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'''''Geastrum fornicatum''''', commonly known as the '''acrobatic earthstar''' or the '''arched earthstar''', is an inedible species of mushroom in the family ''[[Geastraceae]]''. Like other earthstar mushrooms, the thick outer skin splits open at maturity to expose the spore sac to the elements. |
'''''Geastrum fornicatum''''', commonly known as the '''acrobatic earthstar''' or the '''arched earthstar''', is an inedible species of mushroom in the family ''[[Geastraceae]]''. Like other earthstar mushrooms, the thick outer skin splits open at maturity to expose the spore sac to the elements. It is found in the southwest United States. |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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When first described in the late 17th century, the species was called ''Fungus anthropomorphus'' due to its resemblance to the human figure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm#Herb |title=waynesword.palomar.edu |access-date=2009-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224141105/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm#Herb |archive-date=2008-12-24 }}</ref> In 1799, English naturalist [[James Sowerby]] wrote:<blockquote>So strange a vegetable has surprised many; and in the year 1695 it was published under the name of Fungus Anthropomorphus, and figured with human faces on the head. It is at first roundish; in ripening the head bursts through the two coats or wrappers; the inner wrapper, detaching itself from the outer, becomes inverted, connected only by the edges; the coats most constantly split into four parts.<ref |
When first described in the late 17th century, the species was called ''Fungus anthropomorphus'' due to its resemblance to the human figure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm#Herb |title=waynesword.palomar.edu |access-date=2009-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224141105/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm#Herb |archive-date=2008-12-24 }}</ref> In 1799, English naturalist [[James Sowerby]] wrote:<blockquote>So strange a vegetable has surprised many; and in the year 1695 it was published under the name of Fungus Anthropomorphus, and figured with human faces on the head. It is at first roundish; in ripening the head bursts through the two coats or wrappers; the inner wrapper, detaching itself from the outer, becomes inverted, connected only by the edges; the coats most constantly split into four parts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sowerby |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mikWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Fungus+anthropomorphus%22&pg=PT178 |title=Coloured Figures of English Fungi Or Mushrooms |year=1799 |access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref></blockquote> |
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The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] ''fornicatum'' ([[Latin]] for 'arched' or 'vaulted')<ref>{{cite web |title=Latin Word Definition and Information for: ''fornicatus'', ''fornicata'', ''fornicatum'' -- LATdict Latin Dictionary & Resources |url=http://www.latdict.com/info/word/20922.html |access-date=2009-01-10}}</ref> refers to the arched shape of the rays which extend downwards to rest on the mycelial sac and elevate the spore sac. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The immature [[basidiocarp|fruit body]] is roughly spherical in shape, typically {{convert|1|–|4|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} in diameter, and dark brown in color.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=R. Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=369-371|oclc=797915861}}</ref> At maturity, the exoperidium (outer layer) splits into four to five rays which curve backwards so as to elevate the fruit body and raise the spore sac for optimal spore dispersal; the tips of the rays remain attached to a basal cup.<ref>{{cite book |author=Miller HR, Miller OK. |title=Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera |publisher=Mad River Press |location=Eureka, California |year=1988 |isbn=0-916422-74-7}}</ref> The spore sac contains an ostiole, a small opening near the apex. The mature fruiting body may be up to {{convert|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on|frac=4}} in diameter and {{convert|8|cm|in|1|abbr=on|frac=4}} tall. The exoperidium is attached to the soil by [[mycelial cord|rhizomorph]]s. [[Basidiospore| |
The immature [[basidiocarp|fruit body]] is roughly spherical in shape, typically {{convert|1|–|4|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} in diameter, and dark brown in color.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=R. Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=369-371|oclc=797915861}}</ref> At maturity, the exoperidium (outer layer) splits into four to five rays which curve backwards so as to elevate the fruit body and raise the spore sac for optimal spore dispersal; the tips of the rays remain attached to a basal cup.<ref>{{cite book |author=Miller HR, Miller OK. |title=Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera |publisher=Mad River Press |location=Eureka, California |year=1988 |isbn=0-916422-74-7}}</ref> The spore sac contains an ostiole, a small opening near the apex. The mature fruiting body may be up to {{convert|6|cm|in|1|abbr=on|frac=4}} in diameter and {{convert|8|cm|in|1|abbr=on|frac=4}} tall. The exoperidium is attached to the soil by [[mycelial cord|rhizomorph]]s. The [[Basidiospore|spores]] are spherical, warted, thick-walled, [[nonamyloid]] and 5–6 [[μm]];<ref>{{cite book |author=Miller HR, Miller OK. |title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi |publisher=Falcon Guide |location=Guilford, Connecticut |year=2006 |page=446 |isbn=0-7627-3109-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjvXkLpqsEgC&q=geastrum+fornicatum&pg=PA446 |access-date=2009-12-20}}</ref> when young, they are white and firm, but produce a dark-brown color [[spore print]] in maturity.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=[[Audubon]] |title=Mushrooms of North America |publisher=[[Knopf]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-593-31998-7 |pages=112}}</ref> |
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This species is found singly or in small groups under bushes and in [[deciduous]] woods.<ref |
This species is found singly or in small groups under bushes and in [[deciduous]] woods.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ellis JB, Ellis MB. |title=Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook |publisher=Chapman and Hall |location=London |year=1990 |page=228 |isbn=0-412-36970-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vowdIZ7GqD4C&q=geastrum+fornicatum&pg=PA228}}</ref> It is inedible.<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Roger |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |year=2010 |publisher=Firefly Books |location=Buffalo, NY |isbn=978-1-55407-651-2 |page=336}}</ref> |
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=== Similar species === |
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Similar species include ''[[Geastrum minimum]]'' and ''[[Geastrum quadrifidum]]''.<ref name=":0" /> |
Similar species include ''[[Geastrum minimum]]'' and ''[[Geastrum quadrifidum]]''.<ref name=":0" /> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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==Antimicrobial activity== |
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The uncommon fungus is found in the southwest United States between October and March, usually under trees but not in deep woods.<ref name=":02" /> |
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==Uses== |
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[[Methanol]] extracts of ''G. fornicatum'' have been shown to |
[[Methanol]] extracts of ''G. fornicatum'' have been shown to have [[antimicrobial]] properties, inhibiting the growth of various bacteria that are [[pathogen]]ic to humans, including ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'', ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'', ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', ''[[Salmonella typhimurium]]'', and ''[[Streptococcus pyogenes]]'', as well as the fungi ''[[Candida albicans]]'', ''[[Rhodotorula rubra]]'', and ''[[Kluyveromyces fragilis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.fitote.2005.02.004 |author=Dulger B. |title=Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=76 |issue=3–4 |pages=352–354 |year=2005 |pmid=15890468}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 06:09, 25 March 2024
| Geastrum fornicatum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | G. fornicatum
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| Binomial name | |
| Geastrum fornicatum | |
| Synonyms | |
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Geastrum fornicatum | |
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 | Glebal hymenium |
 | No distinct cap |
 | Hymenium attachment is not applicable |
| Lacks a stipe |
 | Spore print is brown |
 | Edibility is inedible |
Geastrum fornicatum, commonly known as the acrobatic earthstar or the arched earthstar, is an inedible species of mushroom in the family Geastraceae. Like other earthstar mushrooms, the thick outer skin splits open at maturity to expose the spore sac to the elements. It is found in the southwest United States.
Taxonomy
When first described in the late 17th century, the species was called Fungus anthropomorphus due to its resemblance to the human figure.[1] In 1799, English naturalist James Sowerby wrote:
So strange a vegetable has surprised many; and in the year 1695 it was published under the name of Fungus Anthropomorphus, and figured with human faces on the head. It is at first roundish; in ripening the head bursts through the two coats or wrappers; the inner wrapper, detaching itself from the outer, becomes inverted, connected only by the edges; the coats most constantly split into four parts.[2]
The specific epithet fornicatum (Latin for 'arched' or 'vaulted')[3] refers to the arched shape of the rays which extend downwards to rest on the mycelial sac and elevate the spore sac.
Description
The immature fruit body is roughly spherical in shape, typically 1–4 centimetres (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 inches) in diameter, and dark brown in color.[4] At maturity, the exoperidium (outer layer) splits into four to five rays which curve backwards so as to elevate the fruit body and raise the spore sac for optimal spore dispersal; the tips of the rays remain attached to a basal cup.[5] The spore sac contains an ostiole, a small opening near the apex. The mature fruiting body may be up to 6 cm (2+1⁄4 in) in diameter and 8 cm (3+1⁄4 in) tall. The exoperidium is attached to the soil by rhizomorphs. The spores are spherical, warted, thick-walled, nonamyloid and 5–6 μm;[6] when young, they are white and firm, but produce a dark-brown color spore print in maturity.[7]
This species is found singly or in small groups under bushes and in deciduous woods.[8] It is inedible.[9]
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Growing under an oak in California
Similar species
Similar species include Geastrum minimum and Geastrum quadrifidum.[4]
Distribution and habitat
The uncommon fungus is found in the southwest United States between October and March, usually under trees but not in deep woods.[7]
Uses
Methanol extracts of G. fornicatum have been shown to have antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of various bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, including Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Streptococcus pyogenes, as well as the fungi Candida albicans, Rhodotorula rubra, and Kluyveromyces fragilis.[10]
References
- ^ "waynesword.palomar.edu". Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ Sowerby, James (1799). Coloured Figures of English Fungi Or Mushrooms. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ "Latin Word Definition and Information for: fornicatus, fornicata, fornicatum -- LATdict Latin Dictionary & Resources". Retrieved 2009-01-10.
- ^ a b Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 369–371. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
- ^ Miller HR, Miller OK. (1988). Gasteromycetes: Morphological and Developmental Features, with Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. ISBN 0-916422-74-7.
- ^ Miller HR, Miller OK. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 446. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ a b Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ Ellis JB, Ellis MB. (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 228. ISBN 0-412-36970-2.
- ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Dulger B. (2005). "Antimicrobial activity of ten Lycoperdaceae". Fitoterapia. 76 (3–4): 352–354. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2005.02.004. PMID 15890468.