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==See also==
==See also==
* {{lwc|KP-SAM Chiron|KP-SAM}}
* [[KP-SAM Chiron|KP-SAM]]
* {{lwc|Crotale (missile)#K-SAM Pegasus|K-SAM}}
* [[Crotale (missile)#K-SAM Pegasus|K-SAM]]
* {{lwc|K-SAAM}}
* [[K-SAAM]]
* {{lwc|L-SAM}}
* [[L-SAM]]
* [[List of surface-to-air missiles]]
* [[List of surface-to-air missiles]]
* [[List of anti-aircraft weapons]]
* [[List of anti-aircraft weapons]]

Revision as of 07:24, 7 May 2024

For the similarly-named ship-launched air-defense system of South Korea, see K-SAAM (Haegung).
Korean Medium-range Surface-to-Air Missile
천궁 중거리 지대공 미사일
KM-SAM Block-II
TypeMedium-range, mobile surface-to-air missile/anti-ballistic missile system
Place of originSouth Korea
Service history
In service2015–present[1]
Used by Republic of Korea Air Force
 United Arab Emirates Army[2]
Production history
DesignerAgency for Defense Development
Almaz-Antey (Block 1)
DesignedBlock 1: 2001–2011[3]
Block 2: 2012–2017
Block 3: 2024–In development
ManufacturerHanwha Aerospace (launcher, radar)
LIG Nex1 (missile, system)
ProducedBlock 1: 2015–2020
Block 2: 2021–present
Specifications
MassMissile: 400 kg (880 lb)
Length4.61 m (15.1 ft)
Diameter275 mm (10.8 in)
EngineSolid-fuel rocket motor
Operational
range
Block 1: 40 km (25 mi)
Block 2: 50 km (31 mi)[4][5]
Flight ceilingBlock 1: 15 km (49,000 ft)[1][6]
Block 2: 20 km (66,000 ft)[1][5]
Maximum speed Mach 4.5 (1,530 m/s; 5,510 km/h)[7] – Mach 5 (1,700 m/s; 6,100 km/h)
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance with midcourse updates through datalink, terminal active radar homing[8]

The KM-SAM (Korean Medium-range Surface-to-Air Missile; Korean: 천궁; Hanja: 天弓; RR: Cheon-gung) which is also known as the Cheolmae-2 (Iron Hawk; Korean: 철매; Hanja: 鐵鷹; RR: Cheol-mae) is a South Korean medium range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system that was developed by the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) with technical support from Almaz-Antey and Fakel, based on technology from the 9M96 missile used on S-350E and S-400 missile systems.[9]

Design and development

KM-SAM Block-I missile cutaway

A complete battery consists of four to six 8-cell transporter erector launchers (TELs), a passive electronically scanned array (PESA) X-band multi-function phased array 3D radar (based on the one from the Russian S-400), and a fire command vehicle.[10][1][6] The radar operates in the X-band and rotates at a rate of 40 rpm, covering up to 80 degrees in elevation.[8] It can detect targets within 100 km (62 mi) and track up to 40 simultaneously.[11]

The KM-SAM is the middle-tier of South Korea's three-tier aerial and missile defense system. Though it was developed in Russia by the Almaz Design Bureau in association with Samsung Thales, LIG Nex1, and Doosan DST, localization and industrialization were done in South Korea enough to consider it an indigenous system. South Korea has independent export rights under international intellectual property law and does not use Russian-made parts. Therefore, export is possible regardless of international sanctions against Russia. The KM-SAM can intercept targets up to an altitude of 15 km (49,000 ft) at a range of 40 km (25 mi). It is to replace upgraded MIM-23 Hawk batteries in South Korea and be made available for export. Almaz-Antey continued with the program after prototypes were transferred and have created a distinctly Russian version called the Vityaz missile system.[12][13]

The Republic of Korea Air Force revealed in mid-2015 that the KM-SAM would soon enter mass production and begin delivery to the Air Force that September, replacing the Hawk missile that had been in Korean service since 1964, which the United States military retired in 2002. The system can intercept up to six targets simultaneously, and the missiles have anti-electronic warfare capabilities to keep functioning despite jamming.[3][14] The system passed the military's operational requirement verification test in July 2015, and began deployment in early 2016 near the maritime border with North Korea in the Yellow Sea.[15]

On 28 April 2020, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) announced that deliveries of the Cheongung KM-SAM Block-1 system to the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) had been completed.[1][6] In July 2021, South Korea retired its last MIM-23 Hawk system, phasing it out for the Cheongung Block-1.[16]

KM-SAM battery configuration

KM-SAM's MFR, launcher, and ECS vehicles

The configuration of KM-SAM batteries typically includes multifunction radar, vertical launchers, and control center vehicles.

  • Engagement Control Center (ECS): 1
  • Multifunction Radar (MFR): 1
  • Launchers: 4–6
  • Missiles per Launcher: 8
  • Power Generator: 1

Improvements

Block-II

KM-SAM Block-II missile cutaway
A demonstration of the missile launch of KM-SAM

In April 2017, South Korean military officials revealed that a low-tier missile defense system based on the Cheongung was in the final phase of development. Modifying the standard SAM with hit-to-kill technology enables it to intercept incoming ballistic missiles at mid altitudes of around 20 km (66,000 ft).[17][18][19] The first upgraded Cheongung-II system was delivered to the ROKAF in November 2020.[20] The Block II interceptor is effective against both aircraft and ballistic targets.[19][21]

The KM-SAM will be able to be launched from the Korean Vertical Launch System (K-VLS) aboard Daegu-class frigates in a naval role.[22]

Block-III

The Defense Acquisition Program Administration decided to develop KM-SAM III by investing 2.8 trillion won from 2024 to 2034.[23]

Further development

The KM-SAM block-2 was to be an upper-tier interceptor designed to take down ballistic missiles, offering capabilities similar to that of the American Terminal High Altitude Area Defense missile with a range of 150 km (93 mi) and ceiling of 200,000 ft (61 km). Performance levels were to be twice as superior to the Patriot and Cheolmae II missiles, and was expected to be based on the Russian S-400 technology.[12] This role was filled by the development of the Long-range Surface-to-Air Missile (L-SAM).[24]

Exports

LIG Nex1 participated in International Defence Exhibition held in the UAE in 2021 and showed off the Korean weapon system including KM-SAM and AT-1K Raybolt.[25]

On 16 November 2021, the UAE's Ministry of Defense tweeted that it plans to acquire the M-SAM as a "qualitative addition" to its existing air defense capabilities and that the deal could reach US$3.5 billion.[21] An official at South Korea's Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) said that the announcement was "positive" but "we still need to see how negotiations on the details will proceed."[26] On 16 January 2022, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration of the South Korean Government announced that the UAE would purchase the system in a deal worth $3.5 billion. At the time, it was the largest arms export deal ever made by South Korea.[27][28]

The US requested South Korea to send this missile system to Ukraine for the War in Ukraine. However South Korea declined on the basis of its security situation.[29]

Operators

Current operator

South Korea Republic of Korea Air Force (19 batteries + 6 on order)
  • Block I, 18 batteries in service, 4 launchers of 8 missiles per battery.[30]
  • Block II, 1 battery in service + 6 on order (total planned 7), 4 launchers of 8 missiles per battery.[30][31]

Future operators

Saudi Arabia Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces (10 batteries)
Block II, 10 batteries ordered in February 2024 for USD $3.2 billion.[32]
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Army (12 batteries)
Block II, 12 batteries ordered in January 2023, to be produced partially in the UAE, worth USD $3.5 billion.[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Kim, Dae Young (28 April 2020). "South Korea completes deliveries of KM-SAM Block-1 system to RoKAF". Jane's Information Group. Archived from the original on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  2. ^ "The UAE is Bolstering Its Formidable Air Defenses". Forbes.
  3. ^ a b Korean-made missiles to replace aging Hawks - Koreajoongangdaily.joins.com, 31 July 2015
  4. ^ Cheolmae II / Cheongung (Iron Hawk) globalsecurity.org, 12 April 2023
  5. ^ a b "K-방산 & One Team 방산수출 미래가 활짝 열리다". Defense Acquisition Program Administration. March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  6. ^ a b c All local-made Cheongung KM-SAM air defense missile systems delivered to South Korean Army. Army Recognition. 28 April 2020.
  7. ^ "South Korea first live fire exercise with KM-SAM Cheongung missile system". Army Recognition. 2 November 2017. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Cheongung – a New MR-SAM for the South Korean Multi-Tier Defense System - Defense Update". defense-update.com. 17 December 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  9. ^ Pike, John. "Cheolmae II / Cheongung (Iron Hawk) M-SAM Medium Surface to Air Missile". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  10. ^ leojinpark2299 (21 September 2012). "psy K-MSAM". Retrieved 4 November 2017 – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ South Korea Deploys Its Own Missile Shield. War is Boring. 12 October 2017.
  12. ^ a b Cheongung – a New MR-SAM for the South Korean Multi-Tier Defense System - Defense-Update.com, 17 December 2011
  13. ^ 천궁 기본형 양산 완료 & 새로운 성능개량 사업 - blog.naver.com, 2 May 2020
  14. ^ South Korea about to start deployment of new Cheongung M-SAM air defense missile system - Armyrecognition.com, 3 August 2015
  15. ^ South Korea deploys surface-to-air guided missile system along maritime border - Armyrecognition.com, 10 March 2016
  16. ^ "South Korean air force retires last MIM-23 HAWK SAM systems". Jane's Information Group. 16 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2021.
  17. ^ Korea in final phase of developing low-tier missile defense system: official - Koreaherald.com, 16 April 2017
  18. ^ South Korea missile interceptor in final development - UPI.com, 18 April 2017
  19. ^ a b "M-SAM-II" (PDF). LIG Nex1. 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  20. ^ South Korea deploys Cheongung II surface-to-air missile. Army Recognition. 27 November 2020.
  21. ^ a b "UAE announces South Korean M-SAM order". Jane's Information Group. 16 November 2021. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021.
  22. ^ ROK Navy Launches New Warship Capable of Hitting Targets Inside North Korea - Thediplomat.com, 9 June 2016
  23. ^ South Korea to develop advanced missile interceptors janes.com, 27 April 2023
  24. ^ "L-SAM". Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  25. ^ Kim Byung-wook (21 February 2021). "LIG Nex1 heads to IDEX 2021, knocks on Middle East market". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  26. ^ "UAE to purchase South Korean M-SAM missiles in $3.5 billion deal". The Korea Times. 17 November 2021. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  27. ^ Michael Lee (17 January 2022). "UAE to buy Korean air defense system for $3.5 billion". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  28. ^ Brian Kim (19 January 2022). "South Korea inks largest arms export deal with UAE for missile interceptor". Defense News. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  29. ^ Josh Smith; Soo-Hyang Choi (11 April 2022). "Ukraine's Zelenskiy seeks military aid from South Korea". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  30. ^ a b "북 미사일 막을 방공망 촘촘해진다". 아시아경제 (in Korean). 19 August 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  31. ^ "RoKAF receives first Cheongung-II M-SAM battery". Jane's Information Services. 26 November 2020. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020.
  32. ^ "Saudi Arabia signs $3.2B deal for South Korean air defense systems". 7 February 2024.
  33. ^ "Military Watch Magazine".
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