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**'''[[Northern Paman]]'''
**'''[[Northern Paman]]'''
**[[Umpila language|Umpila]]
**[[Umpila language|Umpila]]
*[[Umbindhamu language|Umbindhamu]] †
*[[Umbindhamu language|Umbindhamu]] {{extinct}}
*'''Lamalamic'''
*'''Lamalamic'''
**[[Umbuygamu language|Umbuygamu]] †
**[[Umbuygamu language|Umbuygamu]] {{extinct}}
**[[Lamu-Lamu language|Lamu-Lamu]]
**[[Lamu-Lamu language|Lamu-Lamu]]
* [[Yalgawarra language|Yalgawarra]] †
* [[Yalgawarra language|Yalgawarra]] {{extinct}}
*'''Yalanjic'''
*'''Yalanjic'''
**[[Guugu Yimithirr language|Guugu Yimithirr]]
**[[Guugu Yimithirr language|Guugu Yimithirr]]
**[[Guugu Yalandji language|Guugu Yalandji]]
**[[Guugu Yalandji language|Guugu Yalandji]]
**[[Barrow Point language|Barrow Point]] † (>> [[Wik languages|Wik]]?)
**[[Barrow Point language|Barrow Point]] {{extinct}} (>> [[Wik languages|Wik]]?)
*[[Mbariman-Gudhinma language|Mbariman-Gudhinma]] †
*[[Mbariman-Gudhinma language|Mbariman-Gudhinma]] {{extinct}}
* [[Djabugay language|Djabugay]] †
* [[Djabugay language|Djabugay]] {{extinct}}


Down the west coast, they are:
Down the west coast, they are:
Line 42: Line 42:
**'''Upper Southwest Paman'''
**'''Upper Southwest Paman'''
***[[Kuuk Thaayorre language|Kuuk Thaayorre]]
***[[Kuuk Thaayorre language|Kuuk Thaayorre]]
***[[Kuuk Yak language|Kuuk Yak]] †
***[[Kuuk Yak language|Kuuk Yak]] {{extinct}}
***[[Kunjen language|Kunjen]] (incl. Ogh Undjan)
***[[Kunjen language|Kunjen]] (incl. Ogh Undjan)
**[[Yir-Yoront language|Yir-Yoront]] (incl. [[Yirrk-Thangalkl dialect|Yirrk-Thangalkl]]) †
**[[Yir-Yoront language|Yir-Yoront]] (incl. [[Yirrk-Thangalkl dialect|Yirrk-Thangalkl]]) {{extinct}}
**[[Koko-Bera language|Koko-Bera]] (incl. [[Gugu Dhaw language|Gugu Dhaw]])
**[[Koko-Bera language|Koko-Bera]] (incl. [[Gugu Dhaw language|Gugu Dhaw]])
*[[Kok-Nar language|Kok-Nar]] †
*[[Kok-Nar language|Kok-Nar]] {{extinct}}
*'''Norman Paman'''
*'''Norman Paman'''
**[[Kurtjar language|Kurtjar]]
**[[Kurtjar language|Kurtjar]]
**[[Kuthant language|Kuthant]] †
**[[Kuthant language|Kuthant]] {{extinct}}
*[[Gugadj language|Gugadj]] †
*[[Gugadj language|Gugadj]] {{extinct}}


In the interior, south of Wik, they are:
In the interior, south of Wik, they are:
*'''Thaypan'''
*'''Thaypan'''
**[[Gugu Thaypan language|Gugu Thaypan]] (?Rarmul) †
**[[Gugu Thaypan language|Gugu Thaypan]] (?Rarmul) {{extinct}}
**[[Aghu Tharrnggala language|Aghu Tharrnggala]] †
**[[Aghu Tharrnggala language|Aghu Tharrnggala]] {{extinct}}
**'''Ikarranggal-Alungul-Angkula'''
**'''Ikarranggal-Alungul-Angkula'''
***[[Ikarranggal language|Ikarranggal]] †
***[[Ikarranggal language|Ikarranggal]] {{extinct}}
***[[Alungul language|Alungul]] †
***[[Alungul language|Alungul]] {{extinct}}
***[[Angkula language|Angkula]] †
***[[Angkula language|Angkula]] {{extinct}}
**[[Takalak language|Takalak]] †
**[[Takalak language|Takalak]] {{extinct}}
*'''Southern'''
*'''Southern'''
**[[Agwamin language|Agwamin]] †
**[[Agwamin language|Agwamin]] {{extinct}}
**[[Mbabaram language|Mbabaram]] †
**[[Mbabaram language|Mbabaram]] {{extinct}}
**[[Mbara language (Australia)|Mbara]] †
**[[Mbara language (Australia)|Mbara]] {{extinct}}
**[[Walangama language|Walangama]] †
**[[Walangama language|Walangama]] {{extinct}}


{{anchor|Koko-Possum}}The name ''[[Gugu Mini]]'' means 'good speech', and has been applied to several languages in the Thaypan area.<ref>{{AIATSIS|Y94|Gugu Mini}}</ref> 'Possum language' ''(Koko-Possum, Gugu Yawa)'' is another generic name of this area.<ref>{{AIATSIS|Y199|Alungul}},<br>{{AIATSIS|Y74|Gugu Yawa}}</ref>
{{anchor|Koko-Possum}}The name ''[[Gugu Mini]]'' means 'good speech', and has been applied to several languages in the Thaypan area.<ref>{{AIATSIS|Y94|Gugu Mini}}</ref> 'Possum language' ''(Koko-Possum, Gugu Yawa)'' is another generic name of this area.<ref>{{AIATSIS|Y199|Alungul}},<br>{{AIATSIS|Y74|Gugu Yawa}}</ref>


The unclassified [[Marrett River language]] (†) was presumably Paman, though distinct from its neighbors, as presumably was [[Wik Paach language|Wik Paach]] (†). The [[Mayabic languages]] (†) to the southwest were once classified as Paman, but have been excluded in Bowern (2011).<ref>Bowern, Claire. 2011. "[http://anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/how-many-languages-were-spoken-in-australia/ How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?]", ''Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web'', 23 December 2011 ([http://pamanyungan.sites.yale.edu/master-list-australian-languages-v12 corrected] 6 February 2012)</ref> [[Alodja language|Alodja]] may have been another Thaypan / Rarmul Pama language.<ref>{{AIATSIS|Y219|Alodja}}</ref>
The unclassified [[Marrett River language]] ({{extinct}}) was presumably Paman, though distinct from its neighbors, as presumably was [[Wik Paach language|Wik Paach]] ({{extinct}}). The [[Mayabic languages]] ({{extinct}}) to the southwest were once classified as Paman, but have been excluded in Bowern (2011).<ref>Bowern, Claire. 2011. "[http://anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/how-many-languages-were-spoken-in-australia/ How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?]", ''Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web'', 23 December 2011 ([http://pamanyungan.sites.yale.edu/master-list-australian-languages-v12 corrected] 6 February 2012)</ref> [[Alodja language|Alodja]] may have been another Thaypan / Rarmul Pama language.<ref>{{AIATSIS|Y219|Alodja}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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== References ==
== References ==
: {{cite book
: {{cite book
| author = Dixon, R. M. W.
| author = Dixon, R. M. W.
| author-link = R. M. W. Dixon
| author-link = R. M. W. Dixon
| year = 2002
| year = 2002
| title = Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
| title = Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
}}
}}


Latest revision as of 03:10, 16 March 2024

Paman
Geographic
distribution		Cape York Peninsula, Queensland
Linguistic classificationPama–Nyungan
  • Paman
Language codes
Glottologpama1251
Paman languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan)

The Paman /ˈpæmən/ languages are an Australian language family spoken on Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. First noted by Kenneth Hale, Paman is noteworthy for the profound phonological changes which have affected some of its descendants.[1][2]

Classification

[edit]

Various classifications of the Paman languages exist. The one outlined below is that of R. M. W. Dixon, though he does not accept that these branches are necessarily related to each other.[3]

Geographically, running down the east coast, they are:

Down the west coast, they are:

In the interior, south of Wik, they are:

The name Gugu Mini means 'good speech', and has been applied to several languages in the Thaypan area.[4] 'Possum language' (Koko-Possum, Gugu Yawa) is another generic name of this area.[5]

The unclassified Marrett River language (†) was presumably Paman, though distinct from its neighbors, as presumably was Wik Paach (†). The Mayabic languages (†) to the southwest were once classified as Paman, but have been excluded in Bowern (2011).[6] Alodja may have been another Thaypan / Rarmul Pama language.[7]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Hale, Kenneth L. (1964). "Classification of Northern Paman Languages, Cape York Peninsula, Australia; A Research Report". Oceanic Linguistics. 3 (2). Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 3, No. 2: 248–265. doi:10.2307/3622881. JSTOR 3622881.
  2. ^ Hale, Kenneth L. (1966). "The Paman group of the Pama–Nyungan phylic family. Appendix to Languages of the World: Indo-Pacific Fascicle Six, by G.N. O'Grady, C. F. & F.M. Voegelin". Anthropological Linguistics. 8 (2): 162–197.
  3. ^ See Dixon (2002), pp. xxx–xlii.
  4. ^ Y94 Gugu Mini at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  5. ^ Y199 Alungul at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies,
    Y74 Gugu Yawa at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  6. ^ Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, 23 December 2011 (corrected 6 February 2012)
  7. ^ Y219 Alodja at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

References

[edit]
Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development.
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