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== Climate ==
== Climate ==
The [[Köppen climate classification]] subtype for this climate is "[[Mediterranean climate#hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Csa]]" (Mediterranean climate).<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=52161&cityname=Sarzana%2C+Liguria%2C+Italy&units= Climate Summary for Sarzana, Italy]</ref>
The [[Köppen climate classification]] subtype for this climate is "[[Mediterranean climate#hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Csa]]" (Mediterranean climate).<ref>{{Weatherbase
|id = 52161
|place = Sarzana, Italy
|type = summary
|accessdate = 17 March 2024 }}</ref> The annual average temperature is {{Convert|15.42|C|1}}, the hottest month in August is {{Convert|24.23|C|1}}, and the coldest month is {{Convert|7.72|C|1}} in January. The annual precipitation is {{Convert|950.01|mm|2}}, of which November is the wettest with {{Convert|136.73|mm|2}}, while July is the driest with only {{Convert|21.45|mm|2}}.


{{Weather box|location = Sarzana (1991–2020, extremes 1970–present)
{{Weather box
|location = Sarzana (1991–2020, extremes 1970–present)
|metric first = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|single line = Yes
Line 93: Line 98:
|Feb record high C = 20.0
|Feb record high C = 20.0
|Mar record high C = 24.0
|Mar record high C = 24.0
|Apr record high C = 27.0
|Apr record high C = 26.2
|May record high C = 32.4
|May record high C = 32.4
|Jun record high C = 37.0
|Jun record high C = 37.0
Line 99: Line 104:
|Aug record high C = 38.2
|Aug record high C = 38.2
|Sep record high C = 34.2
|Sep record high C = 34.2
|Oct record high C = 29.0
|Oct record high C = 29.4
|Nov record high C = 24.4
|Nov record high C = 24.4
|Dec record high C = 19.2
|Dec record high C = 19.2
|year record high C = 38.2
|year record high C = 38.2
|Jan high C = 11.3
|Jan high C = 11.3
|Feb high C = 12.3
|Feb high C = 12.1
|Mar high C = 14.6
|Mar high C = 15.0
|Apr high C = 17.1
|Apr high C = 18.0
|May high C = 21.7
|May high C = 22.2
|Jun high C = 25.2
|Jun high C = 26.2
|Jul high C = 28.7
|Jul high C = 29.0
|Aug high C = 28.8
|Aug high C = 29.5
|Sep high C = 24.9
|Sep high C = 25.3
|Oct high C = 20.2
|Oct high C = 20.5
|Nov high C = 15.0
|Nov high C = 15.8
|Dec high C = 12.1
|Dec high C = 12.4
|year high C = 19.3
|year high C = 19.8
|Jan mean C = 7.3
|Jan mean C = 7.7
|Feb mean C = 8.0
|Feb mean C = 8.0
|Mar mean C = 10.1
|Mar mean C = 10.7
|Apr mean C = 12.6
|Apr mean C = 13.6
|May mean C = 16.8
|May mean C = 17.6
|Jun mean C = 20.2
|Jun mean C = 21.3
|Jul mean C = 23.2
|Jul mean C = 23.9
|Aug mean C = 23.4
|Aug mean C = 24.2
|Sep mean C = 19.8
|Sep mean C = 20.3
|Oct mean C = 15.7
|Oct mean C = 16.5
|Nov mean C = 11.0
|Nov mean C = 12.3
|Dec mean C = 8.2
|Dec mean C = 8.9
|year mean C = 14.7
|year mean C = 15.4
|Jan low C = 3.3
|Jan low C = 4.0
|Feb low C = 3.7
|Feb low C = 4.0
|Mar low C = 5.6
|Mar low C = 6.5
|Apr low C = 8.1
|Apr low C = 9.2
|May low C = 11.9
|May low C = 13.0
|Jun low C = 15.2
|Jun low C = 16.5
|Jul low C = 17.8
|Jul low C = 18.8
|Aug low C = 17.9
|Aug low C = 19.0
|Sep low C = 14.8
|Sep low C = 15.4
|Oct low C = 11.3
|Oct low C = 12.4
|Nov low C = 7.0
|Nov low C = 8.7
|Dec low C = 4.4
|Dec low C = 5.2
|year low C = 10.1
|year low C = 11.1
|Jan record low C = -9.0
|Jan record low C = -9.0
|Feb record low C = -5.0
|Feb record low C = -5.0
|Mar record low C = -4.9
|Mar record low C = -4.9
|Apr record low C = -3.6
|Apr record low C = -3.6
|May record low C = 0.0
|May record low C = 3.8
|Jun record low C = 7.8
|Jun record low C = 7.8
|Jul record low C = 10.4
|Jul record low C = 10.4
|Aug record low C = 7.6
|Aug record low C = 7.6
|Sep record low C = 0.0
|Sep record low C = 6.0
|Oct record low C = 0.0
|Oct record low C = 0.0
|Nov record low C = -3.6
|Nov record low C = -3.6
|Dec record low C = -6.6
|Dec record low C = -6.6
|year record low C = -9.0
|year record low C = -9.0
| precipitation colour = green
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 80.29
|Jan precipitation mm = 80.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 72.06
|Feb precipitation mm = 72.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 79.36
|Mar precipitation mm = 79.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 74.95
|Apr precipitation mm = 75.0
| May precipitation mm = 57.15
|May precipitation mm = 57.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 52.86
|Jun precipitation mm = 52.9
| Jul precipitation mm = 21.45
|Jul precipitation mm = 21.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 33.97
|Aug precipitation mm = 34.0
| Sep precipitation mm = 97.96
|Sep precipitation mm = 98.0
| Oct precipitation mm = 133.95
|Oct precipitation mm = 134.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 136.73
|Nov precipitation mm = 136.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 109.28
|Dec precipitation mm = 109.3
| year precipitation mm = 950.01
|year precipitation mm = 950.01
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 6.97
|Jan precipitation days = 6.97
| Feb precipitation days = 6.33
|Feb precipitation days = 6.33
| Mar precipitation days = 6.82
|Mar precipitation days = 6.82
| Apr precipitation days = 6.59
|Apr precipitation days = 6.59
| May precipitation days = 5.57
|May precipitation days = 5.57
| Jun precipitation days = 4.75
|Jun precipitation days = 4.75
| Jul precipitation days = 2.14
|Jul precipitation days = 2.14
| Aug precipitation days = 3.19
|Aug precipitation days = 3.19
| Sep precipitation days = 5.86
|Sep precipitation days = 5.86
| Oct precipitation days = 9.00
|Oct precipitation days = 9.00
| Nov precipitation days = 9.34
|Nov precipitation days = 9.34
| Dec precipitation days = 9.30
|Dec precipitation days = 9.30
| year precipitation days = 75.86
|year precipitation days = 75.86
|humidity colour = green
⚫
| Jan humidity = 71.76
| Feb humidity = 70.24
|Jan humidity = 71.8
| Mar humidity = 68.67
|Feb humidity = 70.2
| Apr humidity = 68.75
|Mar humidity = 68.7
| May humidity = 68.45
|Apr humidity = 68.8
| Jun humidity = 68.73
|May humidity = 68.5
| Jul humidity = 66.76
|Jun humidity = 68.7
| Aug humidity = 67.24
|Jul humidity = 66.8
| Sep humidity = 69.12
|Aug humidity = 67.2
| Oct humidity = 73.90
|Sep humidity = 69.1
| Nov humidity = 74.64
|Oct humidity = 73.9
| Dec humidity = 72.75
|Nov humidity = 74.6
| year humidity = 70.08
|Dec humidity = 72.8
⚫
|year humidity = 70.1
⚫
| Jan dew point C =1.3
| Feb dew point C =1.2
|Jan dew point C = 1.3
| Mar dew point C =3.4
|Feb dew point C = 1.2
| Apr dew point C =6.2
|Mar dew point C = 3.4
| May dew point C =10.6
|Apr dew point C = 6.2
| Jun dew point C =13.9
|May dew point C = 10.6
| Jul dew point C =16.1
|Jun dew point C = 13.9
| Aug dew point C =16.3
|Jul dew point C = 16.1
| Sep dew point C =13.3
|Aug dew point C = 16.3
| Oct dew point C =10.8
|Sep dew point C = 13.3
| Nov dew point C =6.3
|Oct dew point C = 10.8
| Dec dew point C =2.5
|Nov dew point C = 6.3
⚫
|Dec dew point C = 2.5
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]],<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (Dew Point 1981-2010)<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/SarzanaLuni_16125.csv
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/SarzanaLuni_16125.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Sarzana
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Sarzana
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = February 3, 2024}}</ref> (Dew Point 1981-2010)<ref name="CLino81">{{cite web
|access-date = February 3, 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240317091352/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/SarzanaLuni_16125.csv
⚫
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Italy/WMO_Normals_CliNo81-10.xls |format=XLS |title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010 — Sarzana-16125
|archive-date = 2024-03-17}}</ref><ref name="CLino81">{{cite web
⚫
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date = March 2, 2024}}</ref>
⚫
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Italy/WMO_Normals_CliNo81-10.xls
|format=XLS
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010 — Sarzana-16125
⚫
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = March 2, 2024
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240317065214/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Italy/WMO_Normals_CliNo81-10.xls
|archive-date = 2024-03-17}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Servizio Meteorologico]]<ref name=SM>{{cite web
|source 2 = [[Servizio Meteorologico]]<ref name=SM>{{cite web
| url = http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(125)Sarzana%20Luni.pdf
|url = http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(125)Sarzana%20Luni.pdf
| title = Sarzana/Luni (SP)
|title = Sarzana/Luni (SP)
| work = Atlante climatico
|work = Atlante climatico
| publisher = Servizio Meteorologico
|publisher = Servizio Meteorologico
| access-date = 24 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=extremes>{{cite web
|access-date = 24 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=extremes>{{cite web
| url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/sarzana-luni/
|url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/sarzana-luni/
| title = Sarzana Luni: Record mensili dal 1970
|title = Sarzana Luni: Record mensili dal 1970
| publisher = Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare
|publisher = Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare
| language = it
|language = it
| access-date = 24 February 2016}}</ref>
|access-date = 24 February 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240317093354/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/sarzana-luni/
|archive-date = 2024-03-17}}</ref>
}}
}}


Revision as of 09:36, 17 March 2024

Sarzana
Comune
Città di Sarzana
Location of Sarzana
Map
Sarzana is located in Italy
Sarzana
Sarzana
Location of Sarzana in Italy
Sarzana is located in Liguria
Sarzana
Sarzana
Sarzana (Liguria)
Coordinates: 44°07′N 09°58′E / 44.117°N 9.967°E / 44.117; 9.967
CountryItaly
RegionLiguria
ProvinceLa Spezia (SP)
FrazioniMarinella di Sarzana, Falcinello, Sarzanello, San Lazzaro
Government
 • MayorCristina Ponzanelli
Area
[1]
 • Total
34 km2 (13 sq mi)
Elevation
21 m (69 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2016)[2]
 • Total
22,104
 • Density650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
DemonymSarzanesi
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
19038
Dialing code0187
Patron saintSt. Andrew
Saint day30 November
WebsiteOfficial website

Sarzana (Italian: [sarˈdzaːna], Emilian: [sarˈzana]; Template:Lang-lij)[3] is a town, comune (municipality) and former short-lived Catholic bishopric in the Province of La Spezia, Liguria, Italy. It is 15 kilometres (9 mi) east of La Spezia, on the railway to Pisa, at the point where the railway to Parma diverges to the north.[4] In 2010, it had a population of 21,978.

History

The position of Sarzana, at the entrance to the valley of the Magra (ancient Macra), the boundary between Etruria and Liguria in Roman times, gave it military importance in the Middle Ages. The first mention of the city is found in 983 in a diploma of Otto I; in 1202 the episcopal see was transferred from the ancient Luni, 5 kilometres (3 mi) southeast, to Sarzana.[4]

Sarzana, owing to its position, changed masters more than once, belonging first to Pisa, then to Florence, then to the Banco di S. Giorgio of Genoa and from 1572 to dogal Genoa itself.[4]

The fortress of Sarzana

These changes left in Sarzana a conspicuous fortress, which remains a focus of attraction for people interested in military history and specifically in the history of fortifications (see Star fortress).[5]

In 1814 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Sardinia, the frontier between Liguria and Tuscany being now made to run between it and Carrara.[4]

In 1921 Sarzana was the scene of fights (Fatti di Sarzana [it]) between the population and Mussolini's Fascist squads. During them, a small group of Carabinieri and, later, simple citizens opposed and pushed back some 300 armed Fascists who had come to devastate the town, resulting in 18 dead and about 30 injured.[6]

During the German occupation of Italy in World War II, Sarzana was a centre of partisan resistance.[7]

Ecclesiastical history

The Diocese of Sarzana was established on 4 August 1975, on territory reassigned from the suppressed Roman Catholic Diocese of Luni–Sarzana. It was immediately joined in personal union (aeque principaliter) with the bishopric of Brugnato and diocese of La Spezia from 4 August 1975 until their merger on 30 September 1986.

On 30 September 1986 it was suppressed, its territory and titles being merged into the Diocese of La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato, to which the bishop was appointed.

Its only incumbent as suffragan Bishop of Sarzana was

  • Siro Silvestri (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30), also last Bishop of Brugnato (Italy) (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30) and last Bishop of La Spezia (Italy) (1975.09.03 – 1986.09.30); previously Bishop of Foligno (Italy) (1955.07.21 – 1975.09.03); later first Bishop of La Spezia–Sarzana–Brugnato (Italy) (1986.09.30 – resigned 1989.12.07), died 1997.06.14.

Main sights

Notable locals

  • Sarzana was the birthplace of Tommaso Parentucelli, the future Pope Nicholas V, in 1397 a son of local doctor Bartolomeo Parentucelli.
  • A branch of the Cadolingi di Borgonuovo family, Lords of Fucecchio in Tuscany from the 10th century onwards, which had acquired the name of Buonaparte, had settled near Sarzana before 1264.[4] In 1512 a member of the family (Francesco Buonaparte, who died in 1540) permanently took up residence in Ajaccio,[4] becoming the founder of the Corsican line of Buonapartes and hence a direct forebear of Sebastiano Nicola Buonaparte. He in turn was the great-grandfather of the emperor Napoleon I (who was born in Corsica in 1769).

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns – sister cities

Sarzana is twinned with:

Climate

The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is "Csa" (Mediterranean climate).[8] The annual average temperature is 15.42 °C (59.8 °F), the hottest month in August is 24.23 °C (75.6 °F), and the coldest month is 7.72 °C (45.9 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 950.01 millimetres (37.40 in), of which November is the wettest with 136.73 millimetres (5.38 in), while July is the driest with only 21.45 millimetres (0.84 in).

Climate data for Sarzana (1991–2020, extremes 1970–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.0
(75.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		37.0
(98.6) 		36.6
(97.9) 		38.2
(100.8) 		34.2
(93.6) 		29.4
(84.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		19.2
(66.6) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.3
(52.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.0
(64.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		29.0
(84.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		25.3
(77.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		15.8
(60.4) 		12.4
(54.3) 		19.8
(67.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		13.6
(56.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		21.3
(70.3) 		23.9
(75.0) 		24.2
(75.6) 		20.3
(68.5) 		16.5
(61.7) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		15.4
(59.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		4.0
(39.2) 		6.5
(43.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		8.7
(47.7) 		5.2
(41.4) 		11.1
(52.0)
Record low °C (°F) −9.0
(15.8) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.8
(46.0) 		10.4
(50.7) 		7.6
(45.7) 		6.0
(42.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−9.0
(15.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 80.3
(3.16) 		72.1
(2.84) 		79.4
(3.13) 		75.0
(2.95) 		57.2
(2.25) 		52.9
(2.08) 		21.5
(0.85) 		34.0
(1.34) 		98.0
(3.86) 		134.0
(5.28) 		136.7
(5.38) 		109.3
(4.30) 		950.01
(37.40)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.97 6.33 6.82 6.59 5.57 4.75 2.14 3.19 5.86 9.00 9.34 9.30 75.86
Average relative humidity (%) 71.8 70.2 68.7 68.8 68.5 68.7 66.8 67.2 69.1 73.9 74.6 72.8 70.1
Average dew point °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3) 		1.2
(34.2) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.2
(43.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.9
(57.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		10.8
(51.4) 		6.3
(43.3) 		2.5
(36.5) 		8.5
(47.3)
Source 1: NOAA (Dew Point 1981-2010)[9][10]
Source 2: Servizio Meteorologico[11][12]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  3. ^ Frisoni, Gaetano [in Italian] (1910). Dizionario Genovese-Italiano e Italiano-Genovese (in Italian). Genoa: Nuova Editrice Genovese.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sarzana". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 224.
  5. ^ Harris, J., "Sarzana and Sarzanello – Transitional Design and Renaissance Designers", Fort (Fortress Study Group), No. 37, 2009, pp. 50–78
  6. ^ Bosworth, Mussolini's Italy, p. 173
  7. ^ Tacconi, Francesco. "La Fortezza – Comune di Sarzana". old.comune.sarzana.sp.it. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  8. ^ "Sarzana, Italy: Monthly - Weather Averages Summary". Weatherbase. CantyMedia. 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  9. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Sarzana". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  10. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010 — Sarzana-16125". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (XLS) on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  11. ^ "Sarzana/Luni (SP)" (PDF). Atlante climatico. Servizio Meteorologico. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  12. ^ "Sarzana Luni: Record mensili dal 1970" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell’Aeronautica Militare. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2016.


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