Swimming pool bacteria: Difference between revisions
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== Disease prevention == |
== Disease prevention == |
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There are several diseases caused by ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]'' and ''[[Enterococcus|Enterococci]]''. ''S. aureus'' has been found to cause [[sepsis]] and [[pneumonia]], among other problems,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-10 |title=Staphylococcus aureus in Healthcare Settings {{!}} HAI {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/staph.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> while ''Enterococci'' has been found to cause [[sepsis]] and [[Urinary tract infection|urinary tract infections]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enterococcal Infections - Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/enterococcal-infections |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Merck Manual Professional Edition |language=en-CA}}</ref> as well as being [[Antibiotics resistance|resistant to antibiotics]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Kristich |first=Christopher J. |title=Enterococcal Infection—Treatment and Antibiotic Resistance |date=2014 |work=Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection |editor-last=Gilmore |editor-first=Michael S. |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190420/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |place=Boston |publisher=Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary |pmid=24649502 |last2=Rice |first2=Louis B. |last3=Arias |first3=Cesar A. |editor2-last=Clewell |editor2-first=Don B. |editor3-last=Ike |editor3-first=Yasuyoshi |editor4-last=Shankar |editor4-first=Nathan}}</ref> There are various actions taken to prevent swimmers from falling ill. The swimming facilities must ensure that their [[filtration]] is working and that their staff are trained and know the appropriate behavior and procedures of the facilities.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-14 |title=Preventing Recreational Water Illnesses at Your Facility {{!}} Healthy Swimming {{!}} Healthy Water |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/aquatics-professionals/twelve-steps-for-prevention-rwi.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Individual swimmers must also take preventative measures. As stated by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), guests must not swim if they have [[diarrhea]], swimmers should not swallow pool water, swimmers should wash themselves before entering the pool, and if the restroom is used, each guest must thoroughly wash themselves.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2023" /> |
There are several diseases caused by ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]'' and ''[[Enterococcus|Enterococci]]''. ''S. aureus'' has been found to cause [[sepsis]] and [[pneumonia]], among other problems,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-10 |title=Staphylococcus aureus in Healthcare Settings {{!}} HAI {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/staph.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> while ''[[Enterococci]]'' has been found to cause [[sepsis]] and [[Urinary tract infection|urinary tract infections]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enterococcal Infections - Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/infectious-diseases/gram-positive-cocci/enterococcal-infections |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Merck Manual Professional Edition |language=en-CA}}</ref> as well as being [[Antibiotics resistance|resistant to antibiotics]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Kristich |first=Christopher J. |title=Enterococcal Infection—Treatment and Antibiotic Resistance |date=2014 |work=Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection |editor-last=Gilmore |editor-first=Michael S. |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190420/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |place=Boston |publisher=Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary |pmid=24649502 |last2=Rice |first2=Louis B. |last3=Arias |first3=Cesar A. |editor2-last=Clewell |editor2-first=Don B. |editor3-last=Ike |editor3-first=Yasuyoshi |editor4-last=Shankar |editor4-first=Nathan}}</ref> There are various actions taken to prevent swimmers from falling ill. The swimming facilities must ensure that their [[filtration]] is working and that their staff are trained and know the appropriate behavior and procedures of the facilities.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-14 |title=Preventing Recreational Water Illnesses at Your Facility {{!}} Healthy Swimming {{!}} Healthy Water |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/aquatics-professionals/twelve-steps-for-prevention-rwi.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Individual swimmers must also take preventative measures. As stated by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), guests must not swim if they have [[diarrhea]], swimmers should not swallow pool water, swimmers should wash themselves before entering the pool, and if the restroom is used, each guest must thoroughly wash themselves.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2023" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 03:07, 13 May 2024
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Swimming pool bacteria are the diverse array of bacteria that are present in aquatic environments, primarily swimming pools, which can have effects on human health and water quality.
Types
There are different types of bacteria that are found in swimming pools and other types of recreational waters. The most prevalent of them is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This bacterium is one of the leading causes of skin infections in the world. Such infections could appear as painful boils and rashes.[1] It is naturally present in humans on skin, in nasal mucous, and inside the intestinal tract.[citation needed] S. aureus has a strong resistance to chlorine, which is one of the methods by which pools are often cleaned.[2]
Other bacteria often found in recreational waters are Enterococci,[3] which is a genus of bacteria found in feces. Fecal contamination is one of the primary public health concerns in swimming pools.[2] Fecal contamination usually occurs through excretion by bathers, other animals, or contaminated water sources.[2]
Levels found in recreational waters
Researchers have studied the quantity of bacteria in recreational waters. In a study conducted by Masoud, G., et al, studying swimming pools in Alexandria, Egypt,[2] the team studied 10 pools, both indoor and outdoor, over two months during the summer in Alexandria.[2] The team found that bacteria seemed to be more prevalent in outdoor pools.[2] Furthermore, they noted that the higher the pH of the pool, the more bacteria were present in the water. 20.2% of the bacteria in the pools were found to be S. aureus.[2]
Another study, conducted by environmental engineer Samir M. Elmir,[4] conducted two experiments involving a large pool and a small pool.[3] Using 10 volunteers, the team examined how many bacteria could be found in the watershed by the bathers and how many could be found in the water after the bathers were exposed to sand.[3] Elmir and the other researchers concluded that bathers shed both S. aureus and Enterococci into the water, and S. aureus was shed the most.[3] After each cycle, the number of bacteria the bathers shed decreased.[3]
Disease prevention
There are several diseases caused by S. aureus and Enterococci. S. aureus has been found to cause sepsis and pneumonia, among other problems,[5] while Enterococci has been found to cause sepsis and urinary tract infections,[6] as well as being resistant to antibiotics.[7] There are various actions taken to prevent swimmers from falling ill. The swimming facilities must ensure that their filtration is working and that their staff are trained and know the appropriate behavior and procedures of the facilities.[8] Individual swimmers must also take preventative measures. As stated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), guests must not swim if they have diarrhea, swimmers should not swallow pool water, swimmers should wash themselves before entering the pool, and if the restroom is used, each guest must thoroughly wash themselves.[8]
References
- ^ "Infection caused by staphylococcus bacteria-Staph infections - Symptoms & causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g Masoud G, Abbass A, Abaza A, Hazzah W (July 2016). "Bacteriological quality of some swimming pools in Alexandria with special reference to Staphylococcus aureus". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 188 (7): 412. Bibcode:2016EMnAs.188..412M. doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5427-8. PMID 27312255.
- ^ a b c d e Elmir SM, Wright ME, Abdelzaher A, Solo-Gabriele HM, Fleming LE, Miller G, et al. (January 2007). "Quantitative evaluation of bacteria released by bathers in a marine water". Water Research. 41 (1): 3–10. Bibcode:2007WatRe..41....3E. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.10.005. PMC 2633726. PMID 17113123.
- ^ "Environmental Public Health and Engineering | Florida Department of Health in Miami-Dade". miamidade.floridahealth.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ "Staphylococcus aureus in Healthcare Settings | HAI | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ "Enterococcal Infections - Infectious Diseases". Merck Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
- ^ Kristich CJ, Rice LB, Arias CA (2014), Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N (eds.), "Enterococcal Infection—Treatment and Antibiotic Resistance", Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection, Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, PMID 24649502, retrieved 2024-05-13
- ^ a b "Preventing Recreational Water Illnesses at Your Facility | Healthy Swimming | Healthy Water". www.cdc.gov. 2023-04-14. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
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