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==== Modern examples ==== |
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*1960s - ''[[Lolita (1962 film)|Lolita]]'' (1962)<ref>{{Citation|title=Lolita (1962) - Stanley Kubrick {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/lolita-v29846|language=en|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> |
*1960s - ''[[Lolita (1962 film)|Lolita]]'' (1962),<ref>{{Citation|title=Lolita (1962) - Stanley Kubrick {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/lolita-v29846|language=en|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> ''[[The Swimmer (1968 film)|The Swimmer]]'' (1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Swimmer: A prophetic modernist fable set in a fading Eden |url=https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/1292-the-swimmer-a-prophetic-modernist-fable-set-in-a-fading-eden/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Library of America |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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*1970s - ''[[Aguirre, the Wrath of God]]'' (1972),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/aguirre-the-wrath-of-god-vm1053470 | title=Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) - Werner Herzog | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie }}</ref> ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' (1975),<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) - Milos Forman {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest-v36363|language=en|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref> ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976),<ref>{{Citation|title=Taxi Driver (1976) - Martin Scorsese {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/taxi-driver-v48731|language=en|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> ''[[Equus (film)|Equus]]'' (1977)<ref>{{Citation|title=Equus (1977) - Sidney Lumet {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/equus-v15943|language=en|access-date=2021-08-29}}</ref> |
*1970s - ''[[Aguirre, the Wrath of God]]'' (1972),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/aguirre-the-wrath-of-god-vm1053470 | title=Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) - Werner Herzog | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie }}</ref> ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' (1975),<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) - Milos Forman {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/one-flew-over-the-cuckoos-nest-v36363|language=en|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref> ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976),<ref>{{Citation|title=Taxi Driver (1976) - Martin Scorsese {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/taxi-driver-v48731|language=en|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> ''[[Equus (film)|Equus]]'' (1977)<ref>{{Citation|title=Equus (1977) - Sidney Lumet {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/equus-v15943|language=en|access-date=2021-08-29}}</ref> |
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*1980s - ''[[Ordinary People]]'',<ref>{{Citation|title=Ordinary People (1980) - Robert Redford, R. Redman {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ordinary-people-v36600|language=en|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> ''[[The Ninth Configuration]]'' (both 1980),<ref>{{cite book|last=Reyes|first=Xavier Aldana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvrDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213|title=Gothic Cinema|date=December 12, 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1315395364}}</ref> ''[[Pink Floyd – The Wall|Pink Floyd - The Wall]]'',<ref>{{Citation|title=Pink Floyd: The Wall (1982) - Alan Parker {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/pink-floyd-the-wall-v38166|language=en|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Pink Floyd The Wall|url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/00C2D3EDFB|language=en|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref> ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]'' (both 1982),<ref name="Reilly">{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Kaitlin|title=The Best Psychological Dramas For When You Need A True Mind Melt|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/08/238540/best-psychological-drama-films|access-date=2022-01-12|website=www.refinery29.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Sophie's Choice (1982) - Alan J. Pakula {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/sophies-choice-v45699|language=en|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)|Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' (1984)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v91 | title=1984 (1984) - Michael Radford | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie }}</ref> |
*1980s - ''[[Ordinary People]]'',<ref>{{Citation|title=Ordinary People (1980) - Robert Redford, R. Redman {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ordinary-people-v36600|language=en|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref> ''[[The Ninth Configuration]]'' (both 1980),<ref>{{cite book|last=Reyes|first=Xavier Aldana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvrDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213|title=Gothic Cinema|date=December 12, 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1315395364}}</ref> ''[[Pink Floyd – The Wall|Pink Floyd - The Wall]]'',<ref>{{Citation|title=Pink Floyd: The Wall (1982) - Alan Parker {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/pink-floyd-the-wall-v38166|language=en|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Pink Floyd The Wall|url=http://www.flickchart.com/movie/00C2D3EDFB|language=en|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref> ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]'' (both 1982),<ref name="Reilly">{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Kaitlin|title=The Best Psychological Dramas For When You Need A True Mind Melt|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/08/238540/best-psychological-drama-films|access-date=2022-01-12|website=www.refinery29.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Sophie's Choice (1982) - Alan J. Pakula {{!}} Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related {{!}} AllMovie|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/sophies-choice-v45699|language=en|access-date=2022-01-12}}</ref> ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984 film)|Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' (1984)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v91 | title=1984 (1984) - Michael Radford | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie }}</ref> |
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Revision as of 10:38, 7 March 2024
Psychological drama, or psychodrama,[1] is a sub-genre of drama that places emphasis on psychological elements.[2] It often overlaps with other genres such as crime, fantasy, black comedy, and science fiction, and it is closely related with the psychological horror and psychological thriller genres. Psychological dramas use these genres' tropes to focus on the human condition and psychological effects, usually in a mature and serious tone.
Psychological dramas explore thematic elements such as abandonment, coming-of-age problems, denialism, disability, distorted sequences, dysfunctional relationships, human sexuality, mental disorders, mood swings, odd behaviors, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological abuse, psychedelic art, social issues, and other serious discussions that highlighted the characters' portrayal.
Discussion
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Notable examples
Film
Early examples
Psychological drama is possibly known one of the fewest and oldest of film subgenres in the early-20th century, with the earliest examples are The Whispering Chorus (1918)[3][4] and Greed (1924).[5][6] Other early examples of popular psychological drama films in the early-to-mid 20th century include:
- La vuelta al nido (1938)[7]
- The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)[8]
- Death of a Salesman (1951)[9]
- Johnny Belinda (1948)[10]
- A Place in the Sun (1951)[11]
- The Snake Pit (1948)[12]
- A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)[13]
- Drunken Angel (1948)[14]
Modern examples
- 1960s - Lolita (1962),[15] The Swimmer (1968)[16]
- 1970s - Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972),[17] One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975),[18] Taxi Driver (1976),[19] Equus (1977)[20]
- 1980s - Ordinary People,[21] The Ninth Configuration (both 1980),[22] Pink Floyd - The Wall,[23][24] Sophie's Choice (both 1982),[25][26] Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984)[27]
- 1990s - Schindler's List (1993),[28] Heavenly Creatures (1994),[29][30] Shine (1996),[31] Good Will Hunting (1997),[32] The Truman Show (1998),[33] Eyes Wide Shut,[34][35] Fight Club (both 1999)[36]
- 2000s - Requiem for a Dream (2000), The Hours (2002),[37] Elephant,[25][38] Harvie Krumpet (both 2003),[39][40] Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004), Little Children (2006),[25][41] Funny People,[42] Mary and Max (both 2009)[43][44]
- 2010s - Shame,[45] Sucker Punch (both 2011),[46] It's Such a Beautiful Day, Aparisyon, Jagten (all three in 2012),[47][48] Whiplash,[49][25] When Marnie Was There[50] (both 2014), Inside Out (2015), All I See Is You (2016)[51]
- 2020s - The Father,[52] Soul (both 2020), The Power of the Dog (2021),[53][54][55] The Boy and the Heron (2023)[56]
Known filmmakers
- Paul Thomas Anderson - An American filmmaker known for his depictions of flawed characters and exploration of subjects and themes such as dysfunctional families, alienation, loneliness and redemption. Known psychological dramas of his include Magnolia (1999), There Will Be Blood (2007),[57] and The Master (2012).[58]
- Hideaki Anno - A Japanese filmmaker whose best known work, Neon Genesis Evangelion, delves into heavy psychological themes in its latter half.[59]
- Darren Aronofsky - An American filmmaker, well known for directing some of the most notoriously visceral psychological dramas in the 21st century, such as the cult classic film, Requiem for a Dream (2000),[60] and others that subjects of actor's career resurgence and deal with melodramatic themes and surrealism in films such as The Wrestler (2008), Black Swan (2010), Mother! (2017), and The Whale (2022).[61][62]
- Ingmar Bergman - A Swedish filmmaker, regarded by many as one of the greatest directors in European cinema, who applied his creative and avant-garde vision[63] to psychological drama films such as Persona (1966).[64]
- Bernardo Bertolucci - An Italian filmmaker, who is known for exploring "sexual relations among characters stuck in a psychological crisis" such as in his erotic film Last Tango in Paris (1972).[65]
- Sofia Coppola - An American filmmaker, daughter of Francis Ford Coppola, known for psychological drama films such as The Virgin Suicides (1999)[66] and Lost in Translation (2003).[67]
- Alejandro González Iñárritu - A Mexican filmmaker who has directed numerous films that focus on aspects of the human condition, notably The Death trilogy; Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003) and Babel (2006) as well as his fourth feature, Biutiful (2010).[68]
- Charlie Kaufman - An American director and screenwriter, whose work explores universal themes like identity crisis, mortality, and the meaning of life through a metaphysical or parapsychological framework, as shown in films like his directorial works, Synecdoche, New York (2008) and Anomalisa (2015).[69][70]
- Krzysztof Kieślowski - A Polish filmmaker, known for his psychological drama films such as the Three Colours trilogy.[71]
- Akira Kurosawa - A Japanese filmmaker, considered among the greatest directors of all time, who directed psychological dramas such as Drunken Angel (1948)[72][73] and Ikiru (1952).[74]
- Yorgos Lanthimos - A Greek filmmaker known for his themes about absurdity, animal cruelty, odd behaviors, dark humors, and unrequited relationships.[75]
- Tom McCarthy - An American filmmaker and actor, well known for his critically acclaimed independent films The Station Agent (2003) and The Visitor (2007).[76]
- Brillante Mendoza - A Filipino filmmaker, known for his independent psychological drama films like The Masseur (2005) and Captive (2012).[77]
- Gaspar Noé - An Argentine avant-garde filmmaker shares an attenuated use of narrative, generally assaulting and often illegible cinematography, confrontational subject material, a treatment of sexual behavior as violent rather than mutually intimate, and a pervasive sense of social nihilism or despair, with such his polarizing feature films as I Stand Alone (1998), Irréversible (2002), 8 (2008), Enter the Void (2009), and Vortex (2021).[78][79][80][81]
- Steven Soderbergh - An American filmmaker, well known for his independent films featuring explorations of the human condition, such as in his critically acclaimed debut Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989).[82]
- Andrei Tarkovsky - A Soviet and Russian filmmaker, known for his philosophical and psychological movies dealing with existence, faith and dreamlike memories, such as Solaris (1972), Mirror (1975) and Stalker (1979).[83]
- Denis Villeneuve - A French Canadian filmmaker, primarily known for directing drama and science fiction films featuring psychological elements[84] such as Maelström (2000),[85] Enemy (2013),[86] and Arrival (2016).[87]
- Lars von Trier - A Danish artistic filmmaker with a confrontational examination of issues and controversial subject matters such as Europa (1991), Riget (1994-2022), Breaking the Waves (1996), Antichrist (2009), and Melancholia (2011).[88][89][90]
Television
- The Affair[91]
- Bates Motel[92]
- Beef[93]
- Bojack Horseman[94]
- Criminal[95]
- The Cry[96]
- A Death in California[97]
- The Handmaid's Tale[98]
- Maniac[99]
- Ray Donovan[100]
- This Is Us[98]
- Yellowjackets[101]
Video games
- To the Moon (2011) - an independent video game that is considered to be a psychological drama.[102] It was inspired by Kan Gao's grandfather's condition[103] and the 2004 film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind.[104][105][106]
- Irrational (2019) - a psychological drama story-driven game made in RPG Maker MV. The story focuses on Lucy, a young woman struggles of living with generalized anxiety.[107]
- Rainswept (2019) - an adventure and murder mystery game about an emotional story set in an immersive and atmospheric game world dealing with themes of love, relationships and unresolved trauma.[108]
- Memories Of East Coast (2021) - A debut game of an immersive visual novel experience that brings you on a journey through memory, nostalgia and guilt.[109]
Anime and manga
- A Silent Voice[110]
- Akagi[111]
- The Boy and the Heron[112]
- Chicago[113]
- The Flowers of Evil[114]
- The Fruit of Grisaia[115]
- Himizu[116]
- Neon Genesis Evangelion[117]
- Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai[118]
- Scum's Wish[119][120]
- The Tatami Galaxy[121]
- Welcome to the N.H.K.[122]
- When Marnie Was There[50]
- Wonder Egg Priority[123]
Animation
- The Amazing Digital Circus is Australian-American animated series created by Glitch Productions and Gooseworx.
Literature
- The Winter Wives, Linden MacIntyre (2021)[124][125]
- Saint X, Joe Otterson (2022)[126]
- Trish, James C. Bennett (2022)[127]
- Final Psychodrama, Davide Roccamo (2020)[128]
Theater
See also
References
- ^ "Psychodrama definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ "Subgenre - Psychological Drama". AllMovie. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
- ^ The Whispering Chorus (1918) - Cecil B. DeMille | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ The Whispering Chorus, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ Greed, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ Greed (1924) - Erich von Stroheim | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ Zolezzi, Emilio (2006). Noticias del viejo cine criollo (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken. p. 23. ISBN 9789876030182.
- ^ The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) - William Wyler | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ Death of a Salesman (1951) - Laslo Benedek | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ Johnny Belinda (1948) - Jean Negulesco | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ A Place in the Sun (1951) - George Stevens | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ The Snake Pit (1948) - Anatole Litvak | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) - Elia Kazan | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ "The Drunken Angel (1948) - Akira Kurosawa | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie".
- ^ Lolita (1962) - Stanley Kubrick | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-07-06
- ^ "The Swimmer: A prophetic modernist fable set in a fading Eden". Library of America. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
- ^ "Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) - Werner Herzog | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie".
- ^ One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) - Milos Forman | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-07-01
- ^ Taxi Driver (1976) - Martin Scorsese | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-07-06
- ^ Equus (1977) - Sidney Lumet | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-29
- ^ Ordinary People (1980) - Robert Redford, R. Redman | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-07-06
- ^ Reyes, Xavier Aldana (December 12, 2019). Gothic Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 978-1315395364.
- ^ Pink Floyd: The Wall (1982) - Alan Parker | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ Pink Floyd The Wall, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ a b c d Reilly, Kaitlin. "The Best Psychological Dramas For When You Need A True Mind Melt". www.refinery29.com. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
- ^ Sophie's Choice (1982) - Alan J. Pakula | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2022-01-12
- ^ "1984 (1984) - Michael Radford | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie".
- ^ "Schindler's List (1993) - Steven Spielberg | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie".
- ^ Heavenly Creatures, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ Heavenly Creatures (1994) - Peter Jackson | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ Shine (1996) - Scott Hicks | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ Good Will Hunting (1997) - Gus Van Sant | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ The Truman Show (1998) - Peter Weir, Michael J. McAlister | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-07-06
- ^ Eyes Wide Shut (1999) - Stanley Kubrick | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-22
- ^ Eyes Wide Shut, retrieved 2021-08-22
- ^ Fight Club (1999) - David Fincher | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-07-06
- ^ The Hours (2002) - Stephen Daldry | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ Elephant (2003) - Gus Van Sant, Gus Van | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2022-01-12
- ^ Harvie Krumpet, retrieved 2021-08-22
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- ^ Little Children (2006) - Todd Field | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2022-01-12
- ^ Funny People (2009) - Judd Apatow | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ "Mary and Max". Raising Children Network. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
- ^ "Mary and Max: rewatching classic Australian films". the Guardian. 2014-05-30. Retrieved 2021-08-29.
- ^ Shame (2011) - Steve McQueen | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-12
- ^ Sucker Punch (2011) - Zack Snyder | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ "Exclusive Interview: "I wanted to break as many rules as possible" Isabel Sandoval on her early films Señorita & Apparition now playing on Criterion Channel". The Queer Review. 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
- ^ Seferou, Aliki (2018-02-08). "The 11 Most Controversial Films in Denmark". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
- ^ Lee, Ashley (2014-10-10). "'Whiplash': What the Critics Are Saying". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ^ a b "When Marnie Was There (movie) - Anime News Network". www.animenewsnetwork.com. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
- ^ All I See Is You (2016) - Marc Forster | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-27
- ^ The Father (2020) - Florian Zeller | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2022-04-16
- ^ "The Power of the Dog review: a gripping psychodrama". BFI. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
- ^ Gleiberman, Owen (2021-09-02). "'The Power of the Dog' Review: Jane Campion's Psychodramatic Western Is Impeccably Crafted but Lacks the Major Voices of 'The Piano'". Variety. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
- ^ "Review: 'The Power of the Dog' is a sublime gothic Western". AP NEWS. 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
- ^ Placido, Dani Di. "The Dream Logic Of 'The Boy And The Heron,' Explained". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ Coman, Brian (2018-06-05). "There Will Be Blood". Film Daze. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
- ^ "The Master – review". the Guardian. 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
- ^ "CJAS Newsletter Archives -- In the Eyes of Hideaki Anno, Writer and Director of Evangelion". www.cjas.org. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
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- ^ Chandler, Sarah (2021-08-11). "Movies Like Requiem For A Dream For Fans Of Psychological Dramas". Looper.com. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
- ^ The Whale (2022) - Darren Aronofsky | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2023-01-25
- ^ "Ingmar Bergman | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos". AllMovie. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ Persona (1966) - Ingmar Bergman | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-27
- ^ "Oscar-winning director Bernardo Bertolucci dies at 77". AP NEWS. 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- ^ Chandler, Sarah (2021-08-11). "Movies Like Requiem For A Dream For Fans Of Psychological Dramas". Looper.com. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
- ^ Lost in Translation (2003) - Sofia Coppola | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-07-06
- ^ "Alejandro González Iñárritu | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos". AllMovie. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ^ "Anomalisa". www.rcpsych.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ^ "Charlie Kaufman | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos". AllMovie. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
- ^ "Krzysztof Kieslowski | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos". AllMovie. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ^ Drunken Angel, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ The Drunken Angel (1948) - Akira Kurosawa | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ Ikiru (1952) - Akira Kurosawa | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-07-06
- ^ Scott, Cam (2 February 2009). "Favouritism In The Field of Vision: Yorgos Lanthimos' The Favourite – Senses of Cinema". Retrieved 2021-12-31.
- ^ "Tom McCarthy | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos". AllMovie. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ The Masseur (2005) - Brillante Mendoza | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-27
- ^ "Gaspar Noé | Movies and Filmography". AllMovie. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
- ^ Vortex (2021) - Gaspar Noé | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2022-03-18
- ^ 8 (2008) - Jane Campion, Gael García Bernal, Jan Kounen, Mira Nair, Gaspar Noé, Abderrahmane Sissako, Gus Van Sant, Wim Wenders | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2022-03-18
- ^ I Stand Alone (1998) - Gaspar Noé | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2022-03-18
- ^ "Steven Soderbergh | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos". AllMovie. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
- ^ "TSPDT - Andrei Tarkovsky". TSPDT. Retrieved 2021-12-27.
- ^ "Denis Villeneuve | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos". AllMovie. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ Maelstrom (2000) - Denis Villeneuve | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-18
- ^ Enemy (2013) - Denis Villeneuve | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-18
- ^ Arrival (2016) - Denis Villeneuve, Paul Salamoff | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2021-08-19
- ^ Zentropa (1991) - Lars von Trier | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related | AllMovie, retrieved 2022-10-23
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