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A year of three popes is a year when the College of Cardinals of the Catholic Church is required to elect two new popes within the same calendar year.^[1] Such a year generally occurs when a newly elected pope dies or resigns very early into his papacy. This results in the Catholic Church being led by three different popes during the same calendar year. In one instance, in 1276, there was a year of four popes.

Instances

The most recent instance of a year of three popes occurred in 1978. The three popes involved were:^[2]

Paul VI, who was elected on 21 June 1963 and died on 6 August 1978.
John Paul I, who was elected on 26 August 1978 and died thirty-three days later on 28 September 1978.
John Paul II, who was elected on 16 October 1978 and held the position until his death 26 years, 5 months, and 18 days later on 2 April 2005.

There have been thirteen instances in which exactly three popes have held office in a given calendar year. Years in which the Roman Catholic Church was led by three different popes include:

827: Eugene II^[3] — Valentine^[4] — Gregory IV^[5] (Valentine was Pope for just 41 days when he died.)
896: Formosus^[6] — Boniface VI^[7] — Stephen VI^[8] (After a pontificate of fifteen days, Boniface is said by some to have died of the gout or forcibly ejected)
897: Stephen VI^[8] — Romanus^[9] — Theodore II^[10] (Pontificate of Romanus ended when he was deposed and confined to a monastery.)
928: John X^[11] — Leo VI^[12] — Stephen VII^[13]
964: Leo VIII^[14] — Benedict V^[15] — John XIII^[16] (First Leo was overthrown, then Benedict himself was overthrown)
1003: Sylvester II^[17] — John XVII^[18] — John XVIII^[19]
1045: Sylvester III^[20]^[a] — Benedict IX (second reign)^[21] — Gregory VI^[22]^[a]
1187: Urban III^[23] — Gregory VIII^[24] — Clement III^[25]
1503: Alexander VI^[26] — Pius III^[27] — Julius II^[28]
1555: Julius III^[29] — Marcellus II^[30] — Paul IV^[31]
1590: Sixtus V^[32] — Urban VII^[33] — Gregory XIV^[34]
1605: Clement VIII^[35] — Leo XI^[36] — Paul V^[37]
1978: Paul VI — John Paul I — John Paul II^[2]

There was also a year in which the Roman Catholic Church was led by four popes, called the Year of Four Popes:

1276: Gregory X^[38] — Innocent V^[39] — Adrian V^[40] — John XXI^[41]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Sylvester III and Gregory VI are sometimes considered antipopes.

References

Footnotes

^ "1978:– The Year of Three Popes". Kildare and Leighlin Diocese. 30 August 2008. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b "1978: The Year Of The Three Popes". Tu Es Petrus. EWTN. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Eugene II". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Valentine". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Gregory IV". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Formosus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Boniface VI". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Pope Stephen (VI) VII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Romanus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Theodore II". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope John X". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Leo VI". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Stephen VII (VIII)". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010. Note: Actual date of Pope Stephen VII's accession is either late 928 or early 929.
^ "Pope Leo VIII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Benedict V". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope John XIII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Silvester II". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope John XVII (XVIII)". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope John XVIII (XIX)". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 21 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "List of Popes". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Benedict IX". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Gregory VI". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Urban III". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Gregory VIII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Clement III". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Alexander VI". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Pius III". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Julius II". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Julius III". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Marcellus II". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Paul IV". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Sixtus V". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Urban VII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Gregory XIV". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Clement VIII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Leo XI". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Paul V". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Gregory X". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Innocent V". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope Adrian V". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ "Pope John XXI (XX)". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

Bibliography

Hebblethwaite, Peter (1979). The Year of Three Popes. William Collins. ISBN 978-0-529-05652-8.

[antipope-21] Sylvester III and Gregory VI are sometimes considered antipopes.

[1] "1978:– The Year of Three Popes". Kildare and Leighlin Diocese. 30 August 2008. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[ewtn-2] "1978: The Year Of The Three Popes". Tu Es Petrus. EWTN. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[3] "Pope Eugene II". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[4] "Pope Valentine". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[5] "Pope Gregory IV". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[6] "Pope Formosus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[7] "Pope Boniface VI". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[stephen-8] "Pope Stephen (VI) VII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[9] "Pope Romanus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[10] "Pope Theodore II". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[11] "Pope John X". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[12] "Pope Leo VI". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[13] "Pope Stephen VII (VIII)". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010. Note: Actual date of Pope Stephen VII's accession is either late 928 or early 929.

[14] "Pope Leo VIII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[15] "Pope Benedict V". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[16] "Pope John XIII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[17] "Pope Silvester II". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[18] "Pope John XVII (XVIII)". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[19] "Pope John XVIII (XIX)". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 21 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[20] "List of Popes". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[22] "Pope Benedict IX". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[23] "Pope Gregory VI". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[24] "Pope Urban III". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[25] "Pope Gregory VIII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[26] "Pope Clement III". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[27] "Pope Alexander VI". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[28] "Pope Pius III". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[29] "Pope Julius II". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[30] "Pope Julius III". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[31] "Pope Marcellus II". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[32] "Pope Paul IV". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[33] "Pope Sixtus V". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[34] "Pope Urban VII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[35] "Pope Gregory XIV". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[36] "Pope Clement VIII". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[37] "Pope Leo XI". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[38] "Pope Paul V". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[39] "Pope Gregory X". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[40] "Pope Innocent V". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[41] "Pope Adrian V". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

[42] "Pope John XXI (XX)". Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2010.

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@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 # [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], who was elected on 16 October 1978 and held the position until his death 26 years, 5 months, and 18 days later on 2 April 2005.
 There have been thirteen instances in which exactly three popes have held office in a given calendar year. Years in which the Roman Catholic Church was led by three different popes include:
-*827: [[Pope Eugene II|Eugene II]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05598b.htm |title= Pope Eugene II |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809103834/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05598b.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Valentine|Valentine]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15254b.htm |title= Pope Valentine |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809104038/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15254b.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Gregory IV|Gregory IV]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06789b.htm |title= Pope Gregory IV |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101030150207/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06789b.htm |archive-date= 30 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>  (Valentine was Pope for just 41 days when he died.)
+*827: [[Pope Eugene II|Eugene II]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05598b.htm |title= Pope Eugene II |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809103834/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05598b.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Valentine|Valentine]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15254b.htm |title= Pope Valentine |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809104038/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15254b.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Gregory IV|Gregory IV]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06789b.htm |title= Pope Gregory IV |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101030150207/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06789b.htm |archive-date= 30 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>  (Valentine was Pope for just 41 days when he died.)
-*896: [[Pope Formosus|Formosus]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06139b.htm |title= Pope Formosus |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101103190308/http://newadvent.org/cathen/06139b.htm |archive-date= 3 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Boniface VI|Boniface VI]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02661b.htm |title= Pope Boniface VI |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101104135226/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02661b.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Stephen VI|Stephen VI]]<ref name="stephen">{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14289d.htm |title= Pope Stephen (VI) VII |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101103111050/http://newadvent.org/cathen/14289d.htm |archive-date= 3 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> (After a pontificate of fifteen days, Boniface is said by some to have died of the gout or forcibly ejected)
+*896: [[Pope Formosus|Formosus]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06139b.htm |title= Pope Formosus |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101103190308/http://newadvent.org/cathen/06139b.htm |archive-date= 3 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Boniface VI|Boniface VI]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02661b.htm |title= Pope Boniface VI |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101104135226/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02661b.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Stephen VI|Stephen VI]]<ref name="stephen">{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14289d.htm |title= Pope Stephen (VI) VII |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101103111050/http://newadvent.org/cathen/14289d.htm |archive-date= 3 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> (After a pontificate of fifteen days, Boniface is said by some to have died of the gout or forcibly ejected)
-*897: [[Pope Stephen VI|Stephen VI]]<ref name="stephen"/>&nbsp;— [[Pope Romanus|Romanus]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13163b.htm |title= Pope Romanus |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100807215238/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13163b.htm |archive-date= 7 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Theodore II|Theodore II]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14570b.htm |title= Pope Theodore II |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809104026/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14570b.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> (Pontificate of Romanus ended when he was deposed and confined to a monastery.)
+*897: [[Pope Stephen VI|Stephen VI]]<ref name="stephen"/>&nbsp;— [[Pope Romanus|Romanus]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13163b.htm |title= Pope Romanus |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100807215238/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13163b.htm |archive-date= 7 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Theodore II|Theodore II]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14570b.htm |title= Pope Theodore II |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809104026/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14570b.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> (Pontificate of Romanus ended when he was deposed and confined to a monastery.)
-*928: [[Pope John X|John X]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08425b.htm |title= Pope John X |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101126010951/http://newadvent.org/cathen/08425b.htm |archive-date= 26 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Leo VI|Leo VI]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09159c.htm |title= Pope Leo VI |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101104060250/http://newadvent.org/cathen/09159c.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Stephen VII|Stephen VII]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14290a.htm |title= Pope Stephen VII (VIII) |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101103141912/http://newadvent.org/cathen/14290a.htm |archive-date= 3 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }} Note: Actual date of Pope Stephen VII's accession is either late 928 or early 929.</ref>
+*928: [[Pope John X|John X]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08425b.htm |title= Pope John X |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101126010951/http://newadvent.org/cathen/08425b.htm |archive-date= 26 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Leo VI|Leo VI]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09159c.htm |title= Pope Leo VI |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101104060250/http://newadvent.org/cathen/09159c.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Stephen VII|Stephen VII]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14290a.htm |title= Pope Stephen VII (VIII) |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101103141912/http://newadvent.org/cathen/14290a.htm |archive-date= 3 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }} Note: Actual date of Pope Stephen VII's accession is either late 928 or early 929.</ref>
-*964: [[Pope Leo VIII|Leo VIII]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09160b.htm |title= Pope Leo VIII |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101104094600/http://newadvent.org/cathen/09160b.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Benedict V|Benedict V]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02428b.htm |title= Pope Benedict V |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100807214501/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02428b.htm |archive-date= 7 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope John XIII|John XIII]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08427a.htm |title= Pope John XIII |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809103955/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08427a.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> (First Leo was overthrown, then Benedict himself was overthrown)
+*964: [[Pope Leo VIII|Leo VIII]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09160b.htm |title= Pope Leo VIII |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101104094600/http://newadvent.org/cathen/09160b.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Benedict V|Benedict V]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02428b.htm |title= Pope Benedict V |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100807214501/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02428b.htm |archive-date= 7 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope John XIII|John XIII]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08427a.htm |title= Pope John XIII |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809103955/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08427a.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> (First Leo was overthrown, then Benedict himself was overthrown)
-*1003: [[Pope Sylvester II|Sylvester II]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14371a.htm |title= Pope Silvester II |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101102085628/http://newadvent.org/cathen/14371a.htm |archive-date= 2 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope John XVII|John XVII]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08428b.htm |title= Pope John XVII (XVIII) |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101126010933/http://newadvent.org/cathen/08428b.htm |archive-date= 26 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope John XVIII|John XVIII]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08429a.htm |title= Pope John XVIII (XIX) |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101021020041/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08429a.htm |archive-date= 21 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
+*1003: [[Pope Sylvester II|Sylvester II]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14371a.htm |title= Pope Silvester II |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101102085628/http://newadvent.org/cathen/14371a.htm |archive-date= 2 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope John XVII|John XVII]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08428b.htm |title= Pope John XVII (XVIII) |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101126010933/http://newadvent.org/cathen/08428b.htm |archive-date= 26 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope John XVIII|John XVIII]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08429a.htm |title= Pope John XVIII (XIX) |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101021020041/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08429a.htm |archive-date= 21 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
-*1045: [[Pope Sylvester III|Sylvester III]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm |title= List of Popes |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100926192058/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm |archive-date= 26 September 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="antipope" group=lower-alpha>Sylvester III and Gregory VI are sometimes considered antipopes.</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Benedict IX|Benedict IX (second reign)]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02429a.htm |title= Pope Benedict IX |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801034033/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02429a.htm |archive-date= 1 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Gregory VI|Gregory VI]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06791a.htm |title= Pope Gregory VI |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809103909/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06791a.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="antipope" group=lower-alpha />
+*1045: [[Pope Sylvester III|Sylvester III]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm |title= List of Popes |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100926192058/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm |archive-date= 26 September 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="antipope" group=lower-alpha>Sylvester III and Gregory VI are sometimes considered antipopes.</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Benedict IX|Benedict IX (second reign)]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02429a.htm |title= Pope Benedict IX |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801034033/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02429a.htm |archive-date= 1 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Gregory VI|Gregory VI]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06791a.htm |title= Pope Gregory VI |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809103909/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06791a.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="antipope" group=lower-alpha />
-*1187: [[Pope Urban III|Urban III]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15211a.htm |title= Pope Urban III |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101018122741/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15211a.htm |archive-date= 18 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Gregory VIII|Gregory VIII]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06795a.htm |title= Pope Gregory VIII |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120111165817/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06795a.htm |archive-date= 11 January 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Clement III|Clement III]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04018a.htm |title= Pope Clement III |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120517151845/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04018a.htm |archive-date= 17 May 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
+*1187: [[Pope Urban III|Urban III]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15211a.htm |title= Pope Urban III |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101018122741/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15211a.htm |archive-date= 18 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Gregory VIII|Gregory VIII]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06795a.htm |title= Pope Gregory VIII |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120111165817/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06795a.htm |archive-date= 11 January 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Clement III|Clement III]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04018a.htm |title= Pope Clement III |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120517151845/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04018a.htm |archive-date= 17 May 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
-*1503: [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01289a.htm |title= Pope Alexander VI |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100919000433/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01289a.htm |archive-date= 19 September 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Pius III|Pius III]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12128a.htm |title= Pope Pius III |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100807215051/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12128a.htm |archive-date= 7 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08562a.htm |title= Pope Julius II |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101027010816/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08562a.htm |archive-date= 27 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
+*1503: [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01289a.htm |title= Pope Alexander VI |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100919000433/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01289a.htm |archive-date= 19 September 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Pius III|Pius III]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12128a.htm |title= Pope Pius III |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100807215051/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12128a.htm |archive-date= 7 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08562a.htm |title= Pope Julius II |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101027010816/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08562a.htm |archive-date= 27 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
-*1555: [[Pope Julius III|Julius III]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08564a.htm |title= Pope Julius III |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005065052/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08564a.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Marcellus II|Marcellus II]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09641a.htm |title= Pope Marcellus II |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101004013454/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09641a.htm |archive-date= 4 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Paul IV|Paul IV]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11581a.htm |title= Pope Paul IV |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140811142133/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11581a.htm |archive-date= 11 August 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
+*1555: [[Pope Julius III|Julius III]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08564a.htm |title= Pope Julius III |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005065052/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08564a.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Marcellus II|Marcellus II]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09641a.htm |title= Pope Marcellus II |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101004013454/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09641a.htm |archive-date= 4 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Paul IV|Paul IV]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11581a.htm |title= Pope Paul IV |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140811142133/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11581a.htm |archive-date= 11 August 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
-*1590: [[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14033a.htm |title= Pope Sixtus V |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100926080248/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14033a.htm |archive-date= 26 September 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Urban VII|Urban VII]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15218a.htm |title= Pope Urban VII |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809104031/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15218a.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Gregory XIV|Gregory XIV]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07004a.htm |title= Pope Gregory XIV |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101009140939/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07004a.htm |archive-date= 9 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
+*1590: [[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14033a.htm |title= Pope Sixtus V |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100926080248/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14033a.htm |archive-date= 26 September 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Urban VII|Urban VII]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15218a.htm |title= Pope Urban VII |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809104031/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15218a.htm |archive-date= 9 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Gregory XIV|Gregory XIV]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07004a.htm |title= Pope Gregory XIV |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101009140939/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07004a.htm |archive-date= 9 October 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
-*1605: [[Pope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04027a.htm |title= Pope Clement VIII |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101105235857/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04027a.htm |archive-date= 5 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Leo XI|Leo XI]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09166a.htm |title= Pope Leo XI |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101104101911/http://newadvent.org/cathen/09166a.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Paul V|Paul V]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11581b.htm |title= Pope Paul V |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100918135323/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11581b.htm |archive-date= 18 September 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
+*1605: [[Pope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04027a.htm |title= Pope Clement VIII |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101105235857/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04027a.htm |archive-date= 5 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Leo XI|Leo XI]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09166a.htm |title= Pope Leo XI |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101104101911/http://newadvent.org/cathen/09166a.htm |archive-date= 4 November 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Paul V|Paul V]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11581b.htm |title= Pope Paul V |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100918135323/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11581b.htm |archive-date= 18 September 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
 *1978: Paul VI&nbsp;— John Paul I&nbsp;— John Paul II<ref name="ewtn" />
 There was also a year in which the Roman Catholic Church was led by four popes, called the '''Year of Four Popes''':
-*1276: [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06798a.htm |title= Pope Gregory X |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120702101151/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06798a.htm |archive-date= 2 July 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08018a.htm |title= Pope Innocent V |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100802033601/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08018a.htm |archive-date= 2 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Adrian V|Adrian V]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01159a.htm |title= Pope Adrian V |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100807213134/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01159a.htm |archive-date= 7 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope John XXI|John XXI]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08429c.htm |title= Pope John XXI (XX) |work= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171224170153/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08429c.htm |archive-date= 24 December 2017 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
+*1276: [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06798a.htm |title= Pope Gregory X |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120702101151/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06798a.htm |archive-date= 2 July 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08018a.htm |title= Pope Innocent V |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100802033601/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08018a.htm |archive-date= 2 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope Adrian V|Adrian V]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01159a.htm |title= Pope Adrian V |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100807213134/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01159a.htm |archive-date= 7 August 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>&nbsp;— [[Pope John XXI|John XXI]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08429c.htm |title= Pope John XXI (XX) |encyclopedia= Catholic Encyclopedia |access-date= 28 September 2010 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171224170153/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08429c.htm |archive-date= 24 December 2017 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 ===Bibliography===
 {{refbegin}}
-*{{cite book |first= Peter |last= Hebblethwaite |title= The Year of Three Popes |url= https://archive.org/details/yearofthreepopes00hebb |url-access= registration |publisher= William Collins |year= 1979}}
+*{{cite book |first= Peter |last= Hebblethwaite |title= The Year of Three Popes |url= https://archive.org/details/yearofthreepopes00hebb |url-access= registration |publisher= William Collins |year= 1979|isbn= 978-0-529-05652-8 }}
 {{refend}}