Kleisoura, Kastoria: Difference between revisions
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== Kleisoura massacre == |
== Kleisoura massacre == |
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On 5 April 1944, |
On 5 April 1944, Bulgarian militiamen as well as [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Axis occupation of Greece|occupation]] forces of [[4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division|4th SS ''Polizei'' Panzergrenadier Division]],<ref name="Umbreit 1999 Herrschaft">{{Cite book |last=Umbreit, Hans |title=Organisation und Mobilisierung des Deutschen Machtbereichs: Kriegsverwaltung, Wirtschaft und personelle Ressourcen, 1942–1944/45 |publisher=Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt |year=1999 |isbn=3421064997 |editor-last=Kroener, Bernhard R. |series=Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg |volume=5/2 |location=Stuttgart |pages=4–272; here: 162 |chapter=Die deutsche Herrschaft in den besetzten Gebieten 1942–1945 |editor-last2=Müller, Rolf-Dieter |editor-last3=Umbreit, Hans |display-editors=1}}</ref> the same unit to later that year commit the [[Distomo massacre|massacre in Distomo]], slaughtered the women and children of Kleisoura in retaliation for the execution of three German soldiers by [[Greek People's Liberation Army|ELAS]] close to the village. The ELAS guerrillas, led by Alexis Rosios from Siatisti ("Captain Ypsilantis"), who were active in the region, had attacked a German military phalanx at Daouli, close to Kleisoura, and had killed a vanguard of three motorcyclists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/10697679|title=ΧΡΟΝΙΚΟ ΤΟΥ ΟΛΟΚΑΥΤΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΚΛΕΙΣΟΥΡΑΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΙΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΕΣ ΔΥΝΑΜΕΙΣ ΚΑΤΟΧΗΣ ΣΤΙΣ 5 ΑΠΡΙΛΙΟΥ 1944, Σιώκης Δημήτριος|access-date=2016-02-16}}</ref> According to testimonies, the male residents, fearing [[Anti-partisan operations in World War II|retaliation]], fled to the mountains surrounding the village. |
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After finding the mutilated bodies of the [[Wehrmacht]] soldiers close to the local church, the [[Schutzstaffel|German SS]] unit went to the homes, broke the doors of the majority of the houses, shot the people within, set fire to the buildings and also killed whom they found in the streets. Altogether 270 residents were killed, the overwhelming majority of them being women, children and elderly people. Involved in the atrocities was also a Bulgarian militia under German command, led by [[Andon Kalchev]]. Colonel [[Karl Schümers]] was summoned by the German administration for having ordered the slaughter of women and children. He testified that his soldiers were forced to kill the civilians because rebel forces were hiding and firing through the village, whereupon he was acquitted, despite the contradictory statements of his subordinates. After the war it was proved that his testimony was false.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Repression und Kriegsverbrechen : die Bekämpfung von Widerstands- und Partisanenbewegungen gegen die deutsche Besatzung in West- und Südeuropa|date=1997|publisher=Verl. der Buchläden, Schwarze Risse [u.a.]|others=Meershoek, Guus.|isbn=392473741X|location=Berlin|oclc=243874428}}</ref> |
After finding the mutilated bodies of the [[Wehrmacht]] soldiers close to the local church, the [[Schutzstaffel|German SS]] unit went to the homes, broke the doors of the majority of the houses, shot the people within, set fire to the buildings and also killed whom they found in the streets. Altogether 270 residents were killed, the overwhelming majority of them being women, children and elderly people. Involved in the atrocities was also a Bulgarian militia under German command, led by [[Andon Kalchev]]. Colonel [[Karl Schümers]] was summoned by the German administration for having ordered the slaughter of women and children. He testified that his soldiers were forced to kill the civilians because rebel forces were hiding and firing through the village, whereupon he was acquitted, despite the contradictory statements of his subordinates. After the war it was proved that his testimony was false.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Repression und Kriegsverbrechen : die Bekämpfung von Widerstands- und Partisanenbewegungen gegen die deutsche Besatzung in West- und Südeuropa|date=1997|publisher=Verl. der Buchläden, Schwarze Risse [u.a.]|others=Meershoek, Guus.|isbn=392473741X|location=Berlin|oclc=243874428}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 19:38, 19 May 2024
Kleisoura
Κλεισούρα Clisura, Vlahoclisura | |
|---|---|
  Kleisoura Location within the regional unit  | |
| Coordinates: 40°32′N 21°28′E / 40.533°N 21.467°E | |
| Country | Greece |
| Geographic region | Macedonia |
| Administrative region | Western Macedonia |
| Regional unit | Kastoria |
| Municipality | Kastoria |
| Area | |
| • Municipal unit | 37.1 km2 (14.3 sq mi) |
| Population (2021)[1] | |
| • Municipal unit | 223 |
| • Municipal unit density | 6.0/km2 (16/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Vehicle registration | KT |
Kleisoura (formerly Vlachokleisoura; Template:Lang-el, also Βλαχοκλεισούρα, Vlachokleisoúra; Template:Lang-rup or Vlahoclisura) is a traditionally Aromanian (Vlach) settlement and a former municipality in Kastoria regional unit, Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality of Kastoria, of which it is a municipal unit.[2] The municipal unit has an area of 37.069 km2.[3] Population 223 (2021).
Kleisoura massacre
On 5 April 1944, Bulgarian militiamen as well as German occupation forces of 4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division,[4] the same unit to later that year commit the massacre in Distomo, slaughtered the women and children of Kleisoura in retaliation for the execution of three German soldiers by ELAS close to the village. The ELAS guerrillas, led by Alexis Rosios from Siatisti ("Captain Ypsilantis"), who were active in the region, had attacked a German military phalanx at Daouli, close to Kleisoura, and had killed a vanguard of three motorcyclists.[5] According to testimonies, the male residents, fearing retaliation, fled to the mountains surrounding the village.
After finding the mutilated bodies of the Wehrmacht soldiers close to the local church, the German SS unit went to the homes, broke the doors of the majority of the houses, shot the people within, set fire to the buildings and also killed whom they found in the streets. Altogether 270 residents were killed, the overwhelming majority of them being women, children and elderly people. Involved in the atrocities was also a Bulgarian militia under German command, led by Andon Kalchev. Colonel Karl Schümers was summoned by the German administration for having ordered the slaughter of women and children. He testified that his soldiers were forced to kill the civilians because rebel forces were hiding and firing through the village, whereupon he was acquitted, despite the contradictory statements of his subordinates. After the war it was proved that his testimony was false.[6]
Notable people
- Marcu Beza (1882–1949), Aromanian writer, folklorist and diplomat in Romania
- Ion Foti (1887–1946), Aromanian writer, journalist and translator in Romania
Army General Constantine Lianis (Κωνσταντίνος Λιάνης), a war hero, and one of the founders of the Greek secret services (KYP), originated from Kleisoura. His daughter is Dimitra Liani (Δήμητρα Λιάνη), who became first the lover, and then the third and last wife of Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou.
References
- ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
- ^ Umbreit, Hans (1999). "Die deutsche Herrschaft in den besetzten Gebieten 1942–1945". In Kroener, Bernhard R.; et al. (eds.). Organisation und Mobilisierung des Deutschen Machtbereichs: Kriegsverwaltung, Wirtschaft und personelle Ressourcen, 1942–1944/45. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg. Vol. 5/2. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. pp. 4–272, here: 162. ISBN 3421064997.
- ^ "ΧΡΟΝΙΚΟ ΤΟΥ ΟΛΟΚΑΥΤΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΚΛΕΙΣΟΥΡΑΣ ΑΠΟ ΤΙΣ ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΕΣ ΔΥΝΑΜΕΙΣ ΚΑΤΟΧΗΣ ΣΤΙΣ 5 ΑΠΡΙΛΙΟΥ 1944, Σιώκης Δημήτριος". Retrieved 2016-02-16.
- ^ Repression und Kriegsverbrechen : die Bekämpfung von Widerstands- und Partisanenbewegungen gegen die deutsche Besatzung in West- und Südeuropa. Meershoek, Guus. Berlin: Verl. der Buchläden, Schwarze Risse [u.a.] 1997. ISBN 392473741X. OCLC 243874428.
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