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'''''Termitomyces''''', the termite mushrooms, is a [[genus]] of [[Basidiomycota|basidiomycete]] fungi belonging to the family [[Lyophyllaceae]].<ref name="Bellanger 2015" /> All of which are completely dependent on fungus-growing termites, the [[Macrotermitinae]], to survive, and vice versa.<ref>[http://www.mykoweb.com/articles/BiggestMushroom.html The Biggest Mushroom? — MykoWeb]</ref> They are the food source for these termites, who enjoy an obligate [[symbiosis]] with the genus<ref name="NobreAanen2010" /> similar to that between ''[[Atta (genus)|Atta]]'' ants and ''[[Attamyces]]'' mushrooms. ''Termitomyces'' mushrooms are edible, and are highly regarded for their flavor.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Turnbull, E.)), ((Watling, R.)) | journal=Kew Bulletin | title=Some Records of Termitomyces from Old World Rainforests | volume=54 | issue=3 | pages=731–738 | publisher=Springer Science+Business Media | date=1 January 1999 | url=https://doi.org/10.2307/4110869 | doi=10.2307/4110869| jstor=4110869 }}</ref>
'''''Termitomyces''''', the termite mushrooms, is a [[genus]] of [[Basidiomycota|basidiomycete]] fungi belonging to the family [[Lyophyllaceae]].<ref name="Bellanger 2015" /> All of which are completely dependent on fungus-growing termites, the [[Macrotermitinae]], to survive, and vice versa.<ref>[http://www.mykoweb.com/articles/BiggestMushroom.html The Biggest Mushroom? — MykoWeb]</ref> They are the food source for these termites, who enjoy an obligate [[symbiosis]] with the genus<ref name="NobreAanen2010" /> similar to that between ''[[Atta (genus)|Atta]]'' ants and ''[[Attamyces]]'' mushrooms. ''Termitomyces'' mushrooms are edible, and are highly regarded for their flavor.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Turnbull, E.)), ((Watling, R.)) | journal=Kew Bulletin | title=Some Records of Termitomyces from Old World Rainforests | volume=54 | issue=3 | pages=731–738 | publisher=Springer Science+Business Media | date=1 January 1999 | url=https://doi.org/10.2307/4110869 | doi=10.2307/4110869| jstor=4110869 | bibcode=1999KewBu..54..731T }}</ref>


== Characteristics ==
== Characteristics ==
Line 88: Line 88:


#<li value="52">''[[Termitomyces meipengianus]]'' <small>(M. Zang & D.Z. Zhang) P.M. Kirk (2014)</small></li>
#<li value="52">''[[Termitomyces meipengianus]]'' <small>(M. Zang & D.Z. Zhang) P.M. Kirk (2014)</small></li>
#* Not a ''Termitomyces'' fungus; the actual taxonomic identity of this mushroom is unclear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wei, T.-Z.)), ((Tang, B.-H.)), ((Yao, Y.-J.)) | journal=Mycotaxon | title=Revision of Termitomyces in China | volume=108 | issue=1 | pages=281 | date= 2009 | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/108.257 | issn=0093-4666 | doi=10.5248/108.257| doi-access=free }}</ref>
#* Not a ''Termitomyces'' fungus; the actual taxonomic identity of this mushroom is unclear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wei, T.-Z.)), ((Tang, B.-H.)), ((Yao, Y.-J.)) | journal=Mycotaxon | title=Revision of Termitomyces in China | volume=108 | issue=1 | pages=281 | date= 2009 | issn=0093-4666 | doi=10.5248/108.257| doi-access=free }}</ref>


=== Misnomer ===
=== Misnomer ===


# ''Termitomyces albuminosus'' <small>(Berk.) R.Heim (1941)</small>
# ''Termitomyces albuminosus'' <small>(Berk.) R.Heim (1941)</small>
#* This name is commonly misused to refer to mushrooms of ''Termitomyces'';<ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |chapter= |title= 蚁巢伞属系统学及其与共生白蚁的协同进化研究 |author=唐保宏 |year=2006 |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=羊桂英 |author2=郭梅霞|author3=于保庭|author4=胡寅|author5=莫建初| title=白蚁共生真菌——蚁巢伞属研究概况 | journal=菌物学报 | year= 2019 | volume= 38 | issue= 11 | pages= 1753 | doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.190288 | pmc= | url=http://manu40.magtech.com.cn/Jwxb/CN/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190288 }}</ref> the original specimen of ''T. albuminosus'' was deemed to be of ''Macrolepiota'' and its species name became ''[[Macrolepiota albuminosa|M. albuminosa]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pegler, D. N.)) | journal=Kew Bulletin | title=A revision of the genus Lepiota from Ceylon | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=189 | date= 1972 | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4117880 | issn=0075-5974 | doi=10.2307/4117880| jstor=4117880 }}
#* This name is commonly misused to refer to mushrooms of ''Termitomyces'';<ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |chapter= |title= 蚁巢伞属系统学及其与共生白蚁的协同进化研究 |author=唐保宏 |year=2006 |page=90}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=羊桂英 |author2=郭梅霞|author3=于保庭|author4=胡寅|author5=莫建初| title=白蚁共生真菌——蚁巢伞属研究概况 | journal=菌物学报 | year= 2019 | volume= 38 | issue= 11 | pages= 1753 | doi=10.13346/j.mycosystema.190288 |doi-broken-date=2024-03-11 | pmc= | url=http://manu40.magtech.com.cn/Jwxb/CN/10.13346/j.mycosystema.190288 }}</ref> the original specimen of ''T. albuminosus'' was deemed to be of ''Macrolepiota'' and its species name became ''[[Macrolepiota albuminosa|M. albuminosa]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pegler, D. N.)) | journal=Kew Bulletin | title=A revision of the genus Lepiota from Ceylon | volume=27 | issue=1 | pages=189 | date= 1972 | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4117880 | issn=0075-5974 | doi=10.2307/4117880| jstor=4117880 | bibcode=1972KewBu..27..155P }}


</ref>
</ref>


== Other fungi associated with fungus-growing termites==
== Other fungi associated with fungus-growing termites==
Fungi of ''Pseudoxylaria'', a subgenus of ''[[Xylaria]]'', are found in fungus-growing termite combs.<ref name="Frickeetal2023">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fricke, J.)), ((Schalk, F.)), ((Kreuzenbeck, N. B.)), ((Seibel, E.)), ((Hoffmann, J.)), ((Dittmann, G.)), ((Conlon, B. H.)), ((Guo, H.)), ((De Beer, Z. W.)), ((Vassão, D. G.)), ((Gleixner, G.)), ((Poulsen, M.)), ((Beemelmanns, C.)) | journal=The ISME Journal | title=Adaptations of Pseudoxylaria towards a comb-associated lifestyle in fungus-farming termite colonies | volume=17 | issue=5 | pages=733–747 | publisher=Nature Portfolio | date=25 February 2023 | url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-023-01374-4 | doi=10.1038/s41396-023-01374-4| pmid=36841903 | pmc=10119272 }}</ref> Being weedy and controlled by fungus-growing termites,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Katariya, L.)), ((Ramesh, P. B.)), ((Gopalappa, T.)), ((Desireddy, S.)), ((Bessière, J.-M.)), ((Borges, R. M.)) | journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology | title=Fungus-Farming Termites Selectively Bury Weedy Fungi that Smell Different from Crop Fungi | volume=43 | issue=10 | pages=986–995 | publisher=Springer Science+Business Media | date=1 October 2017 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-017-0902-4 | doi=10.1007/s10886-017-0902-4| pmid=29124530 | s2cid=254656744 }}</ref> they flourish when the termite nest is deteriorating or deserted.<ref name="Frickeetal2023"/>
Fungi of ''Pseudoxylaria'', a subgenus of ''[[Xylaria]]'', are found in fungus-growing termite combs.<ref name="Frickeetal2023">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fricke, J.)), ((Schalk, F.)), ((Kreuzenbeck, N. B.)), ((Seibel, E.)), ((Hoffmann, J.)), ((Dittmann, G.)), ((Conlon, B. H.)), ((Guo, H.)), ((De Beer, Z. W.)), ((Vassão, D. G.)), ((Gleixner, G.)), ((Poulsen, M.)), ((Beemelmanns, C.)) | journal=The ISME Journal | title=Adaptations of Pseudoxylaria towards a comb-associated lifestyle in fungus-farming termite colonies | volume=17 | issue=5 | pages=733–747 | publisher=Nature Portfolio | date=25 February 2023 | url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-023-01374-4 | doi=10.1038/s41396-023-01374-4| pmid=36841903 | pmc=10119272 | bibcode=2023ISMEJ..17..733F }}</ref> Being weedy and controlled by fungus-growing termites,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Katariya, L.)), ((Ramesh, P. B.)), ((Gopalappa, T.)), ((Desireddy, S.)), ((Bessière, J.-M.)), ((Borges, R. M.)) | journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology | title=Fungus-Farming Termites Selectively Bury Weedy Fungi that Smell Different from Crop Fungi | volume=43 | issue=10 | pages=986–995 | publisher=Springer Science+Business Media | date=1 October 2017 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-017-0902-4 | doi=10.1007/s10886-017-0902-4| pmid=29124530 | bibcode=2017JCEco..43..986K | s2cid=254656744 }}</ref> they flourish when the termite nest is deteriorating or deserted.<ref name="Frickeetal2023"/>


== Lookalikes ==
== Lookalikes ==

Revision as of 00:35, 11 March 2024

Termitomyces
Termitomyces reticulatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Lyophyllaceae
Genus: Termitomyces
R.Heim, 1942[1]
Type species
Termitomyces striatus
(Beeli) R.Heim
Synonyms[2]

1945 Podabrella Singer
1945 Rajapa Singer
1981 Sinotermitomyces M.Zang

Termitomyces, the termite mushrooms, is a genus of basidiomycete fungi belonging to the family Lyophyllaceae.[3] All of which are completely dependent on fungus-growing termites, the Macrotermitinae, to survive, and vice versa.[4] They are the food source for these termites, who enjoy an obligate symbiosis with the genus[5] similar to that between Atta ants and Attamyces mushrooms. Termitomyces mushrooms are edible, and are highly regarded for their flavor.[6]

Characteristics

Termitomyces includes the largest edible mushroom in the world, Termitomyces titanicus of West Africa and Zambia, whose cap reaches 1 metre (3.28 ft) in diameter.[7] It also includes Termitomyces microcarpus that grows caps of a few centimeters in diameter.

These fungi grow on 'combs' which are formed from the termites' excreta, dominated by tough woody fragments. Termitomyces was described by Roger Heim in 1942.[8]

From 1955 to 1969 Arthur French [9] worked in Uganda (as a hobby) on the subject of fungi and termites. Some scientific literature about these fungal species existed previously, but these texts failed to adequately discuss the relationship between termites and their fungal symbiotes, while the various edible varieties were merely termed "termite mushrooms." French conducted some investigations with the help of the elderly Baganda women who gathered termite mushrooms, and published his findings.

Life as a Termitomyces fungus

Some chamber(s) of the nest each contains a structure, called comb or fungus garden, where the fungus dwells.[10] The termites collect and chew up dead wood, leaf litter and other vegetable debris, depositing their primary faeces as new portions of the fungus garden.[11] The fungus grow through the comb. The termites eat spherules[note 1] and old combs.[12]

The fungus forms mushrooms for spreading spores. For most species, the fungus grows long pseudorhizas to the surface of the ground, where mushrooms are formed.[13] For T. microcarpus, the mushrooms grow from fragments of fungus garden that are carried outside the nest by worker termites.[14]

When a new termite colony is established, in most cases, the fungus is introduced through the activities of the termites collecting spores from the environment.[5]

Species

As of July 2023, Species Fungorum accepted 52 species of Termitomyces.[15]

  1. Termitomyces acriumbonatus Usman & Khalid (2020)
  2. Termitomyces albidus (Singer) L.D. Gómez (1995)
  3. Termitomyces aurantiacus (R. Heim) R. Heim (1977)
  4. Termitomyces biyi Otieno (1966)
  5. Termitomyces bulborhizus T.Z. Wei, Y.J. Yao, Bo Wang & Pegler (2004)
  6. Termitomyces citriophyllus R. Heim (1942)
  7. Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim (1951)
  8. Termitomyces congolensis (Beeli) Singer (1948)
  9. Termitomyces dominicalensis L.D. Gómez (1995)
  10. Termitomyces entolomoides R. Heim (1951)
  11. Termitomyces epipolius (Singer) L.D. Gómez (1995)
  12. Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) R. Heim (1942)
  13. Termitomyces floccosus S.M. Tang, Raspé & S.H. Li (2020)
  14. Termitomyces fragilis L. Ye, Karun, J.C. Xu, K.D. Hyde & Mortimer (2019)
  15. Termitomyces fuliginosus R. Heim (1942)
  16. Termitomyces gilvus C.S. Yee & J.S. Seelan (2020)
  17. Termitomyces globulus R. Heim & Gooss.-Font. (1951)
  18. Termitomyces griseiumbo Mossebo (2003)
  19. Termitomyces heimii Natarajan (1979)
  20. Termitomyces indicus Natarajan (1976)
  21. Termitomyces infundibuliformis Mossebo (2012)
  22. Termitomyces intermedius Har. Takah. & Taneyama (2016)
  23. Termitomyces lanatus R. Heim (1977)
  24. Termitomyces le-testui (Pat.) R. Heim (1942)
  25. Termitomyces magoyensis Otieno (1966)
  26. Termitomyces mammiformis R. Heim (1942)
  27. Termitomyces mboudaeinus Mossebo (2003)
  28. Termitomyces mbuzi Härkönen & Niemelä (2021)
  29. Termitomyces medius R. Heim & Grassé (1951)
  30. Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) R. Heim (1942)
  31. Termitomyces narobiensis Otieno (1966)
  32. Termitomyces perforans R. Heim (1977)
  33. Termitomyces poliomphax (Singer) L.D. Gómez (1995)
  34. Termitomyces rabuorii Otieno (1966)
  35. Termitomyces radicatus Natarajan (1977)
  36. Termitomyces reticulatus Van der Westh. & Eicker (1990)
  37. Termitomyces robustus (Beeli) R. Heim (1951)
  38. Termitomyces sagittiformis (Kalchbr. & Cooke) D.A. Reid (1975)
  39. Termitomyces schimperi (Pat.) R. Heim (1942)
  40. Termitomyces sheikhupurensis Izhar, Khalid & H. Bashir (2020)
  41. Termitomyces singidensis Saarim. & Härk. (1994)
  42. Termitomyces songolarum (Courtec.) Furneaux (2020)
  43. Termitomyces spiniformis R. Heim (1977)
  44. Termitomyces srilankensis Ediriweera, Voto, Karun. & Kularathne (2023)
  45. Termitomyces striatus (Beeli) R. Heim (1942)
  46. Termitomyces subclypeatus Mossebo (2003)
  47. Termitomyces subumkowaan Mossebo (2003)
  48. Termitomyces titanicus Pegler & Piearce (1980)
  49. Termitomyces tylerianus Otieno (1966)
  50. Termitomyces umkowaan (Cooke & Massee) D.A. Reid (1975)
  51. Termitomyces upsilocystidiatus S.M. Tang, Raspé & K.D. Hyde (2020)

Taxonomic identity unknown

  2. Termitomyces meipengianus (M. Zang & D.Z. Zhang) P.M. Kirk (2014)
    • Not a Termitomyces fungus; the actual taxonomic identity of this mushroom is unclear.[16]

Misnomer

  1. Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) R.Heim (1941)
    • This name is commonly misused to refer to mushrooms of Termitomyces;[17][18] the original specimen of T. albuminosus was deemed to be of Macrolepiota and its species name became M. albuminosa.[19]

Other fungi associated with fungus-growing termites

Fungi of Pseudoxylaria, a subgenus of Xylaria, are found in fungus-growing termite combs.[20] Being weedy and controlled by fungus-growing termites,[21] they flourish when the termite nest is deteriorating or deserted.[20]

Lookalikes

Culinary use

This genus is a popular wild seasonal delicacy in many places where it grows. One such place is the Indian state of Goa. For about two weeks at the beginning of August every year, clusters of villagers dot the Goan roadside hawking the handpicked mushrooms. A spicy gravy known as "Tonak" is a popular method of preparation. Since Termitomyces mushrooms are difficult to mass-produce, they command a high price.[23]

Mushroom sellers in Panjim Goa

They are also foraged in Malaysia known as cendawan busut ("mound mushroom"). Tamil rubber tappers in Selangor long time ago would find a lot of T. schimperi growing in estate environments not long after raining.[24]: 81 

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as mycotêtes.

References

  1. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 682. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  2. ^ "Termitomyces R. Heim 1942". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  3. ^ Bellanger JM, Moreau PA, Corriol G, Bidaud A, Chalange R, Dudova Z, Richard F (2015). "Plunging hands into the mushroom jar: a phylogenetic framework for Lyophyllaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)". Genetica. 143 (2): 169–94. doi:10.1007/s10709-015-9823-8. PMID 25652231. S2CID 254505216.
  4. ^ The Biggest Mushroom? — MykoWeb
  5. ^ a b Nobre, T., Aanen, D. K. (1 May 2010). "Dispersion and colonisation by fungus-growing termites". Communicative & Integrative Biology. 3 (3). Taylor & Francis: 248–250. doi:10.4161/cib.3.3.11415. PMC 2918769. PMID 20714406.
  6. ^ Turnbull, E., Watling, R. (1 January 1999). "Some Records of Termitomyces from Old World Rainforests". Kew Bulletin. 54 (3). Springer Science+Business Media: 731–738. Bibcode:1999KewBu..54..731T. doi:10.2307/4110869. JSTOR 4110869.
  7. ^ Ghorai, S., Banik, S. P. (1 January 2011). "Fungal biotechnology in food and feed processing". Comprehensive Biotechnology. p. 613. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-088504-9.00543-2. ISBN 9780080885049.
  8. ^ Heim R. (1942). "Nouvelles études descriptives sur les agarics termitophiles d'Afrique tropicale". Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). 18 (6): 107–66.
  9. ^ French A. (1993). "The Mushroom-Growing Termites of Uganda". Petits Propos Culinaires (44): 35–41.
  10. ^ Luisa, Bozzano G. (2012). Insect-Fungus Interactions. Academic Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-08-098453-7.
  11. ^ Rouland-Lefèvre, C., Bignell, D. E. (24 February 2006). "Cultivation of symbiotic fungi by termites of the subfamily Macrotermitinae". Symbiosis. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 4. p. 737. doi:10.1007/0-306-48173-1_46. ISBN 1-4020-0189-4.
  12. ^ Batra, S.W.T. (1975). "Termites (Isoptera) Eat and Manipulate Symbiotic Fungi". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 48 (1): 89–92. JSTOR 25082718.
  13. ^ Boddy, L. (1 January 2016). "Interactions with Humans and Other Animals". The Fungi. p. 332. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-382034-1.00009-8. ISBN 9780123820341.
  14. ^ Dharumadurai, D. (9 September 2022). Microbial symbionts: Functions and Molecular Interactions on Host. Elsevier. p. 663.
  15. ^ "Species Fungorum - Termitomyces". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
  16. ^ Wei, T.-Z., Tang, B.-H., Yao, Y.-J. (2009). "Revision of Termitomyces in China". Mycotaxon. 108 (1): 281. doi:10.5248/108.257. ISSN 0093-4666.
  17. ^ 唐保宏 (2006). 蚁巢伞属系统学及其与共生白蚁的协同进化研究 (PhD thesis). p. 90.
  18. ^ 羊桂英; 郭梅霞; 于保庭; 胡寅; 莫建初 (2019). "白蚁共生真菌——蚁巢伞属研究概况". 菌物学报. 38 (11): 1753. doi:10.13346/j.mycosystema.190288 (inactive 2024-03-11).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link)
  19. ^ Pegler, D. N. (1972). "A revision of the genus Lepiota from Ceylon". Kew Bulletin. 27 (1): 189. Bibcode:1972KewBu..27..155P. doi:10.2307/4117880. ISSN 0075-5974. JSTOR 4117880.
  20. ^ a b Fricke, J., Schalk, F., Kreuzenbeck, N. B., Seibel, E., Hoffmann, J., Dittmann, G., Conlon, B. H., Guo, H., De Beer, Z. W., Vassão, D. G., Gleixner, G., Poulsen, M., Beemelmanns, C. (25 February 2023). "Adaptations of Pseudoxylaria towards a comb-associated lifestyle in fungus-farming termite colonies". The ISME Journal. 17 (5). Nature Portfolio: 733–747. Bibcode:2023ISMEJ..17..733F. doi:10.1038/s41396-023-01374-4. PMC 10119272. PMID 36841903.
  21. ^ Katariya, L., Ramesh, P. B., Gopalappa, T., Desireddy, S., Bessière, J.-M., Borges, R. M. (1 October 2017). "Fungus-Farming Termites Selectively Bury Weedy Fungi that Smell Different from Crop Fungi". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 43 (10). Springer Science+Business Media: 986–995. Bibcode:2017JCEco..43..986K. doi:10.1007/s10886-017-0902-4. PMID 29124530. S2CID 254656744.
  22. ^ Phan Chia Wei (17 December 2018). "Preventing fatal harvest of mushrooms". Asia Research News. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  23. ^ "Wild Mushrooms of Goa". 5 August 2013.
  24. ^ Hilton, Roger N.; Dhitaphichit, Pannee (1993). "Procedures in Thai Etnomycology". Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society. 41 (2): 75–92.

See Tobias Frøslev's Termitomyces page [1] And an academic review of the relationship in Patterns of interaction specificity of fungus-growing termites and Termitomyces symbionts in South Africa Aanenet DK al BMC Evol Biol. 2007; 7: 115. [2]

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