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== Classifications==
== Classifications==
The composition of Streptophyta and similar groups (Streptophytina, [[Charophyta]]) varies in each classification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Schwestergruppe der Landpflanzen |trans-title=The sister group of land plants |url=https://www.protisten.de/german/docs/Phylogeny_in_Streptophyta.pdf |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=www.protisten.de |language=de}}</ref>{{citation needed|reason=cited source is in German. An English-language source is required|date=July 2015}} Some authors include only the Charales and Embryophyta (e.g., Streptophyta<ref name=Jeffrey1967/><ref name=Adletal2012>{{cite journal |author=Adl, S.M.; Simpson, A.G.B.; Lane, C.E.; Lukeš, J.; Bass, D.; Bowser, S.S.; Brown, M.W.; Burki, F.; Dunthorn, M.; Hampl, V.; Heiss, A.; Hoppenrath, M.; Lara, E.; le Gall, L.; Lynn, D.H.; McManus, H.; Mitchell, E.A.D.; Mozley-Stanridge, S.E.; Parfrey, L.W.; Pawlowski, J.; Rueckert, S.; Shadwick, L.; Schoch, C.L.; Smirnov, A.; Spiegel, F.W. |date=2012 |title=The revised classification of Eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–514 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x| PMC=3483872|PMID=23020233 }}</ref>, Streptophytina <small>Lewis & McCourt 2004</small>)<ref name="Lewis&McCourt-2004"/>, others include more groups (e.g., Charophyta <small>Lewis & McCourt 2004<ref name="Lewis&McCourt-2004"/>; Karol et al. 2009{{citatioin needed|date=April 2024}}; Adl et al. 2012<ref name=Adletal2012/></small>, Streptophyta<ref name=Bremer1985>{{cite Journal |author=Bremer, K. |date=1985 |title=Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification |journal=Cladistics |volume=1 |pages=369-385 }}</ref>; de Reviers 2002; Leliaert et al. 2012</small>, Streptobionta <small>Kenrick & Crane 1997</small>; some authors use this broader definition, but exclude the Embryophyta, e.g., Charophyta<ref name="Cavalier-Smith1993">{{cite book|author=Cavalier-Smith, T. |date=1993| chapter=The origin, losses and gains of chloroplasts. |title=Origins of plastids |pages=291-348 |publisher=Springer US}}</ref> Leliaert et al. 2012, Charophyceae <small>Mattox & Stewart, 1984</small>, Streptophycophytes <small>de Reviers, 2002</small>).
The composition of Streptophyta and similar groups (Streptophytina, [[Charophyta]]) varies in each classification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Schwestergruppe der Landpflanzen |trans-title=The sister group of land plants |url=https://www.protisten.de/german/docs/Phylogeny_in_Streptophyta.pdf |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=www.protisten.de |language=de}}</ref>{{citation needed|reason=cited source is in German. An English-language source is required|date=July 2015}} Some authors include only the Charales and Embryophyta (e.g., Streptophyta<ref name=Jeffrey1967/><ref name=Adletal2012>{{cite journal |author=Adl, S.M.; Simpson, A.G.B.; Lane, C.E.; Lukeš, J.; Bass, D.; Bowser, S.S.; Brown, M.W.; Burki, F.; Dunthorn, M.; Hampl, V.; Heiss, A.; Hoppenrath, M.; Lara, E.; le Gall, L.; Lynn, D.H.; McManus, H.; Mitchell, E.A.D.; Mozley-Stanridge, S.E.; Parfrey, L.W.; Pawlowski, J.; Rueckert, S.; Shadwick, L.; Schoch, C.L.; Smirnov, A.; Spiegel, F.W. |date=2012 |title=The revised classification of Eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–514 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x| PMC=3483872|PMID=23020233 }}</ref>, Streptophytina <small>Lewis & McCourt 2004</small>)<ref name="Lewis&McCourt-2004"/>, others include more groups (e.g., Charophyta <small>Lewis & McCourt 2004<ref name="Lewis&McCourt-2004"/>; Karol et al. 2009{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}; Adl et al. 2012<ref name=Adletal2012/></small>, Streptophyta<ref name=Bremer1985>{{cite Journal |author=Bremer, K. |date=1985 |title=Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification |journal=Cladistics |volume=1 |pages=369-385 }}</ref>; de Reviers 2002; Leliaert et al. 2012</small>, Streptobionta <small>Kenrick & Crane 1997</small>; some authors use this broader definition, but exclude the Embryophyta, e.g., Charophyta<ref name="Cavalier-Smith1993">{{cite book|author=Cavalier-Smith, T. |date=1993| chapter=The origin, losses and gains of chloroplasts. |title=Origins of plastids |pages=291-348 |publisher=Springer US}}</ref> Leliaert et al. 2012, Charophyceae <small>Mattox & Stewart, 1984</small>, Streptophycophytes <small>de Reviers, 2002</small>).


The clade Streptophyta includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Streptophyta contains the freshwater charophyte green algae and all land plants that reproduce sexually by conjugation. ''Mesostigma viride'', a unicellular green flagellate alga may be a basal Streptophyte.<ref name=Liang2020>{{cite journal |last=Liang |first=Z |last2=Geng |first2=Y |last3=Ji |first3=C |last4=Du |first4=H |last5=Wong |first5=CE |last6=Zhang |first6=Q |last7=Yu |first7=H |date=2020 |title=''Mesostigma viride'' genome and transcriptome provide insights into the origin and evolution of Streptophyta |journal=Advanced Science |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/advs.2019018501901850 }}</ref><ref name=Nedelcu2006>{{cite journal |last=Nedelcu |first=AM |last2=Borza |first2=T |last3=Lee |first3=RW |date=2006 |title=A land plant–specific multigene family in the unicellular ''Mesostigma'' argues for its close relationship to Streptophyta |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=1011-1015 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msj108 }}</ref>
The clade Streptophyta includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Streptophyta contains the freshwater charophyte green algae and all land plants that reproduce sexually by conjugation. ''Mesostigma viride'', a unicellular green flagellate alga may be a basal Streptophyte.<ref name=Liang2020>{{cite journal |last=Liang |first=Z |last2=Geng |first2=Y |last3=Ji |first3=C |last4=Du |first4=H |last5=Wong |first5=CE |last6=Zhang |first6=Q |last7=Yu |first7=H |date=2020 |title=''Mesostigma viride'' genome and transcriptome provide insights into the origin and evolution of Streptophyta |journal=Advanced Science |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/advs.2019018501901850 }}</ref><ref name=Nedelcu2006>{{cite journal |last=Nedelcu |first=AM |last2=Borza |first2=T |last3=Lee |first3=RW |date=2006 |title=A land plant–specific multigene family in the unicellular ''Mesostigma'' argues for its close relationship to Streptophyta |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=1011-1015 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msj108 }}</ref>

Revision as of 20:39, 12 April 2024

For an explanation of very similar terms, see Charophyta.
Streptophyta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: CAM
Clade: Archaeplastida
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Streptophyta
Jeffrey 1967,[1] sensu Leliaert et al. 2012
Subdivisions
Synonyms
  • Anthocerotophyta Sluiman 1985[2]
  • Charophyta Migula 1897 sensu Lewis & McCourt 2004[3]; Karol et al. 2009
  • Streptobionta Kenrick & Crane 1997

sister: chlorophyta

Streptophyta (/strɛpˈtɒfɪtə, ˈstrɛptoʊfaɪtə/), informally the streptophytes (/ˈstrɛptəfaɪts/, from the Greek strepto 'twisted', for the morphology of the sperm of some members), is a clade of plants. The composition of the clade varies considerably between authors, but the definition employed here includes land plants and all green algae except the Chlorophyta and the more basal Prasinodermophyta.[4]

Classifications

The composition of Streptophyta and similar groups (Streptophytina, Charophyta) varies in each classification.[5][citation needed] Some authors include only the Charales and Embryophyta (e.g., Streptophyta[1][6], Streptophytina Lewis & McCourt 2004)[3], others include more groups (e.g., Charophyta Lewis & McCourt 2004[3]; Karol et al. 2009[citation needed]; Adl et al. 2012[6], Streptophyta[7]; de Reviers 2002; Leliaert et al. 2012, Streptobionta Kenrick & Crane 1997; some authors use this broader definition, but exclude the Embryophyta, e.g., Charophyta[8] Leliaert et al. 2012, Charophyceae Mattox & Stewart, 1984, Streptophycophytes de Reviers, 2002).

The clade Streptophyta includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Streptophyta contains the freshwater charophyte green algae and all land plants that reproduce sexually by conjugation. Mesostigma viride, a unicellular green flagellate alga may be a basal Streptophyte.[9][10]

These earlier classifications have not taken into account that the Coleochaetophyceae and the Zygnemophyceae appear to have emerged in the Charophyceae + Embryophyta clade, resulting in the synonymy of the Phragmoplastophyta and Streptophytina/Streptophyta sensu stricto (a.k.a. Adl 2012[6]) nomenclature.[11]

Jeffrey, 1967[1]

Lewis & McCourt 2004[3]

Leliaert et al. 2012

Adl et al. 2012[6]

Adl et al. 2019

  • Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005
    • Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 (Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981)
      • Phylum Streptophyta [Charophyta]
        • Chlorokybus atmophyticus
        • Mesostigma viridae
        • Family Klebsomidiophyceae
        • Class Phragmoplastophyta
          • Family Zygnemataceae
          • Order Coleochaetophyceae
          • Family Characeae
          • Kingdom Embryophyta

Phylogeny

Below is a reconstruction of Streptophyta relationships, based on genomic data.[12][13][14]

Streptophyta/
charophyta

The newly found streptofilum appears to bring in a new branching[15]

Streptophyta/
charophyta

References

  1. ^ a b c d Jeffrey C (1967). "The origin and differentiation of the Archegoniate land plants: A second contribution". Kew Bull. 21 (2): 335–349. doi:10.2307/4108533. JSTOR 4108533.
  2. ^ Sluiman H. J. (1985). "A cladistic evaluation of the lower and higher green plants (Viridiplantae)". Plant Syst. Evol. 149 (3–4): 217–232. doi:10.1007/bf00983308. S2CID 19456207.
  3. ^ a b c d e Lewis L.A.; McCourt R.M. (October 2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308.
  4. ^ Sánchez-Baracaldo, Patricia; Raven, John A.; Pisani, Davide; Knoll, Andrew H. (2017-09-12). "Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (37): E7737 – E7745. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E7737S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620089114. PMC 5603991. PMID 28808007.
  5. ^ "Die Schwestergruppe der Landpflanzen" [The sister group of land plants] (PDF). www.protisten.de (in German). Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d Adl, S.M.; Simpson, A.G.B.; Lane, C.E.; Lukeš, J.; Bass, D.; Bowser, S.S.; Brown, M.W.; Burki, F.; Dunthorn, M.; Hampl, V.; Heiss, A.; Hoppenrath, M.; Lara, E.; le Gall, L.; Lynn, D.H.; McManus, H.; Mitchell, E.A.D.; Mozley-Stanridge, S.E.; Parfrey, L.W.; Pawlowski, J.; Rueckert, S.; Shadwick, L.; Schoch, C.L.; Smirnov, A.; Spiegel, F.W. (2012). "The revised classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Bremer, K. (1985). "Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification". Cladistics. 1: 369–385.
  8. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). "The origin, losses and gains of chloroplasts.". Origins of plastids. Springer US. pp. 291–348.
  9. ^ Liang, Z; Geng, Y; Ji, C; Du, H; Wong, CE; Zhang, Q; Yu, H (2020). "Mesostigma viride genome and transcriptome provide insights into the origin and evolution of Streptophyta". Advanced Science. 7 (1). doi:10.1002/advs.2019018501901850.
  10. ^ Nedelcu, AM; Borza, T; Lee, RW (2006). "A land plant–specific multigene family in the unicellular Mesostigma argues for its close relationship to Streptophyta". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (5): 1011–1015. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj108.
  11. ^ Lemieux, Claude; Otis, Christian; Turmel, Monique (2016). "Comparative Chloroplast Genome Analyses of Streptophyte Green Algae Uncover Major Structural Alterations in the Klebsormidiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae and Zygnematophyceae". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 697. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00697. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 4877394. PMID 27252715.
  12. ^ Linzhou Li; Sibo Wang; Hongli Wang; Sunil Kumar Sahu; Birger Marin; Haoyuan Li; Yan Xu; Hongping Liang; Zhen Li; Shifeng Chen; Tanja Reder; Zehra Çebi; Sebastian Wittek; Morten Petersen; Barbara Melkonian; Hongli Du; Huanming Yang; Jian Wang; Gane Ka-Shu Wong; Xun Xu; Xin Liu; Yves Van de Peer; Michael Melkonian; Huan Liu (22 June 2020). "The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (9): 1220–1231. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7. PMC 7455551. PMID 32572216.
  13. ^ Puttick, Mark N.; Morris, Jennifer L.; Williams, Tom A.; Cox, Cymon J.; Edwards, Dianne; Kenrick, Paul; Pressel, Silvia; Wellman, Charles H.; Schneider, Harald (2018). "The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte". Current Biology. 28 (5): 733–745.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.063. hdl:1983/ad32d4da-6cb3-4ed6-add2-2415f81b46da. PMID 29456145.
  14. ^ Sánchez-Baracaldo, Patricia; Raven, John A.; Pisani, Davide; Knoll, Andrew H. (2017-09-12). "Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (37): E7737 – E7745. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E7737S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620089114. PMC 5603991. PMID 28808007.
  15. ^ Glass, Sarah E.; McCourt, Richard M.; Gottschalk, Stephen D.; Lewis, Louise A.; Karol, Kenneth G. (2023-08-07). "Chloroplast genome evolution and phylogeny of the early‐diverging charophycean green algae with a focus on the Klebsormidiophyceae and Streptofilum". Journal of Phycology. doi:10.1111/jpy.13359. ISSN 0022-3646.
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