Relational Network Theory: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 15:25, 15 May 2024

Stratificational Linguistics, also known as Neurocognitive Linguistics (NCL) or Relational Network Theory (RNT), is an approach to linguistics advocated by Sydney Lamb that suggests language usage and production to be stratificational in nature. It regards the linguistic system of individual speakers as consisting of networks of relations which interconnect across different 'strata' or levels of language. These relational networks are hypothesized to correspond to maps of cortical columns in the human brain.^[1] Consequently, Stratificational Linguistics is related to the wider family of cognitive linguistic theories.^[2] Furthermore, as a functionalist approach to linguistics, Stratificational Linguistics shares a close relationship with Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL).^[3]

History

The origins of Relational Network Theory date to 1957, when Sydney Lamb completed his PhD dissertation on the Uto-Aztecan language Mono. Contrary to prevailing structuralist methods at the time, which stipulated discovery procedures assuming two levels of structure (morphology and phonology), Lamb's dissertation argued that Mono was better described with four strata: the morphemic, allomorphic, morphophonemic, and phonemic. The relationships between the strata were postulated to be realizational, so that morphemes were realized by allomorphs, allomorphs realized by morphophonemes, and morphophonemes by phonemes. He later extended this argument to English in 1958 in a presentation to the Berkeley Linguistics Group.^[4] At this stage, Lamb regarded the main innovative insight of his new framework to be the multi-stratified structure of language, hence why "Stratificational Grammar" was initially chosen as the framework's name.

The strata concept continued to be developed by Lamb under the influence of Louis Hjelmslev's glossematics, namely as an extension of Hjelmslev's notion of the linguistic sign as having an "expression plane" and a "content plane".^[5] In fall 1964, inspired by a passage from Hjelmslev's Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, Lamb developed the insight that realizational relationships between units of different strata constituted a network, and that the units themselves were nothing but points in the network defined solely by realizational relations with other points.^[4]

Also in 1964, Lamb encountered Michael Halliday's system network notation from Systemic Functional Linguistics for the first time. Building on the network insight from Hjelmslev, Lamb made three adaptations to Halliday's notation to create relational network notation: (1) a 90 degrees clockwise rotation of the diagrams, (2) the use of a triangle instead of curly brackets to represent conjunctive 'AND' nodes, and (3) the introduction of ordered realization.^[6]

The first public presentation of the relational network notation was given a year later in 1965, in a lecture delivered by Lamb at the Linguistic Institute of the University of Michigan. Other linguists in attendence at that lecture included Ronald Langacker, Ruth Brend, and Lamb's students David G. Lockwood and Peter A. Reich.^[4] It was also in 1965 that Reich first pointed out to Lamb that his relational networks seemed strikingly similar to neurological networks^[7], though Halliday states that Lamb was already aware of the possibility of relating linguistic theory to actual neural processes as early as 1963.^[5]

Linguistic strata

Stratificational Linguistics suggests that the linguistic system may be analyzed according to separate 'strata', or levels. The strata are ordered hierarchically and, whilst there are no clear-cut boundaries between strata, the elements of each stratum share similar characteristics. For example, a lexical item in the lexicogrammatical stratum is typically a specific sequence of phonemes which connects one or more lexical meanings in the semantic stratum. Several strata are involved in the production of a sound from an initial idea. In linguistic production, each stratum provides actualization or realization for the next lower stratum. Thus, speaking a word would involve a realizational pathway from the semantic stratum to the lexicogrammar, then the phonology, and then the phonetics. The reverse direction is true for linguistic perception and comprehension.

Some commonly posited stratificational units and their strata include:

The phoneme as the unit on the phonemic stratum.
The lexeme as the unit on the lexical or lexicogrammatical stratum.
The morpheme as the unit on the morphemic stratum.
The sememe as the unit on the semantic stratum.

In contrast to generativist approaches to linguistics, Stratificational Linguistics does not support the notion of an autonomous stratum for syntax. Instead, the term 'lexicogrammar', borrowed from Systemic Functional Linguistics, is preferred because Stratificational Linguistics suggests that syntactic categories are merely labels for classifying different types of lexemes but do not actually play any role in the realization of the lexemes.^[8]^[1] Rather, it is posited that what is traditionally called 'syntax' is simply the result of what orderings or sequences of lexemes are possible in the lexicogrammatical system of an individual person. In other words, there is no need to posit a separate stratum for syntax to account for syntactic phenomena. It has been further suggested that each lexeme has its own syntactic pattern which determines how it combines with other lexemes, a stance shared with Construction Grammar.^[8]

Relational networks

Linguistic units in Stratificational Linguistics are conceptualised as relational networks. Simply put, a linguistic unit at any stratum is defined in relation to other units. For example, the phonemic sequence /bɔɪ/ may be analyzed as a network node which is activated when the nodes for /b/, /ɔ/ and /ɪ/ are also activated. Similarly, the node for the sequence /t^hɔɪ/ gets activated when /t^h/, /ɔ/ and /ɪ/ are also activated. The two sequences /bɔɪ/ and /t^hɔɪ/ are defined in relation to the set of phoneme nodes /t^h/, /b/, /ɔ/ and /ɪ/, and their relationships can be graphed as a relational network diagram.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Lamb, Sydney (1999). Pathways of the Brain. John Benjamins.
^ International Cognitive Linguistics Association. "About Cognitive linguistics". International Cognitive Linguistics Association. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
^ Cheng, Qilong (1998). "Interview with Sydney Lamb". LangBrain. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lamb, Sydney (2004). Language and Reality: Selected Writings of Sydney Lamb. Continuum.
^ ^a ^b Garcia, Adolfo M.; Sullivan, William J.; Tsiang, Sarah (2017). An Introduction to Relational Network Theory: History, Principles, and Descriptive Applications. Sheffield: Equinox.
^ Lamb, Sydney (2013). "Systemic networks, relational networks, and choice". In Fontaine, Lise; Bartlett, Tom; O'Grady, Gerard (eds.). Systemic Functional Linguistics: Exploring Choice. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–160.
^ Pulju, Tim (2000). "Neurological Evidence for the Existence of an Autonomous Lexicon". In Lockwood, David; Fries; Copeland, James (eds.). Functional Approaches to Language, Culture, and Cognition: Papers in Honor of Sydney Lamb. John Benjamins.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ ^a ^b Lamb, Sydney (2001). Learning syntax.
^ Lamb, Sydney (2016). "Linguistic structure: A plausible theory". Language Under Discussion. 4 (1): 1–37. doi:10.31885/lud.4.1.229. Retrieved 24 March 2022.

External links

LangBrain website

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 == History ==
-The origins of Relational Network Theory date to 1957, when Sydney Lamb completed his PhD dissertation on the [[Uto-Aztecan language]] [[Mono language (Native American)|Mono]]. Contrary to prevailing [[structural linguistics|structuralist]] methods at the time, which stipulated discovery procedures assuming two levels of structure (morphology and phonology), Lamb's dissertation argued that Mono were better described with four strata: the morphemic, allomorphic, morphophonemic, and phonemic. The relationships between the strata were postulated to be [[realization (linguistics)|realizational]], so that morphemes were realized by allomorphs, allomorphs realized by morphophonemes, and morphophonemes by phonemes. He later extended this argument to [[English language|English]] in 1958 in a presentation to the [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] Linguistics Group.<ref name="L&R">{{cite book |last1=Lamb |first1=Sydney |title=Language and Reality: Selected Writings of Sydney Lamb |date=2004 |publisher=Continuum}}</ref> At this stage, Lamb regarded the main innovative insight of his new framework to be the multi-stratified structure of language, hence why "Stratificational Grammar" was initially chosen as the framework's name.
+The origins of Relational Network Theory date to 1957, when Sydney Lamb completed his PhD dissertation on the [[Uto-Aztecan language]] [[Mono language (Native American)|Mono]]. Contrary to prevailing [[structural linguistics|structuralist]] methods at the time, which stipulated discovery procedures assuming two levels of structure (morphology and phonology), Lamb's dissertation argued that Mono was better described with four strata: the morphemic, allomorphic, morphophonemic, and phonemic. The relationships between the strata were postulated to be [[realization (linguistics)|realizational]], so that morphemes were realized by allomorphs, allomorphs realized by morphophonemes, and morphophonemes by phonemes. He later extended this argument to [[English language|English]] in 1958 in a presentation to the [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] Linguistics Group.<ref name="L&R">{{cite book |last1=Lamb |first1=Sydney |title=Language and Reality: Selected Writings of Sydney Lamb |date=2004 |publisher=Continuum}}</ref> At this stage, Lamb regarded the main innovative insight of his new framework to be the multi-stratified structure of language, hence why "Stratificational Grammar" was initially chosen as the framework's name.
 The strata concept continued to be developed by Lamb under the influence of [[Louis Hjelmslev|Louis Hjelmslev's]] [[glossematics]], namely as an extension of Hjelmslev's notion of the [[sign (semiotics)|linguistic sign]] as having an "expression plane" and a "content plane".<ref name ="IntroRNT">{{cite book |author-first1=Adolfo M. |author-last1=Garcia |author-first2=William J. |author-last2=Sullivan| author-first3=Sarah |author-last3=Tsiang |title=An Introduction to Relational Network Theory: History, Principles, and Descriptive Applications |date=2017 |publisher=Equinox |location=Sheffield}}</ref> In fall 1964, inspired by a passage from Hjelmslev's ''Prolegomena to a Theory of Language'', Lamb developed the insight that realizational relationships between units of different strata constituted a network, and that the units themselves were nothing but points in the network defined solely by realizational relations with other points.<ref name="L&R"></ref>