Jump to content

Mehmet Shehu: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit
No edit summary
Tags: Reverted Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 62: Line 62:
Shehu graduated in 1932 at the Tirana Albanian Vocational High School funded by the [[American Red Cross]]. His focus was on agriculture. Unsuccessful in finding employment within the Ministry of Agriculture he managed to get a scholarship to attend the [[Nunziatella military academy]] of [[Naples]], [[Italy]]. After being expelled from this school for his pro-Communist sympathies in 1936 he gained entry to the Tirana Officers School, but he left the following year after volunteering to fight for the republican side in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. He joined the [[Communist Party of Spain]] and was a machine-gunner<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tremlett |first1=Giles |title=The International Brigades |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-4088-5398-6 |page=531}}</ref> who rose to the command of the Fourth Battalion of the [[XII International Brigade|XIIth ''Garibaldi'' Brigade]]. After the defeat of the Republican forces he was arrested in France in early 1939 as he was retreating from Spain along with his friends. He was imprisoned in an [[internment]] camp in [[France]] and later was transferred to an Italian internment camp, where he joined the Italian Communist Party.<ref name="auto"/>
Shehu graduated in 1932 at the Tirana Albanian Vocational High School funded by the [[American Red Cross]]. His focus was on agriculture. Unsuccessful in finding employment within the Ministry of Agriculture he managed to get a scholarship to attend the [[Nunziatella military academy]] of [[Naples]], [[Italy]]. After being expelled from this school for his pro-Communist sympathies in 1936 he gained entry to the Tirana Officers School, but he left the following year after volunteering to fight for the republican side in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. He joined the [[Communist Party of Spain]] and was a machine-gunner<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tremlett |first1=Giles |title=The International Brigades |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-4088-5398-6 |page=531}}</ref> who rose to the command of the Fourth Battalion of the [[XII International Brigade|XIIth ''Garibaldi'' Brigade]]. After the defeat of the Republican forces he was arrested in France in early 1939 as he was retreating from Spain along with his friends. He was imprisoned in an [[internment]] camp in [[France]] and later was transferred to an Italian internment camp, where he joined the Italian Communist Party.<ref name="auto"/>


== Military career ==
== Partisan life ==
[[File:Mehmet Shehu -28partizan-29.jpg|thumb|left|Mehmet Shehu as a partisan, 1944]]
[[File:Mehmet Shehu -28partizan-29.jpg|thumb|left|Mehmet Shehu as a partisan, 1944]]

Shehu volunteered for the [[Spanish Civil War|war in Spain]], illegally crossing the border between France and Spain in November 1937. Once in Spain, he joined the 13th Interbrigade (the Garibaldi Brigade) and quickly rose to become the Deputy Commander of the [[Garibaldi Battalion|4th Battalion of the Garibaldi Brigade]]. He became a member of the [[Communist Party of Spain|Spanish Communist Party]] in December 1937.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pipa |first=Arshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZJpAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=de |title=Albanian Stalinism: Ideo-political Aspects |date=1990 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-184-5 |language=en}}</ref>

After the war in Spain, when the [[International Brigades]] and the [[Spanish Republican Army|Spanish Republican Army]] withdrew to France, Shehu was interned on February 9, 1939, in a French concentration camp by the regime of Daladier, Paul Reynaud, and Pétain. He remained there for 40 months and became a member of the Party Committee of the camp.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elsie |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC&newbks=0&hl=de |title=Historical Dictionary of Albania |date=2010-03-19 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7380-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Mehmet Shehu's military career began in 1942 when he returned to [[Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)|Albania under Italian occupation]] and promptly joined the [[Party of Labour of Albania|Albanian Communist Party]] and the Albanian resistance in Mallakastra. He was regarded as highly successful and victorious in battles such as [[Battle of Gjorm|Gjorm]], [[Liberation of Tepelena|Tepelena]], and [[Liberation of Tirana|Tirana]]. By 1943, he had been elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Due to his military expertise, he quickly rose to become the commander of the 1st Partisan Assault Brigade in August 1943. Subsequently, he led the 1st Partisan Assault Division of the [[National Liberation Movement (Albania)|National Liberation Army]]. He served as a member of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation, the provisional government, from 1944 to 1945.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoxha|first=Enver|title=The Titoites|publisher=The «8 Nëntori» Publishing House|year=1982|location=Tirana|pages=597|language=English|oclc=654529262}}</ref>
Mehmet Shehu's military career began in 1942 when he returned to [[Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)|Albania under Italian occupation]] and promptly joined the [[Party of Labour of Albania|Albanian Communist Party]] and the Albanian resistance in Mallakastra. He was regarded as highly successful and victorious in battles such as [[Battle of Gjorm|Gjorm]], [[Liberation of Tepelena|Tepelena]], and [[Liberation of Tirana|Tirana]]. By 1943, he had been elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Due to his military expertise, he quickly rose to become the commander of the 1st Partisan Assault Brigade in August 1943. Subsequently, he led the 1st Partisan Assault Division of the [[National Liberation Movement (Albania)|National Liberation Army]]. He served as a member of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation, the provisional government, from 1944 to 1945.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hoxha|first=Enver|title=The Titoites|publisher=The «8 Nëntori» Publishing House|year=1982|location=Tirana|pages=597|language=English|oclc=654529262}}</ref>

In 1944, he was promoted to Major General and became the Second Assistant to the Chief of Staff.



== After WWII ==
== After WWII ==

Revision as of 22:09, 22 April 2024

Mehmet Shehu
Official portrait, c. 1950s
23rd Prime Minister of Albania
In office
20 July 1954 – 18 December 1981
LeaderEnver Hoxha (First Secretary)
Preceded byEnver Hoxha
Succeeded byAdil Çarçani
Minister of Internal Affairs
In office
23 November 1948 – 23 July 1954
Prime MinisterEnver Hoxha
Preceded byNesti Kerenxhi
Succeeded byKadri Hazbiu
Minister of People's Defence
In office
28 October 1974 – 18 December 1981
Prime MinisterHimself
Adil Çarçani
Preceded byBeqir Balluku
Succeeded byKadri Hazbiu
Personal details
Born(1913-01-10)January 10, 1913
Çorrush, Fier County, Albania
DiedDecember 18, 1981(1981-12-18) (aged 68)
Tirana, Albania
Manner of deathSuicide, Assassination (allegedly)
Political partyParty of Labour of Albania
SpouseFiqrete Sanxhaktari
Signature
Military service
Battles/wars

Mehmet Ismail Shehu (January 10, 1913 – December 18, 1981) was an Albanian communist politician who served as the Prime Minister of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1954 to 1981. He was known as a close confidant of Enver Hoxha and served in various high-ranking positions in the government.

Shehu was Chief of the General Staff of the Albanian People's Army from 1946 to 1948 and later served as Minister of the Interior from 1948 to 1954. He then assumed the position of Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) from 1954 to 1981 and additionally served as Minister of People's Defense from 1974 to 1980. Shehu was often regarded as the right hand of Enver Hoxha and played a central role in Albania's political leadership during that era.[1]

In 1938, he joined the International Brigades in Spain and fought as an officer in the 4th Battalion of the Italian Garibaldi Brigade. A member of the Spanish Communist Party, he moved to France after Franco's victory and was interned there from 1939 to 1942. He was handed over by the Vichy government to the fascists who sent him to Tirana. He left the company of his escort and joined the maquis and the Albanian Communist Party. Commander of the 1st Brigade of the National Liberation Army since 1943, Mehmet Shehu took part in the Battle of Gjorm on January 1, Liberation of Tepelena on September 10 and liberation of Tirana on November 8, 1944.

As an acknowledged military tactician, without whose leadership the communist partisans may well have failed in their battle to win Albania for the Marxist-Leninist cause, Shehu exhibited an ideological understanding and work ethic that singled him out for rapid promotion in the communist party.[2]

Mehmet Shehu shared power with Enver Hoxha from the end of the Second World War. According to official Albanian government sources, he killed himself on December 18, 1981, after which his family was arrested. Persistent rumors remain, however, that Shehu was actually murdered on orders from Hoxha.

Early life

Mehmet Shehu was born into a Tosk Albanian family,[3][4] with his father being an Albanian Muslim Imam. He was born in Çorrush, Mallakastër District, southern Albania.

Shehu graduated in 1932 at the Tirana Albanian Vocational High School funded by the American Red Cross. His focus was on agriculture. Unsuccessful in finding employment within the Ministry of Agriculture he managed to get a scholarship to attend the Nunziatella military academy of Naples, Italy. After being expelled from this school for his pro-Communist sympathies in 1936 he gained entry to the Tirana Officers School, but he left the following year after volunteering to fight for the republican side in the Spanish Civil War. He joined the Communist Party of Spain and was a machine-gunner[5] who rose to the command of the Fourth Battalion of the XIIth Garibaldi Brigade. After the defeat of the Republican forces he was arrested in France in early 1939 as he was retreating from Spain along with his friends. He was imprisoned in an internment camp in France and later was transferred to an Italian internment camp, where he joined the Italian Communist Party.[2]

Partisan life

Mehmet Shehu as a partisan, 1944

Shehu volunteered for the war in Spain, illegally crossing the border between France and Spain in November 1937. Once in Spain, he joined the 13th Interbrigade (the Garibaldi Brigade) and quickly rose to become the Deputy Commander of the 4th Battalion of the Garibaldi Brigade. He became a member of the Spanish Communist Party in December 1937.[6]

After the war in Spain, when the International Brigades and the Spanish Republican Army withdrew to France, Shehu was interned on February 9, 1939, in a French concentration camp by the regime of Daladier, Paul Reynaud, and Pétain. He remained there for 40 months and became a member of the Party Committee of the camp.[7]

Mehmet Shehu's military career began in 1942 when he returned to Albania under Italian occupation and promptly joined the Albanian Communist Party and the Albanian resistance in Mallakastra. He was regarded as highly successful and victorious in battles such as Gjorm, Tepelena, and Tirana. By 1943, he had been elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Due to his military expertise, he quickly rose to become the commander of the 1st Partisan Assault Brigade in August 1943. Subsequently, he led the 1st Partisan Assault Division of the National Liberation Army. He served as a member of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation, the provisional government, from 1944 to 1945.[8]

In 1944, he was promoted to Major General and became the Second Assistant to the Chief of Staff.


After WWII

Mehmet Shehu as Chief of the General Staff of the Albanian People's Army in 1946

After Albania was liberated from the German occupation in November 1944, Shehu became the deputy chief of the general staff and, after he studied in Moscow, became the chief of the general staff. Later, he was also a lieutenant general and a full general.

In 1948, Shehu "expurgated" from the party the element who "tried to separate Albania from the Soviet Union and lead her under Belgrade's influence". This made him the nearest person to Enver Hoxha and brought him high offices. After the purge of Koçi Xoxe, he took over the Ministry of Internal Affairs.[9] However, he remained in Hoxha's shadow.

From 1948, he was a member of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania, and, from 1948 to 1953, he was a secretary of the Central Committee. He lost the latter position on June 24 when Enver Hoxha gave up the posts of Minister of Defence and Minister of Foreign Affairs while retaining the premiership. Hoxha was probably not willing to yield too much power to him. From 1948 to 1954 he was deputy prime minister (deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers) and Minister of Internal Affairs. The latter post made him commander of the secret police, the Sigurimi. In 1954, he succeeded Hoxha as Prime Minister. From 1974 he was also the Minister of People's Defence while from 1947 to his death he was a deputy of the People's Assembly.

Hard line man

During the war, Shehu won a reputation for brutality. Mike Burke, the American spymaster who set up a 1950 paramilitary project to destabilize and oust the Albanian government, said in 1986 that Shehu was "one tough son of a bitch", whose security forces gave U.S. agents "a tough time".

During the discussion at the Meeting of 81 Communist and Workers' Parties in November 1960, Nikita Khrushchev asked Shehu if he had any criticisms of Joseph Stalin, to which Shehu replied: "Yes, not getting rid of you!"[10]

Last years

Shehu was considered Enver Hoxha's right-hand man and the second most powerful man in Albania. For 40 years Hoxha was Shehu's friend and closest comrade. On his 50th birthday in 1963, Hoxha honored Shehu with his name being attached to the local military-political academy, becoming the "Mehmet Shehu Military Academy".[11] Shehu was one of those who prepared the Chinese-Albanian alliance and the break with the Soviet Union (December 1961). His relationship with Hoxha was damaged, however, when his son married a woman who had anti-Communist relations in the United States. This led to a meeting of the Politburo regarding his future.[12]

On December 17, 1981, he was found dead in his bedroom, (lying in his bed, wearing sunglasses, a shirt and pyjamas) with a bullet wound to his chest. According to the official announcement on Radio Tirana, he killed himself in a nervous breakdown.[13] Many of his contemporaries, including his personal bodyguard, have repeatedly claimed he was murdered. No official investigation into the matter has been conducted after the fall of the regime.

After his death, Shehu was claimed to have been a spy not only for Yugoslavia, but also the CIA and the KGB. This was substantiated by a CIA document obtained by Pirro Andoni, then the country's ambassador to Argentina, in which they outline a plan for Mehmet Shehu to assassinate Enver Hoxha, take control of the Party of Labour of Albania, and open up to the West.[14] In Hoxha's book The Titoites (1982) several chapters are dedicated to Shehu's denunciation.[15] In 1982, the Party of Labour issued a second edition of its official history, removing all references to Shehu.[16][17]

Reportedly, Shehu had begun speaking out against Hoxha's isolationism. He had reached out to some western nations like Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany to see about making diplomatic ties.[13] Albanians speculated that Hoxha, who was in the last years of his life, wanted to secure his legacy and did not want a successor who might outshine him.[12] He was branded as a “people’s enemy” and was buried in a wasteland near the village of Ndroq near Tirana.

Shehu’s family was also punished. His widow, Fiqerete, (born Sanxhaktari) and two of his sons were arrested without any explanation and later imprisoned on different pretexts. One son died by suicide and his wife died in prison in 1988.[12] One of Shehu's surviving sons later launched a campaign to prove that his father had, in fact, been murdered. After the fall of Communism and his release from prison in 1991, Mehmet Shehu's younger son Bashkim started seeking his father's remains. On November 19, 2001, it was announced that Mehmet Shehu's remains had been found.

A fictionalised account of Mehmet Shehu's fall and death is the subject of Ismail Kadare's novel The Successor (2003).

See also

References

  1. ^ "Mehmet Shehu | Communist leader, Prime Minister, Albania | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  2. ^ a b Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia, Volume 1 Author Bernard A. Cook Publisher Taylor & Francis, 2001 ISBN 0-8153-4058-3, ISBN 978-0-8153-4058-4
  3. ^ Mashriq: Proceedings of the Eastern Mediterranean Seminar, University of Manchester, 1979-1982. University of Manchester. 1983.
  4. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983-07-29). History of the Balkans: Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
  5. ^ Tremlett, Giles (2020). The International Brigades. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 531. ISBN 978-1-4088-5398-6.
  6. ^ Pipa, Arshi (1990). Albanian Stalinism: Ideo-political Aspects. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-184-5.
  7. ^ Elsie, Robert (2010-03-19). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3.
  8. ^ Hoxha, Enver (1982). The Titoites. Tirana: The «8 Nëntori» Publishing House. p. 597. OCLC 654529262.
  9. ^ Albert Lulushi (2014-06-13). "Operation Valuable Fiend: The CIA's First Paramilitary Strike Against the Iron Curtain". Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781628723946.
  10. ^ Ash, William (1974). Pickaxe and Rifle. London: Howard Baker Press Ltd. p. 201. ISBN 070300039X.
  11. ^ Agency, United States Central Intelligence (1963). Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts.
  12. ^ a b c Fred C. Abrahams (2015-05-15). "Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe". NYU Press. ISBN 9781479896684.
  13. ^ a b "Gen. Mehmet Shehu Dead at 68; Served Albania as Prime Minister". New York Times. 1981-12-19.
  14. ^ "Ish-ambasadori shqiptar në Argjentinë, Pirro Andoni: "Unë, ambasadori që rrëmbeva paktin e CIA-s me Mehmet Shehun"". Zani i Malësisë. 29 August 2017.
  15. ^ "Albanian Communist Leader Dies". Chicago Tribune. 1985-04-12.
  16. ^ Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies (1971). History of the Party of Labor of Albania. Tirana, Albania: Naim Frashëri Publishing House. p. 309. Having secured a footing in the Political Directorate, it concentrated its attacks on the General Staff of the Army and its Chief Comrade Mehmet Shehu who defended the correct line of the Party and the independence of the People's Army.
  17. ^ Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies (1982). History of the Party of Labor of Albania (PDF) (2nd ed.). Tirana, Albania: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. p. 229. Having secured a footing in the Political Directorate, it concentrated its attacks on the correct line of the Party in the military domain and the independence of the People's Army.

Bibliography

  • Shehu, Duro. Mehmet Shehu: Im vëlla, Tirana, Bota Shqiptare: 2008.
Political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania
1954–1981 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Shehu&oldid=1220294626"