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|place=[[Abkhazia]], Western [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|place=[[Abkhazia]], Western [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|result=Abkhaz-Russian victory
|result=Abkhaz-Russian victory
* Abkhaz forces capture [[Upper Abkhazia]] from Georgia
* Abkhaz forces capture [[Upper Abkhazia]] from Georgia
|combatant1={{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Abkhazia]]<br>{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]
|combatant1={{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Abkhazia]]<br>{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]
|combatant2={{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|combatant2={{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|commander1={{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Sergei Bagapsh]]<br>{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Mirab Kishmaria]]<br>{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} Anatoly Zaitsev<br>{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Vladimir Shamanov]]
|commander1={{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Sergei Bagapsh]]<br>{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Mirab Kishmaria]]<br>{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} Anatoly Zaitsev<br>{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Vladimir Shamanov]]
|commander2={{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Mikheil Saakashvili]]<br>{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Davit Kezerashvili]]
|commander2={{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Mikheil Saakashvili]]<br>{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Davit Kezerashvili]]
|strength1={{flagicon|Abkhazia}} 1,000 soldiers on the Abkhazian front in total<ref name="special"/><br />{{flagicon|Russia}} Five [[Battalion|battalions]] on the Abkhazian front in total, one tactical group blocked the Kodori Valley<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ращепкин |first1=Константин |title=На Абхазском направлении |url=http://old.redstar.ru/2009/08/08_08/1_06.html |access-date=11 August 2021 |publisher=Красная Звезда |language=ru}}</ref>
|strength1={{flagicon|Abkhazia}} 1,000 soldiers<ref name="special"/><br />{{flagicon|Russia}} Five [[battalion]]s on the Abkhazian front in total, one tactical group blocked the Kodori Valley<ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.redstar.ru/2009/08/08_08/1_06.html |title=На Абхазском направлении |last1=Rashchepkin |first1=Konstantin |publisher=Red Star |date=8 August 2009 |language=ru}}</ref>
|strength2={{flagicon|Georgia}} 2,500 soldiers on the Abkhazian front in total<ref name="capture"/>
|strength2={{flagicon|Georgia}} 2,500 soldiers on the Abkhazian front in total<ref name="capture"/>
|casualties1={{flagicon|Abkhazia}} 1 killed<ref name="1killed"/>
|casualties1={{flagicon|Abkhazia}} 1 killed<ref name="1killed"/>
|casualties2={{flagicon|Georgia}} 2 killed<ref name="Abchasen">{{cite web|url=http://de.rian.ru/safety/20080814/116039970.html|title=Abchasen räumen Minen und suchen versprengte georgische Truppen im Kodori-Tal|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=14 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022161936/http://de.rian.ru/safety/20080814/116039970.html|archive-date=October 22, 2008}}</ref>
|casualties2={{flagicon|Georgia}} 2 killed<ref name="Abchasen">{{cite web|url=http://de.rian.ru/safety/20080814/116039970.html |title=Abchasen räumen Minen und suchen versprengte georgische Truppen im Kodori-Tal |agency=RIA Novosti |date=14 August 2008|language=de |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818203215/http://de.rian.ru/safety/20080814/116039970.html|archivedate=18 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|campaignbox=
|campaignbox=
{{Campaignbox 2008 South Ossetia War}}
{{Campaignbox 2008 South Ossetia War}}
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==Abkhaz and Russian army mobilization==
==Abkhaz and Russian army mobilization==
On 8 August 2008, Ella Polyakova, chairman of Soldiers' Mothers of Petersburg NGO, reported that she had spoken with deputy commander of the [[Leningrad Military District]] Ruslan Nekhai who was in Kodori Gorge for "collecting the plants".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fontanka.ru/2008/08/08/036/ |script-title=ru:Что делает замглавы ЛенВО на Кавказе? |publisher=Fontanka |date=8 August 2008 |language=ru}}</ref>
Russia sent naval vessels to blockade Georgia's [[Black Sea]] coast.<ref name="blitz">{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2008/08/russia_expands_georgia_blitz_d.html|title=Russia expands Georgia blitz, deploys ships|publisher=Associated Press|date=10 August 2008}}</ref>


The [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] peacekeepers deterred initial Abkhaz attempts to deploy military to the border area with Georgia.<ref name="unomig"/> Russian ships were deployed to the [[Black Sea]] coast of Georgia with the aim of enforcing blockade.<ref name="blitz">{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2008/08/russia_expands_georgia_blitz_d.html|title=Russia expands Georgia blitz, deploys ships|author=Bill Meyer|publisher=cleveland.com|date=10 August 2008}}</ref> According to the [[Russian Navy]], the Russian [[Black Sea Fleet]] ships reached Georgia on 10 August 2008. An official in the headquarters of the Russian Navy claimed that "the purpose of the Black Sea Fleet vessels' presence in this region is to provide aid to refugees." Earlier, an Abkhaz spokesman said that after the Georgian naval advance towards the Abkhaz coastline, Russia was requested to deploy its fleet in the Abkhaz waters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080810/115932226.html|title=Russian Navy ships approach Georgia's sea border|date=10 August 2008|publisher=RIA Novosti|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812064742/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080810/115932226.html|archivedate=12 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
On 10 August 2008, the Georgian government said that 6,000 Russian troops had rolled into [[South Ossetia]] from the neighbouring Russian province of [[North Ossetia]] and 4,000 more landed in Abkhazia.<ref name="blitz"/> Alexander Novitsky, an aide to the commander of Russian peacekeepers in Abkhazia, said on 11 August 2008, that Russia had boosted its forces in Abkhazia and had more than 9,000 [[paratrooper]]s and 350 armoured vehicles there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LB622661.htm|title=Russia boosts forces in Abkhazia to 9,000-Ifax|date=11 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811202352/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LB622661.htm|archive-date=August 11, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/georgia-claims-russia-wants-to-overthrow-government-890563.html|work=The Independent|title=Georgia claims Russia wants to overthrow government|date=11 August 2008}}</ref>


⚫
On 10 August 2008, the Georgian authorities said that 6,000 Russian soldiers from [[North Ossetia]] had entered [[South Ossetia]]. The Georgian government also said that additional 4,000 Russian soldiers arrived in Abkhazia.<ref name="blitz"/> Alexander Novitsky, an aide to the commander of Russian peacekeepers in Abkhazia, said on 11 August 2008, that Russian military presence in Abkhazia had been increased, totaling now more than 9,000 [[paratrooper]]s and 350 armoured vehicles. Journalists had witnessed Russian military deployment to Abkhazia during the previous two nights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LB622661.htm|title=Russia boosts forces in Abkhazia to 9,000-Ifax|publisher=Reuters|date=11 August 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811202352/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LB622661.htm|archivedate=11 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Before the deployment of 9,000 Russian troops, there were 3,000 Russian peacekeepers already present in Abkhazia.<ref name="France"/>
==Ultimatum to Georgia==
On the morning of 9 August 2008, the Abkhaz ''de facto'' deputy defense minister requested, that [[United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia|UNOMIG]] should withdraw its observers from the Upper [[Kodori Valley]]. UNOMIG then withdrew all 15 observers from the Upper Kodori Valley. The Abkhaz ''de facto'' authorities announced a decision, taken by president Bagapsh, to expel the Georgian armed forces from the Upper Kodori Valley. On the afternoon, UNOMIG reported aerial bombardments of Georgian villages in the Upper Kodori Valley.<ref name="unomig"/> On 10 August, the president of Abkhazia, [[Sergei Bagapsh]], gave a press conference where he announced that their operation in the Upper Kodori Valley was proceeding according to plan. He gave both Georgian civilians and armed personnel an ultimatum to leave the Upper Kodori Valley. He also said, that the government of Abkhazia had requested Russia to take measures to strengthen the Abkhaz maritime border.<ref name="unomig">{{cite web|url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19031|title=Senior UN Official Briefs Security Council on Abkhaz Military Build-Up|publisher=Civil.Ge|date=10 August 2008}}</ref> Bagapsh said, that his decision to start a military operation against the Upper Kodori Valley was approved by the parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/president/press/news/detail.php?ID=11495 |script-title=ru:Обращение Президента Республики Абхазии к согражданам |date=10 August 2008 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817055026/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/president/press/news/detail.php?ID=11495 |archive-date=August 17, 2008 |df=mdy }}</ref>


==Fighting==
==Fighting==
On the morning of 9 August 2008, the [[United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia]] (UNOMIG) was asked by the Abkhaz authorities to remove its monitors from the Upper [[Kodori Valley]] and all UNOMIG personnel left the valley. Abkhaz president [[Sergei Bagapsh]] ordered to expel the Georgian military from the Upper Kodori Valley.<ref name="unomig"/>
On 9 August 2008, Russian-supported separatists in Abkhazia launched air and artillery strikes to drive Georgian troops out of the Kodori gorge, the only part of Abkhazia controlled by Georgia before this war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hV2N6fVKS5slf10A13Dj_uIdaZ4QD92ESPOO0|title=Russian troops raid Georgian town; scores dead|publisher=AP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813080021/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hV2N6fVKS5slf10A13Dj_uIdaZ4QD92ESPOO0|archive-date=August 13, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=95968|title=Abkhazian Forces Push out Georgian Troops|date=9 August 2008}}</ref> A "second front" against Georgia was opened.<ref name="initial">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-georgia-abkhazia-kodori-idUSL932653720080809|title=Abkhaz separatists strike disputed Georgia gorge|publisher=Reuters|date=9 August 2008|access-date=June 30, 2017|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134849/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/09/us-georgia-abkhazia-kodori-idUSL932653720080809|url-status=live}}</ref> The Itar-Tass news agency quoted the foreign minister of Abkhazia [[Sergei Shamba]] as saying that the armed forces of Abkhazia had begun an operation to force Georgian troops out of the upper part of the Kodori Gorge. In a separate report by Interfax news agency, [[Sergei Bagapsh]] said, that its "aviation is currently conducting an operation in the upper part of the Kodori Gorge of Abkhazia controlled by Georgia."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/abkhazia-launches-operation-to-force-georgian-troops-out_10081986.html|title=Abkhazia launches operation to force Georgian troops out|date=9 August 2008|publisher=Xinhua|access-date=August 9, 2008|archive-date=May 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504161154/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/abkhazia-launches-operation-to-force-georgian-troops-out_10081986.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shamba also said, "Today was only the initial part of the operation by heavy artillery supported by aviation."<ref name="initial"/> Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili was quoted by the Itar-Tass agency as saying that Georgia had defeated all attacks on the upper part of the Kodori Gorge.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/09/content_9109812.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812001003/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/09/content_9109812.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 12, 2008|title=President: Georgia defeats Abkhazia's attacks on Kodori gorge|publisher=Xinhua|date=9 August 2008}}</ref> On 10 August Abkhaz warplanes and artillery continued to pound Georgian positions for a second day in a row. Bagapsh said, Abkhazia was acting "independently".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601100&sid=a6z1.HFQFr4E|title=Georgia Pulls Out of Ossetia as Second Front Opens (Update1)|date=10 August 2008}}</ref> The separatist authorities of Abkhazia announced a full military mobilisation.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7551576.stm|title=Europe &#124; Day-by-day: Georgia-Russia crisis|work=BBC News|date=21 August 2008}}</ref> The president of Abkhazia said, that "around 1,000 special Abkhaz troops" were involved in operations against Georgian forces. They were attacking the Georgians using "warplanes, multiple rocket launchers and artillery." "The operation will enter the next phase as planned. And you will learn about that," he said, adding that he would create a "humanitarian corridor", allowing residents to flee.<ref name="special">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/11/georgia.russia|title=Abkhazia: Moscow sends troops into second enclave|author=Luke Harding|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=11 August 2008}}</ref> On 11 August 2008, the Abkhaz defense minister, [[Mirab Kishmaria]], told the Russian news agency Interfax, that Abkhaz forces would kill Georgian troops, if they did not leave Kodori gorge.<ref name="chaban"/>


Abkhaz forces opened a second front by attacking the Kodori Gorge, held by Georgia.<ref name="initial">{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/09/us-georgia-abkhazia-kodori-idUSL932653720080809 |title=Abkhaz separatists strike disputed Georgia gorge |author=Ilya Kachayev |publisher=Reuters |date=9 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604220851/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/09/us-georgia-abkhazia-kodori-idUSL932653720080809 |archivedate=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Abkhaz artillery and aircraft began a bombardment against Georgian troops in the upper Kodori Gorge on 9 August. The upper Kodori Gorge was the only part of Abkhazia controlled by Georgia before this war.<ref name="Abkhaz_air">{{cite news |url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5h_pFj41BrbIfhfxvfkJBbZiG3BzgD92ER6KG0 |title=Abkhazia moves to flush out Georgian troops |agency=Associated Press |date=9 August 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812044858/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5h_pFj41BrbIfhfxvfkJBbZiG3BzgD92ER6KG0|archivedate=12 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hV2N6fVKS5slf10A13Dj_uIdaZ4QD92ESPOO0|title=Russian troops raid Georgian town; scores dead|author=Musa Sadulayev|publisher=Associated Press|date=9 August 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813080021/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hV2N6fVKS5slf10A13Dj_uIdaZ4QD92ESPOO0|archivedate=13 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=95968|title=Abkhazian Forces Push out Georgian Troops|publisher=Novinite.com|date=9 August 2008}}</ref> Foreign minister of Abkhazia [[Sergei Shamba]] told the [[Russian News Agency TASS|Itar-Tass]] agency that an Abkhaz military operation to expel Georgian military from the Kodori gorge had started. Sergei Bagapsh told [[Interfax]] news agency that Abkhaz "aviation is currently conducting an operation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/abkhazia-launches-operation-to-force-georgian-troops-out_10081986.html|title=Abkhazia launches operation to force Georgian troops out|date=9 August 2008|publisher=Xinhua |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915180209/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/abkhazia-launches-operation-to-force-georgian-troops-out_10081986.html |archivedate=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shamba said that a treaty with South Ossetia obliged Abkhazia to move and "Georgian forces in the Kodori Gorge posed a real threat."<ref name="Abkhaz_air"/> Shamba also said, "Today was only the initial part of the operation by heavy artillery supported by aviation." Georgia did not confirm full-scale Abkhaz attack on the gorge.<ref name="initial"/> On the late evening, the Georgian media reported that Abkhaz and Russian troops had lost 16 people in the assault repelled by Georgian forces near the edge of Upper Abkhazia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsgeorgia.ru/geo1/20080809/42301217.html |script-title=ru:На подступах к Верхней Абхазии отражена атака сил сепаратистов и российского десанта - СМИ |publisher=NewsGeorgia |date=9 August 2008 |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812001716/http://www.newsgeorgia.ru/geo1/20080809/42301217.html |archivedate=12 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili said that assaults against the Georgian-controlled Kodori gorge were repelled.<ref name="Abkhaz_air"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/09/content_9109812.htm|title=President: Georgia defeats Abkhazia's attacks on Kodori gorge|publisher=Xinhua|date=9 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812001003/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-08/09/content_9109812.htm |archivedate=12 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 12 August 2008, Abkhaz authorities announced a military offensive against Georgian troops in the Kodori gorge.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> Russian forces supported the Abkhaz operation.<ref name="defensebrief"/> "The operation to liberate Kodori gorge has started," Abkhazia's foreign minister, Sergei Shamba, said. "Our troops are making advances. We are hoping for success." Shamba claimed, that Russian troops were not involved in the operation.<ref name="hurriyet">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/home/9640090.asp?gid=244&sz=23317|title=Russia halts operations in Georgia as Sarkozy meets Medvedev|publisher=Hurriyet|date=12 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-34958620080812|title=French mediators hope to stop Caucasus war|publisher=Reuters|date=12 August 2008}}</ref>


Abkhaz bombardment of Georgian positions continued on 10 August. Bagapsh claimed that Abkhazia was conducting operation against the Kodori gorge "independently" and gave the Georgian authorities a time to surrender the gorge.<ref name="Second Front Opens"/> The separatist president of Abkhazia said that "around 1,000 special Abkhaz troops" were using "warplanes, multiple rocket launchers and artillery" in operations against Georgian forces, adding that "The operation will enter the next phase as planned." Bagapsh said that a "humanitarian corridor" would be provided for the civilians of the Kodori gorge.<ref name="special"/> He also said that Russia had been asked to defend the sea border of Abkhazia. Bagapsh would start talks with Georgia only after Abkhaz victory.<ref name="unomig">{{cite web|url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19031|title=Senior UN Official Briefs Security Council on Abkhaz Military Build-Up|publisher=Civil.Ge|date=10 August 2008}}</ref> By the evening, Bagapsh said in a statement that his decision to start a military operation against the Upper [[Kodori Valley]] was approved by the parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/president/press/news/detail.php?ID=11495 |script-title=ru:Обращение Президента Республики Абхазии к согражданам |publisher=The President of the Republic of Abkhazia |date=10 August 2008 |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817055026/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/president/press/news/detail.php?ID=11495 |archivedate=17 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Abkhaz authorities announced that 2 Abkhaz servicemen were wounded in the Kodori gorge around 15:15.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/26346 |script-title=ru:Двое абхазских военнослужащих ранены в результате нападения грузинской диверсионной группы |publisher=Interfax |date=10 August 2008 |language=ru}}</ref>
Georgian military left the gorge on 12 August 2008.<ref name="aug.12">{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/08/12/europe/EU-Georgia-Abkhazia.php |title=Abkhazia says Georgian troops pushed from province |publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]] |date=12 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813170953/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/08/12/europe/EU-Georgia-Abkhazia.php |archive-date=August 13, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gDNLWfQWKrQc48pITBUg9KT_6oVwD92H8MT80 |title=Georgian troops leave Abkhazia, Russians in Gori |agency=Associated Press |date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814165145/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gDNLWfQWKrQc48pITBUg9KT_6oVwD92H8MT80 |archive-date=August 14, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Georgia's Deputy Interior Minister, Eka Zhguladze, said, that Georgian troops had withdrawn from the Kodori gorge as a "goodwill gesture."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601100&sid=aa3Ha2pG8bIE|title=Georgia Pulls Out of Abkhazia as France Seeks Russia Cease-Fire|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=12 August 2008}}</ref> Abkhaz Deputy Defense Minister, Major General Anatoly Zaitsev, claimed, that "only local forces - not Russian ones" were involved in the military operation. But an AP reporter in the area saw 135 Russian military vehicles driving to the Kodori gorge. Georgian officials said, their troops in the Kodori gorge were being attacked by Russians.<ref name="aug.12"/> On 13 August 2008, president [[Sergei Bagapsh]] flew into the gorge by helicopter to declare, that the last piece of Georgian-held land in Abkhazia was back under the control of the separatist authorities. Abkhaz soldiers said, that they had discovered a "mountain of weapons", from American M-16 rifles to artillery units and mortars, as well as herds of abandoned cattle.<ref name="1killed">{{cite news|url=http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=346164&apc_state=henh |title=Abkhaz Open 'Second Front' |publisher=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]] |date=15 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928110023/http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=346164&apc_state=henh |archive-date=September 28, 2008 }}</ref>

UNOMIG reported Russian military deployments to Abkhazia on the morning of 10 August and that Abkhaz military was positioned along the boundary with Georgia by 10 August.<ref name="unomig"/> 40 Russian planes landed in [[Sukhumi]] and delivered military cargo.<ref name="1killed"/><ref name="unomig"/> UNOMIG had reports by late 10 August that most Georgian residents had already abandoned the gorge and there were no Georgian military deployments into or near Abkhazia.<ref name="unomig"/> Deputy chief of the General Staff of Russia, [[Anatoliy Nogovitsyn]], said that Russia would not "initiate an escalation of the conflict" in Abkhazia.<ref name="Second Front Opens">{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601100&sid=a6z1.HFQFr4E|title=Georgia Pulls Out of Ossetia as Second Front Opens (Update1)|author1=Lyubov Pronina|author2=Greg Walters|publisher=Bloomberg|date=10 August 2008|archiveurl=http://archive.is/ZIYY |archivedate=3 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Georgian authorities said that Russian warplanes bombed the Kodori gorge, including the seat of pro-Georgian government of Abkhazia. [[Ban Ki-Moon]], UN secretary general, expressed his concern about the situation.<ref name="special">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/11/georgia.russia|title=Abkhazia: Moscow sends troops into second enclave|author=Luke Harding|publisher=The Guardian|date=11 August 2008}}</ref> Russian paratroopers supported the Abkhaz troops. On 11 August 2008, [[Mirab Kishmaria]], Abkhaz defense minister, threatened to destroy all Georgian forces in Abkhazia if they did not use the humanitarian corridor.<ref name="capture"/><ref name="chaban"/> Later, Garri Kupalba, Abkhaz Deputy Minister of Defense, said that there still were 2,500 Georgian soldiers in the Kodori gorge, but 1,000 civilians had used the corridor.<ref name="capture"/>

On 12 August 2008, a military offensive against the Kodori Gorge was officially initiated by Abkhaz separatists.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7551576.stm |title=Day-by-day: Georgia-Russia crisis |publisher=BBC News |date=21 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/225093%2Crussia-ups-pressure-on-georgia-diplomats-push-for-ceasefire.html |title=Russia ups pressure on Georgia, diplomats push for ceasefire |publisher=Earth Times |date=12 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520072447/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/225093,russia-ups-pressure-on-georgia-diplomats-push-for-ceasefire.html |archivedate=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sergei Shamba said that artillery assault of the Georgian positions had started on 11 August to prepare for the offensive.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.rferl.org/a/Russian_Planes_Renew_Attacks_On_Gori/1190334.html |title=Russian President Orders Halt To Military Operations In Georgia| publisher=RFE/RL |date=12 August 2008}}</ref> Shamba said, "The operation to liberate Kodori gorge has started." According to Abkhaz claims, there was no Russian participation in the military action against the Kodori gorge.<ref name="hurriyet">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/home/9640090.asp?gid=244&sz=23317|title=Russia halts operations in Georgia as Sarkozy meets Medvedev|publisher=Hurriyet|date=12 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2008/08/12/idINIndia-34958620080812|title=French mediators hope to stop Caucasus war|publisher=Reuters|date=12 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630073226/http://in.reuters.com/article/2008/08/12/idINIndia-34958620080812 |archivedate=30 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bagapsh said in the morning that the Abkhaz operation "develops successfully. Everything is up to the plan." He estimated that Abkhazia needed several days to retake the gorge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kommersant.com/p-13084/r_500/Kodori_Abkhazia/ |title=The Battle for Upper Kodori |publisher=Kommersant |date=12 August 2008 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081121103720/http://www.kommersant.com/p-13084/r_500/Kodori_Abkhazia/ |archivedate=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Abkhaz operation achieved its goal of taking control of the Valley and the Abkhaz flag was flown over the former Georgian administrative building by noon.<ref name="1killed"/> Abkhaz defence officer said that Georgian forces were expelled from the Kodori Gorge. Major General Anatoly Zaitsev said, "The armed forces of Abkhazia have reached the Georgian border in the Kodori Gorge." Although he claimed that the Russians did not participate in the battle, Russian military traffic headed for the gorge was witnessed by an [[Associated Press]] reporter. Georgian president Saakashvili accused Abkhaz of ethnic cleansing.<ref name="aug.12">{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/08/12/europe/EU-Georgia-Abkhazia.php|title=Abkhazia says Georgian troops pushed from province |agency=The Associated Press |publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=12 August 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813170953/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/08/12/europe/EU-Georgia-Abkhazia.php|archivedate=13 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C402261%2C00.html |title=Georgia's Kodori Gorge Virtually Cut Off |author=Associated Press |publisher=Fox News |date=12 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815225418/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,402261,00.html |archivedate=15 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> That day, Georgia's Deputy Interior Minister, [[Eka Zguladze]], confirmed the Georgian withdrawal, saying that Georgia withdrew its troops from the Kodori gorge as a "goodwill gesture" and this announcement came at the same time as French president [[Nicholas Sarkozy]] was delivering the ceasefire agreement approved by Saakashvili to Moscow.<ref name="France">{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601100&sid=aa3Ha2pG8bIE|title=Georgia Pulls Out of Abkhazia as France Seeks Russia Cease-Fire|author=Helena Bedwell|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=12 August 2008|archiveurl=http://archive.is/R24Ip|archivedate=13 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Although Russian General said on 12 August that Abkhaz military themselves expelled the Georgian troops from Abkhazia, Georgian minister for reintegration [[Temur Iakobashvili]] said on 13 August that Russian military had attacked the Georgian forces in the gorge.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gDNLWfQWKrQc48pITBUg9KT_6oVwD92H8MT80 |title=Georgian troops leave Abkhazia, Russians in Gori |agency=Associated Press |date=13 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814165145/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gDNLWfQWKrQc48pITBUg9KT_6oVwD92H8MT80 |archivedate=14 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 13 August 2008, Abkhaz president Sergei Bagapsh arrived in the Kodori gorge by helicopter on the morning. He declared that the Abkhaz authorities had retaken the only Abkhaz territory controlled by Georgia. Only civilians discovered by the evening were two old women and four monks, since civilians and Georgian forces had fled. Abkhaz military said that a "mountain of weapons" was found. Flocks of bovines left without supervision had also been found.<ref name="1killed">{{cite news|url=http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=346164&apc_state=henh |title=Abkhaz Open "Second Front" |author=Inal Khashig |publisher=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]] |date=14 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814234013/http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=346164&apc_state=henh| archivedate=14 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 14 August 2008, [[Matthew Bryza]], Deputy [[United States Assistant Secretary of State]], said that Russian peacekeeping forces headed by Sergey Chaban participated in the attack on Kodori.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vz.ru/news/2008/8/14/196621.html |script-title=ru:США: Россия участвовала в атаке на Кодори |publisher=Vzglyad |date=14 August 2008 |language=ru}}</ref> ''[[Krasnaya Zvezda]]'' newspaper reported in October 2008 that the Georgian forces in Kodori were expecting the attack of the Russian paratroopers from Abkhazia in August 2008, but they found out that the Russian forces were already behind their lines and became demoralized.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redstar.ru/2008/10/15_10/2_01.html |script-title=ru:И будут сниться эти горы... |author=Andrey Lunev |publisher=Red Star |date=15 October 2008 |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017063734/http://www.redstar.ru/2008/10/15_10/2_01.html |archivedate=17 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Casualties and war damages==
==Casualties and war damages==
Casualties were light on both sides; Abkhaz fighters accidentally killed one of their comrades,<ref name="1killed"/> and two Georgian soldiers were also killed.<ref name="Abchasen"/> Russian soldier from [[Novosibirsk Oblast]] was killed in Kodori Gorge on 10 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ngs.ru/text/gorod/2008/08/21/39060/ |script-title=ru:В Кодорском ущелье погиб военнослужащий из НСО |publisher=Novosibirsk Onlain |date=21 August 2008 |language=ru}}</ref>
One Abkhaz soldier was mistakenly killed by his own men.<ref name="1killed"/> Two Georgian soldiers were also killed.<ref name="Abchasen"/>


Before the war, around 2,000 people lived in the Upper [[Kodori Valley]], that fled during the Georgian retreat. The Abkhaz authorities said that they advised the return of the refugees,<ref name="iwpr_limbo">{{cite news|url=http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=349387&apc_state=henicrs200901|title=Kodori Gorge Refugees in Limbo|author1=Irma Choladze|author2=Natia Kuprashvili|date=22 January 2009|publisher=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]}}</ref> but by late March 2009, only 130 people were reported to live in the Upper [[Kodori Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Georgia%20S%202009%20254.pdf|title=Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1808 (2008), 1839 (2008) and 1866 (2009)|date=18 May 2009|publisher=United Nations Security Council|pages=7}}</ref>
About 2,000 people living in the Kodori Gorge fled. The Abkhaz authorities said they were allowing the return of the refugees,<ref name="iwpr_limbo">{{cite news|url=http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=349387&apc_state=henicrs200901|title=Kodori Gorge Refugees in Limbo|author1=Irma Choladze|author2=Natia Kuprashvili|date=22 January 2009|publisher=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]|archiveurl=http://archive.is/uyQmC|archivedate=21 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> but by late March 2009, only 130 people resided in the Upper [[Kodori Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Georgia%20S%202009%20254.pdf|title=Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1808 (2008), 1839 (2008) and 1866 (2009)|date=18 May 2009|publisher=United Nations Security Council|pages=7}}</ref>


According to visitors to Azhara, military posts had been damaged and shops looted, but houses were almost unharmed.<ref name="iwpr_dream">{{cite news|url=http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=355017&apc_state=henpcrs|title=Kodori Refugees Only Dream of Returning|last=Kuprashvili|first=Natia|date=7 August 2009|work=Georgia War Anniversary|publisher=Institute for War and Peace Reporting|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904101641/http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=355017&apc_state=henpcrs|archive-date=September 4, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
According to visitors to the village of Azhara, military stations and shops had suffered, but residential houses were mostly untouched.<ref name="iwpr_dream">{{cite news|url=http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=355017&apc_state=henpcrs|title=Kodori Refugees Only Dream of Returning|last=Kuprashvili|first=Natia|date=7 August 2009|work=Georgia War Anniversary|publisher=Institute for War and Peace Reporting|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904101641/http://www.iwpr.net/?p=crs&s=f&o=355017&apc_state=henpcrs|archivedate=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Operations outside Abkhazia==
==Operations outside Abkhazia==
The Russian ultimatum, issued on 11 August 2008 by the commander of Russian peacekeeping forces in Abkhazia, Major General Sergei Chaban, called for Georgian troops to disarm in the [[Zugdidi]] district along the boundary with Abkhazia.<ref name="chaban">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/world/europe/11iht-12georgia.15170614.html|title=Moscow issues ultimatum as fighting in Georgia spreads|author1=Michael Schwirtz|author2=Anne Barnard|author3=Andrew E. Kramer|work=The New York Times|date=11 August 2008}}</ref> Russia stated, the ultimatum expired at 06:00 GMT. Sergei Chaban said, that the Russian troops were ready for an operation to disarm Georgian troops in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-georgia-abkhazia-ultimatum-idUSLB67959820080811|title=Russia demands Georgian troops near Abkhazia disarm|publisher=Reuters|date=11 August 2008|access-date=June 30, 2017|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134901/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/11/us-georgia-abkhazia-ultimatum-idUSLB67959820080811|url-status=live}}</ref>
Russia bombed the targets near the town of [[Zugdidi]] near the Abkhaz border by 10 August 2008.<ref name="unomig"/> Abkhaz military had begun deployment to the border with Georgia near Zugdidi by 10 August.<ref name="blitz"/> The Russian peacekeeping commander in Abkhazia Major General Sergei Chaban declared on early 10 August that Georgian military present in the [[Zugdidi Municipality|Zugdidi district]] must lay down arms.<ref name="capture"/> Chaban stated that the deadline was set at 06:00 GMT on 11 August and the Russian military would demilitarize the Georgian forces near Abkhazia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/11/us-georgia-abkhazia-ultimatum-idUSLB67959820080811|title=Russia demands Georgian troops near Abkhazia disarm|publisher=Reuters|date=11 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215134756/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/11/us-georgia-abkhazia-ultimatum-idUSLB67959820080811 |archivedate=15 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Journalist of ''[[The New York Times]]'' witnessed military vehicle belonging to the Russian peacekeepers in Senaki on 10 August.<ref name="chaban">{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/world/europe/11iht-12georgia.15170614.html|title=Moscow issues ultimatum as fighting in Georgia spreads|author1=Michael Schwirtz|author2=Anne Barnard|author3=Andrew E. Kramer|publisher=The New York Times|date=11 August 2008}}</ref>

Russian forces advanced into western Georgia from Abkhazia on 11 August.<ref name="capture"/><ref name="Several_fronts">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/georgia/2541051/Georgia-Russia-fighting-on-several-fronts-as-Georgian-troops-withdraw-to-defend-Tbilisi.html |title=Georgia: Russia fighting on several fronts as Georgian troops withdraw to defend Tbilisi |author1=Damien McElroy |author2=Adrian Blomfield |author3=Jon Swaine |work=The Telegraph |date=11 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/PKMm |archivedate=13 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> This marked the opening of another front. Russian troops captured the police buildings in [[Zugdidi]] in spite of earlier Russian official claims of not intending to expand assault to Georgia proper.<ref name="new_front_deeper">{{cite news |author1=Christopher Torchia |author2=David Nowak |publisher=Associated Press |title=Russia opens new front, drives deeper into Georgia |url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hV2N6fVKS5slf10A13Dj_uIdaZ4QD92GE8780 |date=11 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080814211308/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hV2N6fVKS5slf10A13Dj_uIdaZ4QD92GE8780 |archivedate=14 August 2008}}</ref> Russian forces arrived in the town of [[Senaki]] that day and took a military base there. They reportedly told the local population they would "annihilate" any Georgian soldier.<ref name="capture">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/12/world/europe/12georgia.html|publisher=The New York Times|first1=Michael|last1=Schwirtz|first2=Anne|last2=Barnard|first3=Andrew E.|last3=Kramer|title=Russian Forces Capture Military Base in Georgia|date=11 August 2008}}</ref> Georgian Deputy Defense Minister Batu Kutelia said that about 30 armored vehicles and more than 20 truckloads of Russian troops took part in the occupation of the Senaki base.<ref name="ground offensive launched">{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601100&sid=a8touS1gAIBg|title=Russian Troops Launch Ground Offensive in Georgia (Update3)|author1=Henry Meyer|author2=Torrey Clark|publisher=Bloomberg|date=11 August 2008|archiveurl=http://archive.is/E2g2|archivedate=21 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Russian Defense Ministry said that in Senaki, Russia was conducting "an operation aimed at preventing Georgian forces from regrouping to carry new attacks on South Ossetia." Senaki has a key location on the Georgian [[S1 highway (Georgia)|main highway]] connecting the west of the country with the eastern part and its takeover would isolate the [[Black Sea]] port of [[Poti]]. There was a possibility of Russian attack on a radar station in Senaki.<ref name="Several_fronts"/> Shota Utiashvili, Georgian Interior Ministry official, said that Russian peacekeepers and Abkhaz separatists appeared in the Khurcha village of Zugdidi District, but Abkhaz separatists denied this.<ref name="senaki">{{cite web|url=http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=86574|title=Russian troops capture Georgia’s Senaki City and enters Zugdidi Town - UPDATED|publisher=APA|date=11 August 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711210302/http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=86574|archivedate=11 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Witnesses reported that Abkhaz separatists had occupied the village near Zugdidi.<ref name="new_front_deeper"/> [[United Nations|UN]] officials B. Lynn Pascoe and Edmond Mulet said in a UN security meeting that the base in Senaki was taken without any fight.<ref name="new_front_deeper"/>

⚫
Aide to the commander of Russian forces, Alexander Novitsky, said that during a [[reconnaissance]] mission, the [[Russian Air Force]] destroyed two Georgian helicopters at the [[Senaki]] airbase. The helicopters were purportedly identified as a MI-8 and a MI-24, belonging to the Georgian Air Force.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rian.ru/osetia/20080811/150287090.html|script-title=ru:Российские военные уничтожили два грузинских вертолета - миротворцы|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=11 August 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812183653/http://rian.ru/osetia/20080811/150287090.html|archivedate=12 August 2008 |url-status=live|language=ru}}</ref> According to the Russian Defense Ministry official, Russian military left the Senaki military base by late 11 August after "eliminating the danger of shelling of Abkhazian territory and peacekeepers' positions." The presence of Russian troops in the port of Poti was not confirmed by the same official.<ref name="France"/>

On early 12 August 2008, Russian president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] announced he would cease Russian military campaign. In an hour after this announcement, Poti was apparently bombed. Russian forces marched in [[Poti]] and took up positions around it. A bridge on the Poti-[[Batumi]] road was patrolled by Russian paratroopers and armored vehicles.<ref name="Russia_NYTimes">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/world/europe/13georgia.html|title=Russia, in Accord With Georgians, Sets Withdrawal|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 August 2008|first1=Andrew E.|last1=Kramer|first2=Ellen|last2=Barry}}</ref> A reported for Associated Press witnessed normal life in Zugdidi in spite of the Russian military presence.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3581244,00.html |title=Sarkozy welcomes Russian halt in military action |publisher=ynetnews |date=12 August 2008}}</ref>


On 14 August 2008, Georgian ambassador to the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] said there was marauding in Poti and Senaki. Russian forces were obliterating Georgian armaments in Senaki. Some of the troops occupying Zugdidi were witnessed to be wearing blue peacekeeper helmets while others had green camouflage helmets. Georgian coast guard reported that Russian military reappeared in Poti to target guard's equipment, including radar. An [[Associated Press]] Television News team witnessed Russian forces looking for Georgian military hardware near Poti. Regarding Poti, Nogovitsyn only said that Russian troops were acting within their "area of responsibility."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/08/14/russia-says-georgia-can-forget-regaining-provinces-as-troops-cripple-georgian/ |title=Russia Says Georgia Can 'Forget' Regaining Provinces, as Troops Cripple Georgian Military |author=Associated Press |publisher=Fox News |date=14 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000116/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/08/14/russia-says-georgia-can-forget-regaining-provinces-as-troops-cripple-georgian/ |archivedate=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
On 11 August 2008, Russian paratroopers, deployed in Abkhazia, occupied the city of [[Zugdidi]] and carried out raids against military bases deep in western Georgia.<ref name="defensebrief">{{cite journal |last=Barabanov |first=Mikhail |title=The August War between Russia and Georgia |journal=Moscow Defense Brief |publisher=Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies |volume=3 |issue=13 |url=http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2008/item3/article1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416225801/http://www.mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2008/item3/article1/ |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref> That day, Russian forces, meeting virtually no resistance, entered the town of [[Senaki]] and seized the military base.<ref name="capture">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/12/world/europe/12georgia.html|work=The New York Times|first1=Michael|last1=Schwirtz|first2=Anne|last2=Barnard|first3=Andrew E.|last3=Kramer|title=Russian Forces Capture Military Base in Georgia|date=11 August 2008}}</ref> Georgian Deputy Defense Minister Batu Kutelia said, that about 30 armored personnel carriers and more than 20 trucks with Russian soldiers entered Senaki and took control of the military base.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a8touS1gAIBg|title=Russian Troops Launch Ground Offensive in Georgia (Update3)|publisher=Bloomberg|date=11 August 2008}}</ref>
Russian Defense Ministry announced that "operations" were carried out in Senaki. "Operations aimed to prevent new attack of Georgian artillery against peacekeepers of Russia and South Ossetia," the report said. The source insisted that they aimed to prevent mobilization of reservists.<ref name="senaki">{{cite web|url=http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=86574|title=Russian troops capture Georgia's Senaki City and enters Zugdidi Town - UPDATED|date=11 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711210302/http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=86574|archive-date=July 11, 2009 }}</ref> Shota Utiashvili, spokesman for Interior Ministry of Georgia said, that Russian peacekeepers and Abkhaz separatists had entered Khurcha village of Zugdidi District. Abkhaz separatists declined the information.<ref name="senaki"/>


On 16 August 2008, the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that the boundary with Abkhazia was unilaterally changed to run along the [[Inguri River]] by the Russian military and the Abkhaz separatists. 13 Georgian villages in the buffer zone (situated between the [[Gali District, Abkhazia|Gali district]] and the Zugdidi district) and the [[Enguri Dam|Inguri hydroelectric power station]] were now controlled by Abkhazia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5595654 |title=Georgia Says Abkhazia Separatists Seize Villages |author=The Associated Press |publisher=[[ABC News]] |date=16 August 2008 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080817065338/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5595654 |archivedate=17 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
⚫
An aide to the commander of Russian forces, Alexander Novitsky, said, that during a [[reconnaissance]] mission, the [[Russian Air Force]] destroyed two Georgian helicopters at the [[Senaki]] airbase. The helicopters were purportedly identified as a MI-8 and a MI-24, belonging to the Georgian Air Force.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rian.ru/osetia/20080811/150287090.html|script-title=ru:Российские военные уничтожили два грузинских вертолета - миротворцы|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=11 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812183653/http://rian.ru/osetia/20080811/150287090.html|archive-date=August 12, 2008 |url-status=live|language=ru}}</ref> Russians destroyed the base in Senaki,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7554507.stm|title=Russian troops advance in Georgia|date=12 August 2008|work=BBC News}}</ref> and seized rich trophies.<ref name="defensebrief"/>


On 12 August 2008, Russian troops also drove through the port of [[Poti]] and took up positions around it.<ref name="Russia_NYTimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/world/europe/13georgia.html|title=Russia, in Accord With Georgians, Sets Withdrawal|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 August 2008|first1=Andrew E.|last1=Kramer|first2=Ellen|last2=Barry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109164834/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/world/europe/13georgia.html?_r=4&|archive-date=November 9, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 19 August 2008, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported that Russian troops were occupying an estate in Zugdidi reportedly belonging to the president of Georgia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/19/world/fg-western19 |title=There are few signs of damage by Russia in western Georgia |author=Borzou Daragahi |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=19 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005183302/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/19/world/fg-western19 |archivedate=5 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>


On 16 August 2008, the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said, that the Russian army units and the separatists moved the border of [[Abkhazia]] in direction to the [[Inguri River]]. The troops occupied 13 villages in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], set up temporary administration there and put the [[Inguri River]] hydropower plant under Abkhaz control.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5595654|title=Georgia Says Abkhazia Separatists Seize Villages|work=[[ABC News]]|date=16 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912125943/http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5595654|archive-date=September 12, 2008}}</ref>
On 25 August 2008, Deputy Chief of [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]] [[Anatoliy Nogovitsyn]] claimed that Senaki was in the area of responsibility of the Georgian peacekeepers, but the Georgians abandoned the town and the Russian forces were obliged to enter Senaki.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ng.ru/politics/2008-08-26/2_mirotvortsy.html |script-title=ru:Миротворцы не подвинутся ни на метр |publisher=Nezavisimaya Gazeta |date=26 August 2008 |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828024126/http://www.ng.ru/politics/2008-08-26/2_mirotvortsy.html |archivedate=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 13:05, 6 March 2024

Battle of the Kodori Valley
Part of the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict
and the Russo-Georgian War

Map of Abkhazia, showing the
location of the Upper Kodori Valley.
Date9–12 August 2008
(3 days)
Location
Abkhazia, Western Georgia
Result

Abkhaz-Russian victory

Belligerents
Abkhazia Abkhazia
Russia Russia		 Georgia (country) Georgia
Commanders and leaders
Abkhazia Sergei Bagapsh
Abkhazia Mirab Kishmaria
Abkhazia Anatoly Zaitsev
Russia Vladimir Shamanov		 Georgia (country) Mikheil Saakashvili
Georgia (country) Davit Kezerashvili
Strength
Abkhazia 1,000 soldiers[1]
Russia Five battalions on the Abkhazian front in total, one tactical group blocked the Kodori Valley[2]		 Georgia (country) 2,500 soldiers on the Abkhazian front in total[3]
Casualties and losses
Abkhazia 1 killed[4] Georgia (country) 2 killed[5]

The Battle of the Kodori Valley was a military operation during the Russo-Georgian War in the Upper Kodori Valley of Abkhazia, a breakaway region of Georgia. It was the only part of Abkhazia under Georgian control before this military conflict. On 9 August 2008, the Abkhaz military, with support by Russian forces, launched an operation to remove the remaining Georgian troops from the disputed gorge. After three days, the Georgian military left the Upper Kodori Valley.

Abkhaz and Russian army mobilization

On 8 August 2008, Ella Polyakova, chairman of Soldiers' Mothers of Petersburg NGO, reported that she had spoken with deputy commander of the Leningrad Military District Ruslan Nekhai who was in Kodori Gorge for "collecting the plants".[6]

The CIS peacekeepers deterred initial Abkhaz attempts to deploy military to the border area with Georgia.[7] Russian ships were deployed to the Black Sea coast of Georgia with the aim of enforcing blockade.[8] According to the Russian Navy, the Russian Black Sea Fleet ships reached Georgia on 10 August 2008. An official in the headquarters of the Russian Navy claimed that "the purpose of the Black Sea Fleet vessels' presence in this region is to provide aid to refugees." Earlier, an Abkhaz spokesman said that after the Georgian naval advance towards the Abkhaz coastline, Russia was requested to deploy its fleet in the Abkhaz waters.[9]

On 10 August 2008, the Georgian authorities said that 6,000 Russian soldiers from North Ossetia had entered South Ossetia. The Georgian government also said that additional 4,000 Russian soldiers arrived in Abkhazia.[8] Alexander Novitsky, an aide to the commander of Russian peacekeepers in Abkhazia, said on 11 August 2008, that Russian military presence in Abkhazia had been increased, totaling now more than 9,000 paratroopers and 350 armoured vehicles. Journalists had witnessed Russian military deployment to Abkhazia during the previous two nights.[10] Before the deployment of 9,000 Russian troops, there were 3,000 Russian peacekeepers already present in Abkhazia.[11]

Fighting

On the morning of 9 August 2008, the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) was asked by the Abkhaz authorities to remove its monitors from the Upper Kodori Valley and all UNOMIG personnel left the valley. Abkhaz president Sergei Bagapsh ordered to expel the Georgian military from the Upper Kodori Valley.[7]

Abkhaz forces opened a second front by attacking the Kodori Gorge, held by Georgia.[12] Abkhaz artillery and aircraft began a bombardment against Georgian troops in the upper Kodori Gorge on 9 August. The upper Kodori Gorge was the only part of Abkhazia controlled by Georgia before this war.[13][14][15] Foreign minister of Abkhazia Sergei Shamba told the Itar-Tass agency that an Abkhaz military operation to expel Georgian military from the Kodori gorge had started. Sergei Bagapsh told Interfax news agency that Abkhaz "aviation is currently conducting an operation".[16] Shamba said that a treaty with South Ossetia obliged Abkhazia to move and "Georgian forces in the Kodori Gorge posed a real threat."[13] Shamba also said, "Today was only the initial part of the operation by heavy artillery supported by aviation." Georgia did not confirm full-scale Abkhaz attack on the gorge.[12] On the late evening, the Georgian media reported that Abkhaz and Russian troops had lost 16 people in the assault repelled by Georgian forces near the edge of Upper Abkhazia.[17] Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili said that assaults against the Georgian-controlled Kodori gorge were repelled.[13][18]

Abkhaz bombardment of Georgian positions continued on 10 August. Bagapsh claimed that Abkhazia was conducting operation against the Kodori gorge "independently" and gave the Georgian authorities a time to surrender the gorge.[19] The separatist president of Abkhazia said that "around 1,000 special Abkhaz troops" were using "warplanes, multiple rocket launchers and artillery" in operations against Georgian forces, adding that "The operation will enter the next phase as planned." Bagapsh said that a "humanitarian corridor" would be provided for the civilians of the Kodori gorge.[1] He also said that Russia had been asked to defend the sea border of Abkhazia. Bagapsh would start talks with Georgia only after Abkhaz victory.[7] By the evening, Bagapsh said in a statement that his decision to start a military operation against the Upper Kodori Valley was approved by the parliament.[20] Abkhaz authorities announced that 2 Abkhaz servicemen were wounded in the Kodori gorge around 15:15.[21]

UNOMIG reported Russian military deployments to Abkhazia on the morning of 10 August and that Abkhaz military was positioned along the boundary with Georgia by 10 August.[7] 40 Russian planes landed in Sukhumi and delivered military cargo.[4][7] UNOMIG had reports by late 10 August that most Georgian residents had already abandoned the gorge and there were no Georgian military deployments into or near Abkhazia.[7] Deputy chief of the General Staff of Russia, Anatoliy Nogovitsyn, said that Russia would not "initiate an escalation of the conflict" in Abkhazia.[19] Georgian authorities said that Russian warplanes bombed the Kodori gorge, including the seat of pro-Georgian government of Abkhazia. Ban Ki-Moon, UN secretary general, expressed his concern about the situation.[1] Russian paratroopers supported the Abkhaz troops. On 11 August 2008, Mirab Kishmaria, Abkhaz defense minister, threatened to destroy all Georgian forces in Abkhazia if they did not use the humanitarian corridor.[3][22] Later, Garri Kupalba, Abkhaz Deputy Minister of Defense, said that there still were 2,500 Georgian soldiers in the Kodori gorge, but 1,000 civilians had used the corridor.[3]

On 12 August 2008, a military offensive against the Kodori Gorge was officially initiated by Abkhaz separatists.[23][24] Sergei Shamba said that artillery assault of the Georgian positions had started on 11 August to prepare for the offensive.[25] Shamba said, "The operation to liberate Kodori gorge has started." According to Abkhaz claims, there was no Russian participation in the military action against the Kodori gorge.[26][27] Bagapsh said in the morning that the Abkhaz operation "develops successfully. Everything is up to the plan." He estimated that Abkhazia needed several days to retake the gorge.[28] Abkhaz operation achieved its goal of taking control of the Valley and the Abkhaz flag was flown over the former Georgian administrative building by noon.[4] Abkhaz defence officer said that Georgian forces were expelled from the Kodori Gorge. Major General Anatoly Zaitsev said, "The armed forces of Abkhazia have reached the Georgian border in the Kodori Gorge." Although he claimed that the Russians did not participate in the battle, Russian military traffic headed for the gorge was witnessed by an Associated Press reporter. Georgian president Saakashvili accused Abkhaz of ethnic cleansing.[29][30] That day, Georgia's Deputy Interior Minister, Eka Zguladze, confirmed the Georgian withdrawal, saying that Georgia withdrew its troops from the Kodori gorge as a "goodwill gesture" and this announcement came at the same time as French president Nicholas Sarkozy was delivering the ceasefire agreement approved by Saakashvili to Moscow.[11]

Although Russian General said on 12 August that Abkhaz military themselves expelled the Georgian troops from Abkhazia, Georgian minister for reintegration Temur Iakobashvili said on 13 August that Russian military had attacked the Georgian forces in the gorge.[31] On 13 August 2008, Abkhaz president Sergei Bagapsh arrived in the Kodori gorge by helicopter on the morning. He declared that the Abkhaz authorities had retaken the only Abkhaz territory controlled by Georgia. Only civilians discovered by the evening were two old women and four monks, since civilians and Georgian forces had fled. Abkhaz military said that a "mountain of weapons" was found. Flocks of bovines left without supervision had also been found.[4]

On 14 August 2008, Matthew Bryza, Deputy United States Assistant Secretary of State, said that Russian peacekeeping forces headed by Sergey Chaban participated in the attack on Kodori.[32] Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper reported in October 2008 that the Georgian forces in Kodori were expecting the attack of the Russian paratroopers from Abkhazia in August 2008, but they found out that the Russian forces were already behind their lines and became demoralized.[33]

Casualties and war damages

Casualties were light on both sides; Abkhaz fighters accidentally killed one of their comrades,[4] and two Georgian soldiers were also killed.[5] Russian soldier from Novosibirsk Oblast was killed in Kodori Gorge on 10 August 2008.[34]

About 2,000 people living in the Kodori Gorge fled. The Abkhaz authorities said they were allowing the return of the refugees,[35] but by late March 2009, only 130 people resided in the Upper Kodori Valley.[36]

According to visitors to the village of Azhara, military stations and shops had suffered, but residential houses were mostly untouched.[37]

Operations outside Abkhazia

Russia bombed the targets near the town of Zugdidi near the Abkhaz border by 10 August 2008.[7] Abkhaz military had begun deployment to the border with Georgia near Zugdidi by 10 August.[8] The Russian peacekeeping commander in Abkhazia Major General Sergei Chaban declared on early 10 August that Georgian military present in the Zugdidi district must lay down arms.[3] Chaban stated that the deadline was set at 06:00 GMT on 11 August and the Russian military would demilitarize the Georgian forces near Abkhazia.[38] Journalist of The New York Times witnessed military vehicle belonging to the Russian peacekeepers in Senaki on 10 August.[22]

Russian forces advanced into western Georgia from Abkhazia on 11 August.[3][39] This marked the opening of another front. Russian troops captured the police buildings in Zugdidi in spite of earlier Russian official claims of not intending to expand assault to Georgia proper.[40] Russian forces arrived in the town of Senaki that day and took a military base there. They reportedly told the local population they would "annihilate" any Georgian soldier.[3] Georgian Deputy Defense Minister Batu Kutelia said that about 30 armored vehicles and more than 20 truckloads of Russian troops took part in the occupation of the Senaki base.[41] Russian Defense Ministry said that in Senaki, Russia was conducting "an operation aimed at preventing Georgian forces from regrouping to carry new attacks on South Ossetia." Senaki has a key location on the Georgian main highway connecting the west of the country with the eastern part and its takeover would isolate the Black Sea port of Poti. There was a possibility of Russian attack on a radar station in Senaki.[39] Shota Utiashvili, Georgian Interior Ministry official, said that Russian peacekeepers and Abkhaz separatists appeared in the Khurcha village of Zugdidi District, but Abkhaz separatists denied this.[42] Witnesses reported that Abkhaz separatists had occupied the village near Zugdidi.[40] UN officials B. Lynn Pascoe and Edmond Mulet said in a UN security meeting that the base in Senaki was taken without any fight.[40]

Aide to the commander of Russian forces, Alexander Novitsky, said that during a reconnaissance mission, the Russian Air Force destroyed two Georgian helicopters at the Senaki airbase. The helicopters were purportedly identified as a MI-8 and a MI-24, belonging to the Georgian Air Force.[43] According to the Russian Defense Ministry official, Russian military left the Senaki military base by late 11 August after "eliminating the danger of shelling of Abkhazian territory and peacekeepers' positions." The presence of Russian troops in the port of Poti was not confirmed by the same official.[11]

On early 12 August 2008, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev announced he would cease Russian military campaign. In an hour after this announcement, Poti was apparently bombed. Russian forces marched in Poti and took up positions around it. A bridge on the Poti-Batumi road was patrolled by Russian paratroopers and armored vehicles.[44] A reported for Associated Press witnessed normal life in Zugdidi in spite of the Russian military presence.[45]

On 14 August 2008, Georgian ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe said there was marauding in Poti and Senaki. Russian forces were obliterating Georgian armaments in Senaki. Some of the troops occupying Zugdidi were witnessed to be wearing blue peacekeeper helmets while others had green camouflage helmets. Georgian coast guard reported that Russian military reappeared in Poti to target guard's equipment, including radar. An Associated Press Television News team witnessed Russian forces looking for Georgian military hardware near Poti. Regarding Poti, Nogovitsyn only said that Russian troops were acting within their "area of responsibility."[46]

On 16 August 2008, the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that the boundary with Abkhazia was unilaterally changed to run along the Inguri River by the Russian military and the Abkhaz separatists. 13 Georgian villages in the buffer zone (situated between the Gali district and the Zugdidi district) and the Inguri hydroelectric power station were now controlled by Abkhazia.[47]

On 19 August 2008, Los Angeles Times reported that Russian troops were occupying an estate in Zugdidi reportedly belonging to the president of Georgia.[48]

On 25 August 2008, Deputy Chief of General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Anatoliy Nogovitsyn claimed that Senaki was in the area of responsibility of the Georgian peacekeepers, but the Georgians abandoned the town and the Russian forces were obliged to enter Senaki.[49]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Luke Harding (August 11, 2008). "Abkhazia: Moscow sends troops into second enclave". The Guardian.
  2. ^ Rashchepkin, Konstantin (August 8, 2009). "На Абхазском направлении" (in Russian). Red Star.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Schwirtz, Michael; Barnard, Anne; Kramer, Andrew E. (August 11, 2008). "Russian Forces Capture Military Base in Georgia". The New York Times.
  4. ^ a b c d e Inal Khashig (August 14, 2008). "Abkhaz Open "Second Front"". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008.
  5. ^ a b "Abchasen räumen Minen und suchen versprengte georgische Truppen im Kodori-Tal" (in German). RIA Novosti. August 14, 2008. Archived from the original on August 18, 2008.
  6. ^ Что делает замглавы ЛенВО на Кавказе? (in Russian). Fontanka. August 8, 2008.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Senior UN Official Briefs Security Council on Abkhaz Military Build-Up". Civil.Ge. August 10, 2008.
  8. ^ a b c Bill Meyer (August 10, 2008). "Russia expands Georgia blitz, deploys ships". cleveland.com.
  9. ^ "Russian Navy ships approach Georgia's sea border". RIA Novosti. August 10, 2008. Archived from the original on August 12, 2008.
  10. ^ "Russia boosts forces in Abkhazia to 9,000-Ifax". Reuters. August 11, 2008. Archived from the original on August 11, 2008.
  11. ^ a b c Helena Bedwell (August 12, 2008). "Georgia Pulls Out of Abkhazia as France Seeks Russia Cease-Fire". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on June 13, 2014.
  12. ^ a b Ilya Kachayev (August 9, 2008). "Abkhaz separatists strike disputed Georgia gorge". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
  13. ^ a b c "Abkhazia moves to flush out Georgian troops". Associated Press. August 9, 2008. Archived from the original on August 12, 2008.
  14. ^ Musa Sadulayev (August 9, 2008). "Russian troops raid Georgian town; scores dead". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 13, 2008.
  15. ^ "Abkhazian Forces Push out Georgian Troops". Novinite.com. August 9, 2008.
  16. ^ "Abkhazia launches operation to force Georgian troops out". Xinhua. August 9, 2008. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008.
  17. ^ На подступах к Верхней Абхазии отражена атака сил сепаратистов и российского десанта - СМИ (in Russian). NewsGeorgia. August 9, 2008. Archived from the original on August 12, 2008.
  18. ^ "President: Georgia defeats Abkhazia's attacks on Kodori gorge". Xinhua. August 9, 2008. Archived from the original on August 12, 2008.
  19. ^ a b Lyubov Pronina; Greg Walters (August 10, 2008). "Georgia Pulls Out of Ossetia as Second Front Opens (Update1)". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012.
  20. ^ Обращение Президента Республики Абхазии к согражданам (in Russian). The President of the Republic of Abkhazia. August 10, 2008. Archived from the original on August 17, 2008.
  21. ^ Двое абхазских военнослужащих ранены в результате нападения грузинской диверсионной группы (in Russian). Interfax. August 10, 2008.
  22. ^ a b Michael Schwirtz; Anne Barnard; Andrew E. Kramer (August 11, 2008). "Moscow issues ultimatum as fighting in Georgia spreads". The New York Times.
  23. ^ "Day-by-day: Georgia-Russia crisis". BBC News. August 21, 2008.
  24. ^ "Russia ups pressure on Georgia, diplomats push for ceasefire". Earth Times. August 12, 2008. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011.
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  26. ^ "Russia halts operations in Georgia as Sarkozy meets Medvedev". Hurriyet. August 12, 2008.
  27. ^ "French mediators hope to stop Caucasus war". Reuters. August 12, 2008. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015.
  28. ^ "The Battle for Upper Kodori". Kommersant. August 12, 2008. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008.
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  30. ^ Associated Press (August 12, 2008). "Georgia's Kodori Gorge Virtually Cut Off". Fox News. Archived from the original on August 15, 2008.
  31. ^ "Georgian troops leave Abkhazia, Russians in Gori". Associated Press. August 13, 2008. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008.
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  34. ^ В Кодорском ущелье погиб военнослужащий из НСО (in Russian). Novosibirsk Onlain. August 21, 2008.
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  36. ^ "Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1808 (2008), 1839 (2008) and 1866 (2009)" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. May 18, 2009. p. 7.
  37. ^ Kuprashvili, Natia (August 7, 2009). "Kodori Refugees Only Dream of Returning". Georgia War Anniversary. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Archived from the original on September 4, 2009.
  38. ^ "Russia demands Georgian troops near Abkhazia disarm". Reuters. August 11, 2008. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013.
  39. ^ a b Damien McElroy; Adrian Blomfield; Jon Swaine (August 11, 2008). "Georgia: Russia fighting on several fronts as Georgian troops withdraw to defend Tbilisi". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012.
  40. ^ a b c Christopher Torchia; David Nowak (August 11, 2008). "Russia opens new front, drives deeper into Georgia". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008.
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  42. ^ "Russian troops capture Georgia's Senaki City and enters Zugdidi Town - UPDATED". APA. August 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 11, 2009.
  43. ^ Российские военные уничтожили два грузинских вертолета - миротворцы (in Russian). RIA Novosti. August 11, 2008. Archived from the original on August 12, 2008.
  44. ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Barry, Ellen (August 12, 2008). "Russia, in Accord With Georgians, Sets Withdrawal". The New York Times.
  45. ^ "Sarkozy welcomes Russian halt in military action". ynetnews. August 12, 2008.
  46. ^ Associated Press (August 14, 2008). "Russia Says Georgia Can 'Forget' Regaining Provinces, as Troops Cripple Georgian Military". Fox News. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014.
  47. ^ The Associated Press (August 16, 2008). "Georgia Says Abkhazia Separatists Seize Villages". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 17, 2008.
  48. ^ Borzou Daragahi (August 19, 2008). "There are few signs of damage by Russia in western Georgia". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 5, 2015.
  49. ^ Миротворцы не подвинутся ни на метр (in Russian). Nezavisimaya Gazeta. August 26, 2008. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008.
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