "Remembering A Very Good Man". Marin Independent Journal.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Cortright, David (2005). Soldiers In Revolt. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. ISBN 1931859272.
  5. ^ "Stars & Strikes". wisconsinhistory.org. Wisconsin Historical Society. 1976. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  6. ^ Sullivan, Patricia (2007-01-07). "War Resister Oliver Hirsch". The Washington Post.
  7. ^ "9 G.I. Foes of War Arrested in Church". The New York Times. 1968-07-18.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Jung, Moon, ed. (2014). The Rising Tide of Color: Race, State Violence, and Radical Movements Across the Pacific. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99360-7.
  9. ^ a b Seidenberg, Willa; Short, William (1992-10-01). A Matter of Conscience: GI Resistance During the Vietnam War. Andover, MA: Addison Gallery of American Art. p. 50. ISBN 1879886324.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Pacific Counseling Services Pamphlet". wisconsinhistory.org. Wisconsin Historical Society. 1974. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  11. ^ Bryan, John (1969-10-03). "Riplin' Through the Mission". Berkeley Tribe.
  12. ^ a b Gaut, Greg (1991-05-21). "It's Time to Tell Truth About Peace Movement's History". In These Times. Chicago, IL: Institute for Public Affairs.
  13. ^ Baskir, Lawrence; Strauss, William (1978). Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War and the Vietnam Generation. New York, NY: Vintage Books. p. 115. ISBN 9780394412757.
  14. ^ "The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, A Political, Social, and Military History, Second Edition 2011". ABC-CLIO. pp. 275, 1759.
  15. ^ a b Committee on Internal Security House of Representatives (1972). Investigation of Attempts to Subvert the United States Armed Services Part 2; Hearings Before the Committee on Internal Security House of Representatives (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. Hearings Before the Committee on Internal Security House of Representatives Ninety-Second Congress Second Session. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  16. ^ a b c d Shiratori, Noriko (2018). "Chapter 7. Gi Movements in Japan & Transpacific Activism". Peace in Vietnam! Beheiren: Transnational Activism and Gi Movement in Postwar Japan 1965-1974 (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. p. 217. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  17. ^ a b Sklar, Robert (Oct 1971). "AWOL in Japan". Ramparts Magazine. Menlo Park, CA: Edward M. Keating.
  18. ^ "Guide to the Pacific Counseling Service and Military Law Office Records, 1969-1977" (PDF). The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. p. 3.
  19. ^ "A History of the National Lawyers Guild 1937-1987" (PDF). National Lawyers Guild Foundation. p. 48.
  20. ^ Committee on Internal Security House of Representatives (1972). Investigation of Attempts to Subvert the United States Armed Services Part 1 (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 7399 & 7532. Hearings Before the Committee on Internal Security House of Representatives Ninety-Second Congress First Session. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  21. ^ "Book Review: Turning the Regs Around". wisconsinhistory.org. Wisconsin Historical Society. 1972-10-15. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  22. ^ "Turning the Regs Around". wisconsinhistory.org. Wisconsin Historical Society. 1973. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  23. ^ Cohn, Marjorie; Gilberd, Kathleen (2009). Rules of Disengagement. New York, NY: NYU Press. p. 165.
  24. ^ Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws (1976). Organized Subversion in the U.S. Armed Forces (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 439–40. Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-fourth Congress, First Session. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  25. ^ "Pacific Counseling Services Pamphlet". wisconsinhistory.org. Wisconsin Historical Society. 1971. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  26. ^ Kamm, Henry (1972-10-21). "Manila Says U.S. Navy Aided in Arrests". The New York Times.
  27. ^ "Monthly report (National Lawyers Guild Military Law Office)". wisconsinhistory.org. Wisconsin Historical Society. 1972. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
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