Film scanner: Difference between revisions
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A '''film scanner''' is a device made for [[scan]]ning [[photographic film]] directly into a computer without the use of any intermediate printmaking. They provide several benefits over using a [[flatbed scanner]] to scan in a print of any size — the [[photographer]] has direct control over cropping and aspect ratio from the original unmolested image on film, and many film scanners come with specialized [[software]] or [[hardware]] designed to remove [[scratch]]es, [[film grain]], and improve [[color]] reproduction from old [[Negative (photography)|negatives]]. |
A '''film scanner''' is a device made for [[scan]]ning [[photographic film]] directly into a computer without the use of any intermediate printmaking. They provide several benefits over using a [[flatbed scanner]] to scan in a print of any size — the [[photographer]] has direct control over cropping and aspect ratio from the original unmolested image on film, and many film scanners come with specialized [[software]] or [[hardware]] designed to remove [[scratch]]es, [[film grain]], and improve [[color]] reproduction from old [[Negative (photography)|negatives]]. |
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Film scanners can accept either strips of [[35mm film|35mm]] or [[120 film|120]] film, or individual [[Transparency (photography)|slide]]s. Low-end scanners typically only take 35mm film strips, while medium- and high-end film scanners often have interchangeable film loaders. This allows the one scanning platform to be used for different sizes and packaging. For example, some allow [[microscope slide]]s to be loaded for scanning, while mechanised slide loaders allow many individual slides to be batch scanned unattended. |
*Film scanners can accept either strips of [[35mm film|35mm]] or [[120 film|120]] film, or individual [[Transparency (photography)|slide]]s. Low-end scanners typically only take 35mm film strips, while medium- and high-end film scanners often have interchangeable film loaders. This allows the one scanning platform to be used for different sizes and packaging. For example, some allow [[microscope slide]]s to be loaded for scanning, while mechanised slide loaders allow many individual slides to be batch scanned unattended. |
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Image:Coolscan-V.jpg|Nikon Coolscan V ED 35mm film scanner (right) |
Image:Coolscan-V.jpg|Nikon Coolscan V ED 35mm film scanner (right) |
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== Dust and scratches == |
== Dust and scratches == |
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Dust and scratches on the film can be a big problem for scanning. Because of their reduced size (compared to prints) the scanners are capable of resolutions much higher than a regular flatbed scanner; typically at least 2000 samples per inch (spi), up to 4000 spi or more. At these resolutions dust and scratches take on gigantic proportions. Even small specks of dust, invisible to the naked eye, can obscure a cluster of several pixels. For this reason, techniques have been developed to remove their appearance from a scan. |
Dust and scratches on the film can be a big problem for scanning. Because of their reduced size (compared to prints) the scanners are capable of resolutions much higher than a regular flatbed scanner; typically at least 2000 samples per inch (spi), up to 4000 spi or more. At these resolutions dust and scratches take on gigantic proportions. Even small specks of dust, invisible to the naked eye, can obscure a cluster of several pixels. For this reason, techniques have been developed to remove their appearance from a scan, see [[film restoration]]. |
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The simplest is the [[median filter]], often called ''despeckle'' in many graphic manipulation programs, e.g. in [[Adobe Photoshop]] and the [[GIMP]]. It works by examining a pixel in relation to the pixels surrounding it; if it is too different from the surrounding pixels then it is replaced with the [[median]] value of them. This and other methods can be quite effective, but have the disadvantage that the filter cannot know what actually is dust or noise. It will also obliterate fine detail in the scan. |
The simplest is the [[median filter]], often called ''despeckle'' in many graphic manipulation programs, e.g. in [[Adobe Photoshop]] and the [[GIMP]]. It works by examining a pixel in relation to the pixels surrounding it; if it is too different from the surrounding pixels then it is replaced with the [[median]] value of them. This and other methods can be quite effective, but have the disadvantage that the filter cannot know what actually is dust or noise. It will also obliterate fine detail in the scan. |
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Scanner manufacturers usually have their own name attached to this technique. [[Kodak]] developed [[Digital ICE]] at their Austin development centre, and is licensed by [[Epson]], [[Nikon]], [[Microtek]] and others. [[Canon Inc.|Canon]] developed its own FARE (Film Automatic Retouching and Enhancement) system. |
Scanner manufacturers usually have their own name attached to this technique. [[Kodak]] developed [[Digital ICE]] at their Austin development centre, and is licensed by [[Epson]], [[Nikon]], [[Microtek]] and others. [[Canon Inc.|Canon]] developed its own FARE (Film Automatic Retouching and Enhancement) system. |
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== Types of film scanners== |
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*35mm slides or film strips-rolls (consumer and high-end pro) |
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*35mm motion picture film, single frame intermittent pull down |
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*16mm motion picture film, single frame intermittent pull down. |
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*35mm motion picture film, continuous motion scanning (See [[Telecin]]e and[[ digital intermediate]]) |
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*16mm motion picture film, continuous motion scanning (See [[Telecin]]e and[[ digital intermediate]]) |
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==Models== |
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*Single frame intermittent pull down: |
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**[[Filmlight]] has a single frame intermittent scanner. |
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**[[ARRI]] - scanners |
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**[[Lasergraphics]] - Film scanning |
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*Continuous motion scanning: |
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**Spirit DataCine, [[Grass Valley (company)]] a [[Thomson_SA]] Brand. |
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**[[Cintel]] C-Reality [[Telecin]]e and ITK's Millennium Telecine. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 23:07, 12 April 2007
A film scanner is a device made for scanning photographic film directly into a computer without the use of any intermediate printmaking. They provide several benefits over using a flatbed scanner to scan in a print of any size — the photographer has direct control over cropping and aspect ratio from the original unmolested image on film, and many film scanners come with specialized software or hardware designed to remove scratches, film grain, and improve color reproduction from old negatives.
- Film scanners can accept either strips of 35mm or 120 film, or individual slides. Low-end scanners typically only take 35mm film strips, while medium- and high-end film scanners often have interchangeable film loaders. This allows the one scanning platform to be used for different sizes and packaging. For example, some allow microscope slides to be loaded for scanning, while mechanised slide loaders allow many individual slides to be batch scanned unattended.
-
Nikon Coolscan V ED 35mm film scanner (right) -
CanoScan9950F, a flatbed scanner that can also scan film
Dust and scratches
Dust and scratches on the film can be a big problem for scanning. Because of their reduced size (compared to prints) the scanners are capable of resolutions much higher than a regular flatbed scanner; typically at least 2000 samples per inch (spi), up to 4000 spi or more. At these resolutions dust and scratches take on gigantic proportions. Even small specks of dust, invisible to the naked eye, can obscure a cluster of several pixels. For this reason, techniques have been developed to remove their appearance from a scan, see film restoration.
The simplest is the median filter, often called despeckle in many graphic manipulation programs, e.g. in Adobe Photoshop and the GIMP. It works by examining a pixel in relation to the pixels surrounding it; if it is too different from the surrounding pixels then it is replaced with the median value of them. This and other methods can be quite effective, but have the disadvantage that the filter cannot know what actually is dust or noise. It will also obliterate fine detail in the scan.
Infrared cleaning
Infrared cleaning works by collecting an infrared channel from the scan at the same time as the visible colour channels (red, green, and blue). This is done by using a light source that also produces infrared radiation, and having a fourth row of sensors on the linear CCD sensor. Photographic film is mostly transparent to infrared radiation (no matter what the visible image contains) but dust and scratches aren't, so they show up in the IR channel. This information can then be used to automatically remove the appearance of dust and scratches in the visible channels and replace them with something similar to their surroundings.
Scanner manufacturers usually have their own name attached to this technique. Kodak developed Digital ICE at their Austin development centre, and is licensed by Epson, Nikon, Microtek and others. Canon developed its own FARE (Film Automatic Retouching and Enhancement) system.
Types of film scanners
- 35mm slides or film strips-rolls (consumer and high-end pro)
- 35mm motion picture film, single frame intermittent pull down
- 16mm motion picture film, single frame intermittent pull down.
- 35mm motion picture film, continuous motion scanning (See Telecine anddigital intermediate)
- 16mm motion picture film, continuous motion scanning (See Telecine anddigital intermediate)
Models
- Single frame intermittent pull down:
- Filmlight has a single frame intermittent scanner.
- ARRI - scanners
- Lasergraphics - Film scanning
- Continuous motion scanning:
- Spirit DataCine, Grass Valley (company) a Thomson_SA Brand.
- Cintel C-Reality Telecine and ITK's Millennium Telecine.
See also
External links
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