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Coordinates: 31°41′22.5″N 35°10′03.1″E / 31.689583°N 35.167528°E / 31.689583; 35.167528
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Today, below the middle pool are the remains of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British]] pump station that took the water by pipe to the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]]. Another, more recent pumping station below the lower pool is still providing water to the town of Bethlehem.<ref name="HYDRIA Project" />
Today, below the middle pool are the remains of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British]] pump station that took the water by pipe to the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]]. Another, more recent pumping station below the lower pool is still providing water to the town of Bethlehem.<ref name="HYDRIA Project" />


===Turkish fort; museum===
==={{anchor|Turkish fort; museum}}Turkish fort; museum===
[[File:Solomon's pool LOC 24117601559.jpg|thumb|Qalʿat al-Burak was built in the 17th century just north of the upper pool.]]
[[File:Solomon's pool LOC 24117601559.jpg|thumb|Qalʿat al-Burak was built in the 17th century just north of the upper pool.]]
Near the Upper Pool stands a small Turkish fort known as Qal'at el-Burak ("castle of the pools"), or Qal'at Murad ("castle of [Sultan] Murad"), now Murad or Burak Castle. The rectangular structure with four square corner towers was built by the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman sultan]] [[Osman II]] in 1618.<ref name="Natsheh">{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;pa;Mon01;22;en |title=Solomon's Pools |work=Museum With No Frontiers |publisher= |date= |access-date=22 December 2014 }}</ref> It served as barracks for the Turkish soldiers guarding the Pools of Solomon and the commercial caravans between Jerusalem and Hebron, as well as a staging post on the local [[hajj]] route to [[Mecca]]. For a long time it was also used as a [[caravanserai]] or ''khan''. After being allowed to decay since the middle of the 19th century, the ruined fortress has been largely rebuilt and developed as part of a new tourist complex.<ref name="Natsheh" /><ref name="Hawari">{{cite journal|author1=Mahmoud Hawari |authorlink1=Mahmoud Hawari|author2=Hamish Auld |author3=Julian Hudson |title=Qal'at al-Burak. A Fort of the Ottoman Period South of Bethlehem |journal=Levant: The Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant |date=1 January 2000 |volume= 32| issue = 1 |pages=101–120 |doi=10.1179/lev.2000.32.1.101|s2cid=162056191}}</ref><ref name="museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.solomonpools.com/ |title=Solomon's Poolsi |website= |publisher=Solomon's Pools/Kani Mani |date= |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222212131/http://www.solomonpools.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Near the Upper Pool stands a small Turkish fort known as Qal'at el-Burak ("castle of the pools"), or Qal'at Murad ("castle of [Sultan] Murad"), now Murad or Burak Castle. The rectangular structure with four square corner towers was built by the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman sultan]] [[Osman II]] in 1618.<ref name="Natsheh">{{cite web|url=http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;pa;Mon01;22;en |title=Solomon's Pools |work=Museum With No Frontiers |publisher= |date= |access-date=22 December 2014 }}</ref> It served as barracks for the Turkish soldiers guarding the Pools of Solomon and the commercial caravans between Jerusalem and Hebron, as well as a staging post on the local [[hajj]] route to [[Mecca]]. For a long time it was also used as a [[caravanserai]] or ''khan''. After being allowed to decay since the middle of the 19th century, the ruined fortress has been largely rebuilt and developed as part of a new tourist complex.<ref name="Natsheh" /><ref name="Hawari">{{cite journal|author1=Mahmoud Hawari |authorlink1=Mahmoud Hawari|author2=Hamish Auld |author3=Julian Hudson |title=Qal'at al-Burak. A Fort of the Ottoman Period South of Bethlehem |journal=Levant: The Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant |date=1 January 2000 |volume= 32| issue = 1 |pages=101–120 |doi=10.1179/lev.2000.32.1.101|s2cid=162056191}}</ref><ref name="museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.solomonpools.com/ |title=Solomon's Poolsi |website= |publisher=Solomon's Pools/Kani Mani |date= |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222212131/http://www.solomonpools.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Revision as of 17:09, 28 May 2024

Solomon's pools, 1981

Solomon's Pools (Template:Lang-ar, or in short el-Burak, 'the pools'; Template:Lang-he) are three ancient reservoirs located in the south-central West Bank, immediately to the south of al-Khader, about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) southwest of Bethlehem, near the road to Hebron.[1][2] The pools are located in Area A of the West Bank under the control of the Palestinian National Authority.[3]

Solomon's Pools provided the water for two aqueducts that delivered water to Jerusalem during the late Second Temple period.[4] The first one, known as the "Low-level Aqueduct," is thought to have been built in the first century BCE, around the end of the Hasmonean period. It delivered water to cisterns located underground beneath the Temple Mount, which were primarily used by the Temple.[5][6] A second aqueduct, the "High-Level Aqueduct," took a similar path, but it is uncertain where it ended up in Jerusalem. It might have provided water to Herod's Palace.[4] The Herodium also received water from the Solomon's Pools.[7]

Name

The pools are named and traditionally associated with King Solomon[2] and linked to the passage in the Book of Ecclesiastes 2.6: "I made myself pools from which to water the forest of growing trees." Josephus wrote that Solomon enjoyed the beauty of the water-rich "Etham" (one of the main springs is called Ein Eitam = Template:Lang-he).[8][9] The pools are in close proximity to the ancient town of ʻEiṭam (now Khirbet al-Khuaḥ) and the spring known as ʻAin ʻEiṭam. Legend has it that the king built the pools for his many wives, so that they could bathe in their waters.[10]

According to Josephus, he would pass this place when riding in his chariot.[11][12][13] French explorer Victor Guérin who visited the site in the late 19th-century described the source of the pools and their surrounding villages in Description de la Palestine.[14]

Although the pools are named and traditionally associated with King Solomon, scholars today believe the pools to be much younger, with the oldest part dating to the 2nd century BCE.[15][16] The masonry of one pool and a recently discovered aqueduct have been dated to the early Roman period.

Description

Upper pool, 2013

Pools and aqueducts

Solomon's Pools, consisting of three large reservoirs, are situated several dozen meters apart, each pool with a roughly 6 metres (20 ft) drop to the next. They are rectangular or trapezoidal in shape, partly hewn into the bedrock and partly built, between 118 and 179 metres (387–587 ft) long and 8 to 23 metres (26–75 ft) deep, with a total capacity of well over a quarter of a million cubic metres (some 290,000 m3 or 75 million US gallons).[16][nb 1]

The complex of reservoirs and water conduits might have been built by Herod the Great or an earlier Hasmonean ruler. The original rectangular excavations may have been stone quarries. The pools were fed by two aqueducts bringing water to the pools from the hills to the south; by several springs of the surrounding countryside including one situated underneath the lower pool; as well as by rainwater that descended from the hills. The pools served as a storage and distribution facility. The collected water was distributed by three other aqueducts: two leading from the pools northwards to Jerusalem, and the third heading eastwards to the Herodium. Traces of all five aqueducts have been found.[16]

The pools are positioned so that the water from the high pool can flow into the lower pool next to it when the water is pumped from it. By way of an aqueduct, the water first flowed to Bethlehem, passed through an underground channel, and finally reached the Temple Mount area of Jerusalem.[17] From the pools to Bethlehem, the average drop is about 35 cm for every 270 meters, but from Bethlehem to Jerusalem it only averages 35 cm for every 1,700 meters.[17] The length of the extant aqueduct is about 2,350 meters and the slope's gradient is about 11 meters, which means a drop of less than 85 cm for every 1,600 meters.[17]

In olden times,[when?] this aqueduct, commonly called the "Lower Aqueduct," crossed the Valley of Hinnom slightly above the Sultan's Pool and passed through a number of pointed arches protruding slightly above the ground.[18] Afterwards, the aqueduct continued to meander on the southern slope of Mount Zion and entered the city near the present Jewish Quarter of the Old City.[18] It then ran along the eastern side of that hill, and was supported in part by stonework, while in other parts passed through a conduit carved from the rock, until it suddenly turned east, passed along the embankment and what is now known as Wilson's Arch, whence it entered the Temple Mount courtyard at the Chain Gate.[18]

Today, below the middle pool are the remains of the British pump station that took the water by pipe to the Old City of Jerusalem. Another, more recent pumping station below the lower pool is still providing water to the town of Bethlehem.[16]

Turkish fort; museum

Qalʿat al-Burak was built in the 17th century just north of the upper pool.

Near the Upper Pool stands a small Turkish fort known as Qal'at el-Burak ("castle of the pools"), or Qal'at Murad ("castle of [Sultan] Murad"), now Murad or Burak Castle. The rectangular structure with four square corner towers was built by the Ottoman sultan Osman II in 1618.[19] It served as barracks for the Turkish soldiers guarding the Pools of Solomon and the commercial caravans between Jerusalem and Hebron, as well as a staging post on the local hajj route to Mecca. For a long time it was also used as a caravanserai or khan. After being allowed to decay since the middle of the 19th century, the ruined fortress has been largely rebuilt and developed as part of a new tourist complex.[19][1][20]

The Castle Museum houses one of the largest ethnographic collections of Palestinian history and culture.[21][22]

History

Solomon's pools, between 1890 and 1905

Background

The water system gradually created consisted of two aqueducts feeding the pools, which themselves acted as a collection and distribution facility, and of three further aqueducts: two carrying the water north to Jerusalem, and a third one to Herodium. Together, the five aqueducts totalled some 80 kilometres in length.[16]

Upper pools

The construction date of the upper (westernmost) two pools is uncertain but was probably started during the Hasmonean period, between mid-second and mid-first century BC and completed by Herod the Great in connection with his rebuilding program of the Second Temple.[1]

Low-Level Aqueduct

The Low-Level Aqueduct is thought to have been built in the first century BCE, around the end of the Hasmonean period.[5][6] The aqueduct began at the lower pool and, after traveling to Jerusalem, climbed a bridge over the Tyropoeon Valley to reach the Temple Mount platform, where it ended inside the cisterns hidden underneath its surface. Water delivered by this aqueduct were primarily used by the Second Temple.[4]

On the surface of the aqueduct, archeologists discovered two prutah coins - one was minted by Alexander Jannaeus and the other one by Herod - along with a fragment of a roof tile bearing a stamped impression of Legio X Fretensis.[23]

High-Level Aqueduct

The High Level Aqueduct originated in the upper pool and followed a similar route to the Low Level Aqueduct. However, its precise destination in Jerusalem is unknown. Scholars speculate that it might have supplied water to Herod's Palace, which according to ancient sources, was particularly well-known for its water fountains.[4]

Wadi el-Byiar Aqueduct

Herod created the sophisticated Wadi el-Byiar Aqueduct, which fed the upper pool. The aqueduct was partially built as a tunnel which collected underground water from the aquifer it was passing through, in the way of a qanat, to supplement the spring water and surface runoff it was also carrying.[16]

Pilate's Arrub Aqueduct

In a third phase, Roman prefect[broken anchor] Pontius Pilate built 39 kilometres (24 mi) of aqueduct bringing yet more water to Solomon's Pools from the large collection pools at Arrub to the south.[24] This aqueduct, which brought water to Jerusalem, was paid for by Pontius Pilate at the expense of the Temple treasury, which act in itself incited the anger of the local people.[25] The aqueduct was destroyed during the First Jewish-Roman War.[25]

Mamluk lower pool

The lower of the three pools was built in 1483 CE during the reign of Mamluk Sultan Qaytbay.[1] Between 1480 and 1484 Felix Fabri visited, and noted that beside the middle pool there were: "pavilions and tents, wherein dwelt the architects, clerks of the works, overseers, and masters, who there arranged how the watercourses should be dug through the mountains. Round about these pavilions many Moors and Saracens were running to and fro..."[26]

Later history

The water system based on Solomon's Pools has provided water to Jerusalem, on and off, for two millennia, all until 1967.[16]

Major repairs to the water system were done by the 10th Roman Legion, Legio Fretensis during the second century CE, later by the Mamluks, the Ottomans and the British. In 1902 for instance, a new 16 km pipeline to Jerusalem was inaugurated to mark the 60th birthday of the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II.[16][27]

Springs feeding the pools

View from inside a Roman aqueduct from the Pools of Solomon to Jerusalem

The pools are directly fed by four different springs: the most prominent is 'Ain Saleh, at the head of the Wadi Urtas (Artas), about 200 metres (660 ft) to the north-west of the upper pool.[28][29] The spring water is transferred to the upper pool by a large subterranean passage.[30] From the same direction comes the water of 'Ain Burak. 'Ain Attan or Ein Eitam is located south-east of the lower pool, while 'Ain Farujeh is right underneath that pool.[16]

Present day

Today the water from the pools only reaches as far Bethlehem. The aqueduct beyond this was destroyed once taken out of use in 1967.[16]

In recent decades, the pools have suffered from neglect. Between 1967 and the 1990s, the Nassar quarry, the Arja textile industry, and other nearby enterprises freely drew water from the pools. Six people have drowned in the pools since 1993, and no one has been held accountable. In 2009, the pools still lacked any safety precautions, guards on duty, a fence, or warning signs preventing children from jumping in. As a result, complaints were filed against the ministry of Awqaf, the site's owner, and the Solomon's Pools Tourism Agency, the operating company. A Palestinian court was then consulted on the matter.[31]

Solomon's Pools have been managed since 2009 by the Convention Palace Company, which also operates Bethlehem Convention Center along with other sites in the area. The Murad Castle, an Ottoman fort at the park's northern gate, has been transformed into a tourist attraction that also includes an ethnographic and history museum and a restaurant with a garden area. Plans for the larger complex include a conference center, recreational spaces and a mosque.[20]

In 2016, it was reported that a wall of one pool had collapsed.[3] In 2017, the U.S. Consulate in Jerusalem funded a $750,000 restoration project at Solomon's Pools, which were suffering from neglect.[32]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The dimensions are derived from Mazar 2002; a detailed survey in 2018 established that the Lower Pool is 23 metres (75 ft) deep rather than 16 metres (52 ft). Adams, Letteney & Peers 2019, p. 18

References

  1. ^ a b c d Mahmoud Hawari; Hamish Auld; Julian Hudson (1 January 2000). "Qal'at al-Burak. A Fort of the Ottoman Period South of Bethlehem". Levant: The Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant. 32 (1): 101–120. doi:10.1179/lev.2000.32.1.101. S2CID 162056191.
  2. ^ a b Leeper, J. L. (1903). "Remains of the Temple at Jerusalem". The Biblical World. 22 (5): 340. doi:10.1086/473292. ISSN 0190-3578.
  3. ^ a b Blumenthal, Itay (2016-05-09). "Second Temple era archaeological site suffer serious damage". ynetnews. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
  4. ^ a b c d Gurevich, David (2017-04-03). "The Water Pools and the Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Late Second Temple Period". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 149 (2): 103–134. doi:10.1080/00310328.2017.1310563. ISSN 0031-0328. S2CID 165135217.
  5. ^ a b Mazar, A., 2002. ‘Survey of the Aqueducts to Jerusalem’, in Amit, Patrich, and Hirschfeld 2002. 210-42
  6. ^ a b Billig, Y., 2002. ‘The Low-level Aqueduct to Jerusalem: Recent Discoveries’ in Amit, Patrich, and Hirschfeld 2002, 242-52
  7. ^ Garbrecht, Günter; Peleg, Yehuda (1994). "The Water Supply of the Desert Fortresses in the Jordan Valley". The Biblical Archaeologist. 57 (3): 161–170. doi:10.2307/3210411. ISSN 0006-0895. JSTOR 3210411. S2CID 132210394.
  8. ^ Flavius, Josephus Antiquities 8.7.3. (8:179)
  9. ^ Burial Places of the Fathers, published by Yehuda Levi Nahum in book: Ṣohar la-ḥasifat ginzei teiman (Heb. צהר לחשיפת גנזי תימן), Tel-Aviv 1986, p. 253, who quotes from an ancient rabbinic source: "Between Beth-Lehem and Hebron is the great pool, being the [water] duct that Hezekiah made, and the pool that he made, and it is [known as] Ein Etam." Rashi, who had not seen Josephus' writings, surmised that Ein Etam was the place known as "the waters of Nephtoah" (cf. Rashi's commentary on Yoma 31a and Zevahim 54b, s.v. עין עיטם); see also Rashi's comments on Joshua 15:8 and Deuteronomy 33.
  10. ^ Solomon Pools: Fit for a king, Jerusalem Post
  11. ^ Josephus, Antiquities 8.7.3.
  12. ^ Biblical Encyclopaedia - Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Period (vol. 6), Bialik Institute: Jerusalem 1950-1988, pp. 186-187
  13. ^ D.F. Buhl, Geographie des alten Palästina, Leipzig 1896, p. 92. Buhl's words are as follows (translated from the German): "Southwest of Bethlehem, the channel from the southeast intersects another which comes from a source in the Wadi Biyyar. Where the two channels intersect, there are the famous pools of Solomon, large terraced water reservoirs, also fed by independent springs, namely ʻAin el-Burak on the northwest corner of the upper pool, which connects to another source ʻAin Ṣâliḥ, and of ʻAin Farûğe at the bottom of the lower pool; further down the channel intersects the source of ʻAṭân coming from the southern side of the valley. This source of the ʻAṭân is mentioned in the Talmud as the source ʻEṭâm, although the remark that it was 23 cubits higher than the floor of the Temple court clearly points to the aqueduct. Josephus speaks of the springs in Etan and of Solomon's Gardens there, with which Ecclesiastes 2:5 can be compared."
  14. ^ Victor Guérin, Description de la Palestine, Judée, Description de la Judée, Paris 1869, pp. 104–119, 303–309; See: Guérin, Victor (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  15. ^ Allegro, John M. (1964). The Treasure of the Copper Scroll (2 ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. p. 67. OCLC 917557044.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Solomon's Pools and relating aqueducts, the heart of Jerusalem's past water supply". HYDRIA Project. 2009. Archived from the original on 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
  17. ^ a b c Schiller, Eli [in Hebrew], ed. (1988). Charles Wilson - Jerusalem the Holy City (צ'רלס וילסון - ירושלים העיר הקדושה) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ariel. p. 131. OCLC 745100584.
  18. ^ a b c Schiller, Eli [in Hebrew], ed. (1988). Charles Wilson - Jerusalem the Holy City (צ'רלס וילסון - ירושלים העיר הקדושה) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ariel. pp. 131–132. OCLC 745100584.
  19. ^ a b "Solomon's Pools". Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  20. ^ a b "Solomon's Poolsi". Solomon's Pools/Kani Mani. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  21. ^ "THE MURAD CASTLE & THE SOLOMON'S POOLS". VISITOR INFORMATION CENTER – BETHLEHEM. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2019. Solomon's Pools (Beraik Solayman), are located immediately to the south of al-Khader and about 5 km southwest of Bethlehem.
  22. ^ "DISCOVER MURAD CASTLE MUSEUM OF THE SOLOMON POOLS". Travelujah. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2019. The Murad Castle Museum features over 1500 precious artifacts representing many chapters of the Palestinian history. The impressive display shows various handicrafts, amulets, pottery and more. Part of a Roman Aqueduct is also displayed in the museum. In addition, a unique collection of archeological items was offered by the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.
  23. ^ Billig, Ya’akov (2014). "Jerusalem, the Lower Aqueduct". Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel. 126. Israel Antiquities Authority.
  24. ^ Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008) The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 Oxford University Press US, ISBN 0-19-923666-6 p 483
  25. ^ a b Amihai Mazar (1972), p. 120
  26. ^ Fabri, 1893, p. 202
  27. ^ Bussow, 2011, pp. 497, 536
  28. ^ List of Geographical Names, (A Memo of the National Committee to the Government of the Land of Israel on the Method of Spelling Transliterated Geographical and Personal Names, plus Two Lists of Geographical Names), Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects, Benjamin Maisler, Tel-Aviv 1932, p. 21 (note 1): "The spring of Etam is [called] Ein Etam, but Etam is the ruin of Wadi Khukh, near Artas (Urtas)."
  29. ^ See p. 21 (note 1) in: Maisler, Benjamin (1932). "A Memo of the National Committee to the Government of the Land of Israel on the Method of Spelling Transliterated Geographical and Personal Names, plus Two Lists of Geographical Names". Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects. 4 (3): 1–92. JSTOR 24384308. (Hebrew)
  30. ^ Bromiley Geoffrey W (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 0-8028-3782-4 p 1025
  31. ^ Srouji, Dima (Spring 2017). "Solomon's Pools: A Patient Framework Awaiting Its Potential" (PDF). Jerusalem Quarterly. No. 69. pp. 98–106. ProQuest 2285087763.
  32. ^ Temple-era pools near Jerusalem set for renovation

Bibliography

31°41′22.5″N 35°10′03.1″E / 31.689583°N 35.167528°E / 31.689583; 35.167528

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