Rose Kennedy: Difference between revisions

Rose Kennedy
Rose Kennedy
Countess of the Holy Roman Church
	Kennedy c. 1967
Known for	Kennedy family matriarch
Born	Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald; July 22, 1890; Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	January 22, 1995 (aged 104); Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, U.S.
Buried	Holyhood Cemetery; Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.
Spouse(s)	Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (m. 1914; died 1969)
Issue	Joseph Jr.; John; Rosemary; Kathleen; Eunice; Patricia; Robert; Jean; Edward;
Parents	John Francis Fitzgerald; Mary Josephine Hannon
Signature

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 01:33, 7 June 2024

Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald Kennedy (July 22, 1890 – January 22, 1995) was an American philanthropist, socialite, and matriarch of the Kennedy family. She was deeply embedded in the "lace curtain" Irish-American community in Boston. Her father, John F. Fitzgerald, served in the Massachusetts State Senate (1892–1894), in the U.S. House of Representatives (1895–1901, 1919), and as Mayor of Boston (1906–1908, 1910–1914). Her husband, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., chaired the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (1934–1935) and the U.S. Maritime Commission (1937–1938), and served as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1938–1940). Their nine children included United States President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts, Special Olympics founder Eunice Kennedy Shriver, and U.S. Ambassador to Ireland Jean Kennedy Smith. In 1951, Rose Kennedy was ennobled by Pope Pius XII, becoming the sixth American woman to be granted the rank of Papal countess.^[1]

Early life

Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald was born on July 22, 1890, at 4 Garden Court^[2] in the North End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.^[3] She was the eldest of six children born to John Francis "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, at the time a member of the Boston Common Council, and the former Mary Josephine "Josie" Hannon.^[4]

At age 7, she moved with her family to West Concord, Massachusetts,^[5] and in 1904, they moved again, into an Italianate/Mansard-style home in the Ashmont Hill section of Dorchester, Massachusetts.^[6] Rose studied at the Blumenthal Academy of the Sacred Heart in Vaals, Netherlands,^[7] and graduated from Dorchester High School in 1906.^[8] She also attended the New England Conservatory in Boston, where she studied piano. After being refused permission by her father to attend Wellesley College, Fitzgerald enrolled at the Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart (as it was then known) in Manhattan, an institution that did not grant degrees at the time.^[7] Kennedy later said that her greatest regret was "not having gone to Wellesley College," saying that it was "something I have felt a little sad about all my life." However, Rose eventually grew fond of the convent school, saying that the religious training she received became the foundation of her life.^[3]

In 1908, Fitzgerald and her father embarked on a tour of Europe and had a private audience with Pope Pius X at the Vatican.^[9]

Marriage and family life

In her teens, Rose became acquainted with her future husband, Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy, whom she met while their families were vacationing at Old Orchard Beach in Maine. He was the elder son of businessman/politician Patrick Joseph "P.J." Kennedy (a political rival of "Honey Fitz") and Mary Augusta Hickey. Kennedy would go on to court Fitzgerald for more than seven years, much to her father's disapproval.^[3]

On October 7, 1914, at age 24, she married Kennedy in a modest ceremony at the small chapel of the residence of Archbishop William Henry O'Connell in Boston.^[3] They initially lived in a home in Brookline, Massachusetts, and later a 15-room cottage at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts on Cape Cod, which became the Kennedy family's lasting base.^[10] Their nine children were Joseph Jr. (1915–1944), John, called "Jack" (1917–1963), Rose Marie, called "Rosemary" (1918–2005), Kathleen, called "Kick" (1920–1948), Eunice (1921–2009), Patricia (1924–2006), Robert, called "Bobby" (1925–1968), Jean (1928–2020), and Edward, called "Ted" (1932–2009).^[3]

Joseph provided well for their family, but he was unfaithful. His affairs included one with Gloria Swanson.^[11] When Rose was eight months pregnant with the couple's fourth child, Kathleen, she temporarily went back to her parents, returning to Joseph after her father told her divorce was not an option. In turning a blind eye to her husband's affairs, Rose depended heavily on medication. Ronald Kessler found records for prescription tranquilizers Seconal, Placidyl, Librium, and Dalmane to relieve Rose's nervousness and stress, and Lomotil, Bentyl, Librax, and Tagamet for her stomach.^[12] According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, "Rose knew what was going on, but, in my judgment, she willed that knowledge out of her mind. She didn’t want to lose her marriage. She didn’t want to lose her husband. She didn’t want to lose that family that she had created. It mattered too much to her. And I think, underneath, she knew Joe didn’t want to lose it, either."^[10]

Rose Kennedy was a strict Catholic^[11] throughout her life. Even after her 100th birthday, she rarely missed Sunday Mass and maintained an "extremely prudish" exterior.^[13] Jacqueline Kennedy described her mother-in-law in her correspondence to Father Joseph Leonard, an Irish priest: "I don't think Jack's mother is too bright – and she would rather say a rosary than read a book."^[14]

Kennedy stated that she felt completely fulfilled as a full-time homemaker. In her 1974 autobiography, Times to Remember, she wrote, "I looked on child rearing not only as a work of love and duty but as a profession that was fully as interesting and challenging as any honorable profession in the world and one that demanded the best I could bring to it..... What greater aspiration and challenge are there for a mother than the hope of raising a great son or daughter?"^[15] According to one of her servants, Frank Saunders, she was self-centered, stingy, prudish, and often spiteful.^[16]

Later years and death

Rose campaigned for her three sons, John, Robert, and Edward, from 1946 to 1976 in their political races for the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate, and the presidency. In addition to being asked to attend and speak at events, she was increasingly asked to give interviews for television and books, and to write articles about her life, her family, or her faith.^[17] Pierre Salinger once noted that Rose made prospective voters feel more important by preparing her remarks carefully and addressing them on intimate terms.^[18]

After her son John was elected president in 1960, Rose "became a sort of quiet celebrity" and appeared on the International Best Dressed List.^[13]

After suffering a stroke in 1984, she used a wheelchair for the remaining 11 years of her life. Kennedy maintained her residence at the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port and was cared for by private nurses and staff. She turned 100 years old on July 22, 1990. Kennedy died from complications from pneumonia in Hyannis Port on January 22, 1995, aged 104.^[19]

Legacy

In 1951, Pope Pius XII granted Kennedy the title of countess in recognition of her "exemplary motherhood and many charitable works."^[20] In 1992, when she turned 102, the intersection of Welles Avenue and Harley Street in Boston was proclaimed "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Square". The plaque was dedicated by her son, Senator Ted Kennedy. Also, the Rose Kennedy Greenway in Boston – the park that was created when the city's Central Artery was sunk below ground level in the "Big Dig" – was named after her on July 26, 2004.^{[citation needed]} Well known for her philanthropic efforts and for leading the Grandparents' Parade at age 90 at the Special Olympics, Kennedy's life and work are documented in the Oscar-nominated short documentary Rose Kennedy: A Life to Remember.^[21] She was a lifelong autograph collector.^[22]

The Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Bridge in Ireland is named after her. As of its 2020 opening, it is the longest bridge in Ireland.^{[citation needed]}

Written works

Kennedy, Rose Fitzgerald (1974). Times To Remember. Doubleday and Company. ISBN 9780385016254.^[23]
Kennedy, Rose Fitzgerald (1995). Times To Remember. Doubleday and Company. ISBN 978-0-38547-657-7.^[24]

References

^ "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy | JFK Library".
^ "North End Walk: N5: Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Birthplace: 4 Garden Court". Boston Women's Heritage Trail. February 22, 2001. Archived from the original on February 22, 2001. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum.
^ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2001). The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga. Simon and Schuster. pp.88–89.
^ Simonelli, Susan B. (1992). Rose Kennedy. p. 108.
^ Logevall, Fredrik (2020). JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956. Random House Publishing Group. p. 24.
^ ^a ^b Kessler, Ronald (1996). The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded. p. 20.
^ Logevall, Fredrik (2020). JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956. Random House Publishing Group. p. 26.
^ "Madonna and Child Painting". National Park Service.
^ ^a ^b "The Kennedys". PBS American Experience. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Biography: Rose Kennedy". American Experience. PBS. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
^ Kessler, Ronald. The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded. Warner Books, 1996. ISBN 0-446-60384-8. pp. 318, 372–373.
^ ^a ^b Hodgson, Godfrey (January 24, 1995). "Obituary: Rose Kennedy". The Independent. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014.
^ Letters from Jackie, The Irish Times, May 13, 2014
^ Kennedy, Rose. Times to Remember. Doubleday, 1974. ISBN 978-0385476577. pp. 66, 70.
^ Reeves, Thomas C. (1991). A Question of Character. Free Press. p. 32.
^ "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Personal Papers". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved May 7, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Robert D. McFadden (January 23, 1995). "Rose Kennedy, Political Matriarch, Dies at 104". The New York Times.
^ "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
^ "NY Times: Rose Kennedy: A Life to Remember". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
^ Barbara A. Perry in Rose Kennedy, the Life and Times of a Political Matriarch ISBN 978-0-393-06895-5 p. 257
^ Times To Remember 1974 edition. Doubleday & Company. January 1974. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
^ Times to Remember 1995 edition. ISBN 0385476574.

External links

[1] "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy | JFK Library".

[2] "North End Walk: N5: Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Birthplace: 4 Garden Court". Boston Women's Heritage Trail. February 22, 2001. Archived from the original on February 22, 2001. Retrieved June 20, 2015.

[Rose_Fitzgerald_Kennedy-3] "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum.

[4] Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2001). The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga. Simon and Schuster. pp.88–89.

[5] Simonelli, Susan B. (1992). Rose Kennedy. p. 108.

[6] Logevall, Fredrik (2020). JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956. Random House Publishing Group. p. 24.

[The_Sins_of_the_Father:_Joseph_P._K-7] Kessler, Ronald (1996). The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded. p. 20.

[8] Logevall, Fredrik (2020). JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956. Random House Publishing Group. p. 26.

[9] "Madonna and Child Painting". National Park Service.

[The_Kennedys-10] "The Kennedys". PBS American Experience. Retrieved May 6, 2024.

[Biography:_Rose_Kennedy-11] "Biography: Rose Kennedy". American Experience. PBS. Retrieved March 19, 2017.

[12] Kessler, Ronald. The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded. Warner Books, 1996. ISBN 0-446-60384-8. pp. 318, 372–373.

[Obituary-13] Hodgson, Godfrey (January 24, 1995). "Obituary: Rose Kennedy". The Independent. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014.

[14] Letters from Jackie, The Irish Times, May 13, 2014

[15] Kennedy, Rose. Times to Remember. Doubleday, 1974. ISBN 978-0385476577. pp. 66, 70.

[16] Reeves, Thomas C. (1991). A Question of Character. Free Press. p. 32.

[17] "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Personal Papers". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved May 7, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[18] "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[19] Robert D. McFadden (January 23, 1995). "Rose Kennedy, Political Matriarch, Dies at 104". The New York Times.

[20] "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved September 4, 2023.

[NY_Times-21] "NY Times: Rose Kennedy: A Life to Remember". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2008.

[22] Barbara A. Perry in Rose Kennedy, the Life and Times of a Political Matriarch ISBN 978-0-393-06895-5 p. 257

[23] Times To Remember 1974 edition. Doubleday & Company. January 1974. Retrieved August 22, 2014.

[24] Times to Remember 1995 edition. ISBN 0385476574.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Other people}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
-{{Infobox nobility
+{{Infobox noble
 | name               = Rose Kennedy
 | title              = [[Papal nobility|Countess of the Holy Roman Church]]
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 ==Early life==
-Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald was born on July 22, 1890, at 4 Garden Court<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bwht.org/northend2.html |title=North End Walk: N5: Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Birthplace: 4 Garden Court |date=February 22, 2001 |publisher=[[Boston Women's Heritage Trail]] |access-date=June 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222142850/http://bwht.org/northend2.html |archive-date=February 22, 2001 }}</ref> in the [[North End, Boston, Massachusetts|North End]] neighborhood of [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/rose-fitzgerald-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref> She was the eldest of six children born to [[John F. Fitzgerald|John Francis "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald]], at the time a member of the Boston Common Council, and the former Mary Josephine "Josie" Hannon.<ref>[[Doris Kearns Goodwin|Goodwin, Doris Kearns]] (2001). ''The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga''. Simon and Schuster. pp.88–89.</ref>
+Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald was born on July 22, 1890, at 4 Garden Court<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bwht.org/northend2.html |title=North End Walk: N5: Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Birthplace: 4 Garden Court |date=February 22, 2001 |publisher=[[Boston Women's Heritage Trail]] |access-date=June 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222142850/http://bwht.org/northend2.html |archive-date=February 22, 2001 }}</ref> in the [[North End, Boston, Massachusetts|North End]] neighborhood of [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].<ref name="Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy">{{cite web |title=Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/rose-fitzgerald-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref> She was the eldest of six children born to [[John F. Fitzgerald|John Francis "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald]], at the time a member of the Boston Common Council, and the former Mary Josephine "Josie" Hannon.<ref>[[Doris Kearns Goodwin|Goodwin, Doris Kearns]] (2001). ''The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga''. Simon and Schuster. pp.88–89.</ref>
-At age 7, she moved with her family to [[West Concord, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simonelli |first1=Susan B. |title=Rose Kennedy |date=1992 |page=108}}</ref> and in 1904, they moved again, into an [[Italianate]]/[[Mansard]]-style home in the Ashmont Hill section of [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |page=24}}</ref> Rose studied at the Blumenthal Academy of the Sacred Heart in [[Vaals]], Netherlands,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kessler |first1=Ronald |title=The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded |date=1996 |page=20}}</ref> and graduated from [[Dorchester High School (Massachusetts)|Dorchester High School]] in 1906.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |page=26}}</ref> She also attended the [[New England Conservatory]] in Boston, where she studied [[piano]]. After being refused permission by her father to attend [[Wellesley College]], Fitzgerald enrolled at the [[Manhattanville College|Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart]] (as it was then known) in [[Manhattan]], an institution that did not grant degrees at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kessler |first1=Ronald |title=The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded |date=1996 |page=20}}</ref> Kennedy later said that her greatest regret was "not having gone to Wellesley College," saying that it was "something I have felt a little sad about all my life." However, Rose eventually grew fond of the convent school, saying that the religious training she received became the foundation of her life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/rose-fitzgerald-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref>
+At age 7, she moved with her family to [[West Concord, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simonelli |first1=Susan B. |title=Rose Kennedy |date=1992 |page=108}}</ref> and in 1904, they moved again, into an [[Italianate]]/[[Mansard]]-style home in the Ashmont Hill section of [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |page=24}}</ref> Rose studied at the Blumenthal Academy of the Sacred Heart in [[Vaals]], Netherlands,<ref name="The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. K">{{cite book |last1=Kessler |first1=Ronald |title=The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded |date=1996 |page=20}}</ref> and graduated from [[Dorchester High School (Massachusetts)|Dorchester High School]] in 1906.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Logevall |first1=Fredrik |title=JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 |date=2020 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |page=26}}</ref> She also attended the [[New England Conservatory]] in Boston, where she studied [[piano]]. After being refused permission by her father to attend [[Wellesley College]], Fitzgerald enrolled at the [[Manhattanville College|Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart]] (as it was then known) in [[Manhattan]], an institution that did not grant degrees at the time.<ref name="The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. K"/> Kennedy later said that her greatest regret was "not having gone to Wellesley College," saying that it was "something I have felt a little sad about all my life." However, Rose eventually grew fond of the convent school, saying that the religious training she received became the foundation of her life.<ref name="Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy"/>
 In 1908, Fitzgerald and her father embarked on a tour of Europe and had a private audience with Pope [[Pius X]] at the [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Madonna and Child Painting |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/madonna-and-child-painting.htm |website=National Park Service}}</ref>
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 [[File:Rose kennedy.JPG|thumb|left|upright|alt=Waist high portrait of woman in her twenties with a child in front of her|Kennedy with her firstborn child, [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.|Joseph Jr.]], c. 1919]]
-In her teens, Rose became acquainted with her future husband, [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy]], whom she met while their families were vacationing at [[Old Orchard Beach]] in [[Maine]]. He was the elder son of businessman/politician [[P. J. Kennedy|Patrick Joseph "P.J." Kennedy]] (a political rival of "Honey Fitz") and Mary Augusta Hickey. Kennedy would go on to court Fitzgerald for more than seven years, much to her father's disapproval.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/rose-fitzgerald-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref>
+In her teens, Rose became acquainted with her future husband, [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.|Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy]], whom she met while their families were vacationing at [[Old Orchard Beach]] in [[Maine]]. He was the elder son of businessman/politician [[P. J. Kennedy|Patrick Joseph "P.J." Kennedy]] (a political rival of "Honey Fitz") and Mary Augusta Hickey. Kennedy would go on to court Fitzgerald for more than seven years, much to her father's disapproval.<ref name="Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy"/>
-On October 7, 1914, at age 24, she married Kennedy in a modest ceremony at the small chapel of the residence of [[Archbishop]] [[William Henry O'Connell]] in Boston.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/rose-fitzgerald-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref> They initially lived in a [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site|home]] in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], and later a 15-room [[Kennedy Compound|cottage]] at [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]] on [[Cape Cod]], which became the Kennedy family's lasting base.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kennedys |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/kennedys/#transcript |website=PBS American Experience |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> Their nine children were [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.|Joseph Jr.]] (1915–1944), [[John F. Kennedy|John]], called "Jack" (1917–1963), [[Rosemary Kennedy|Rose Marie]], called "Rosemary" (1918–2005), [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington|Kathleen]], called "Kick" (1920–1948), [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]] (1921–2009), [[Patricia Kennedy Lawford|Patricia]] (1924–2006), [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]], called "Bobby" (1925–1968), [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean]] (1928–2020), and [[Ted Kennedy|Edward]], called "Ted" (1932–2009).<ref>{{cite web |title=Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/rose-fitzgerald-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}</ref>
+On October 7, 1914, at age 24, she married Kennedy in a modest ceremony at the small chapel of the residence of [[Archbishop]] [[William Henry O'Connell]] in Boston.<ref name="Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy"/> They initially lived in a [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site|home]] in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], and later a 15-room [[Kennedy Compound|cottage]] at [[Hyannis Port, Massachusetts]] on [[Cape Cod]], which became the Kennedy family's lasting base.<ref name="The Kennedys">{{cite web |title=The Kennedys |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/kennedys/#transcript |website=PBS American Experience |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> Their nine children were [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.|Joseph Jr.]] (1915–1944), [[John F. Kennedy|John]], called "Jack" (1917–1963), [[Rosemary Kennedy|Rose Marie]], called "Rosemary" (1918–2005), [[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington|Kathleen]], called "Kick" (1920–1948), [[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice]] (1921–2009), [[Patricia Kennedy Lawford|Patricia]] (1924–2006), [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert]], called "Bobby" (1925–1968), [[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean]] (1928–2020), and [[Ted Kennedy|Edward]], called "Ted" (1932–2009).<ref name="Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy"/>
 [[File: Rose Kennedy with husband Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and grandchildren.jpg|thumb|Rose Kennedy (standing, rear) with her husband Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and grandchildren in 1963. The President is partially in view, holding a [[Coca-Cola|Coke]] bottle.]]
-Joseph provided well for their family, but he was [[Infidelity|unfaithful]]. His affairs included one with [[Gloria Swanson]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/kennedys-bio-rose-fitzgerald/ |title=Biography: Rose Kennedy |work= American Experience |publisher= [[PBS]] |access-date=March 19, 2017}}</ref> When Rose was eight months pregnant with the couple's fourth child, Kathleen, she temporarily went back to her parents, returning to Joseph after her father told her divorce was not an option. In turning a blind eye to her husband's affairs, Rose depended heavily on medication. [[Ronald Kessler]] found records for prescription tranquilizers [[Seconal]], [[Placidyl]], [[Librium]], and [[Dalmane]] to relieve Rose's nervousness and stress, and [[Lomotil]], [[Bentyl]], [[Librax]], and [[Tagamet]] for her stomach.<ref>[[Ronald Kessler|Kessler, Ronald]]. ''The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded''. [[Hachette Book Group USA|Warner Books]], 1996. {{ISBN|0-446-60384-8}}. pp. 318, 372–373.</ref> According to historian [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]], "Rose knew what was going on, but, in my judgment, she willed that knowledge out of her mind. She didn’t want to lose her marriage. She didn’t want to lose her husband. She didn’t want to lose that family that she had created. It mattered too much to her. And I think, underneath, she knew Joe didn’t want to lose it, either."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kennedys |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/kennedys/#transcript |website=PBS American Experience |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>
+Joseph provided well for their family, but he was [[Infidelity|unfaithful]]. His affairs included one with [[Gloria Swanson]].<ref name="Biography: Rose Kennedy">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/kennedys-bio-rose-fitzgerald/ |title=Biography: Rose Kennedy |work= American Experience |publisher= [[PBS]] |access-date=March 19, 2017}}</ref> When Rose was eight months pregnant with the couple's fourth child, Kathleen, she temporarily went back to her parents, returning to Joseph after her father told her divorce was not an option. In turning a blind eye to her husband's affairs, Rose depended heavily on medication. [[Ronald Kessler]] found records for prescription tranquilizers [[Seconal]], [[Placidyl]], [[Librium]], and [[Dalmane]] to relieve Rose's nervousness and stress, and [[Lomotil]], [[Bentyl]], [[Librax]], and [[Tagamet]] for her stomach.<ref>[[Ronald Kessler|Kessler, Ronald]]. ''The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded''. [[Hachette Book Group USA|Warner Books]], 1996. {{ISBN|0-446-60384-8}}. pp. 318, 372–373.</ref> According to historian [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]], "Rose knew what was going on, but, in my judgment, she willed that knowledge out of her mind. She didn’t want to lose her marriage. She didn’t want to lose her husband. She didn’t want to lose that family that she had created. It mattered too much to her. And I think, underneath, she knew Joe didn’t want to lose it, either."<ref name="The Kennedys"/>
-Rose Kennedy was a strict [[Catholic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/kennedys-bio-rose-fitzgerald/ |title=Biography: Rose Kennedy |work= American Experience |publisher= [[PBS]] |access-date=March 19, 2017}}</ref> throughout her life. Even after her 100th birthday, she rarely missed [[Sunday Mass]] and maintained an "extremely prudish" exterior.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rose-kennedy-1569369.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140701133706/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rose-kennedy-1569369.html|archive-date= July 1, 2014|title= Obituary: Rose Kennedy|first= Godfrey|last= Hodgson|work= [[The Independent]]|date= January 24, 1995 }}</ref> [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] described her mother-in-law in her correspondence to Father Joseph Leonard, an Irish priest: "I don't think Jack's mother is too bright&nbsp;– and she would rather say a [[rosary]] than read a book."<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/letters-from-jackie-the-unlikely-friendship-between-an-american-student-and-an-irish-priest-1.1792254?page=2 Letters from Jackie], ''[[The Irish Times]]'', May 13, 2014</ref>
+Rose Kennedy was a strict [[Catholic]]<ref name="Biography: Rose Kennedy"/> throughout her life. Even after her 100th birthday, she rarely missed [[Sunday Mass]] and maintained an "extremely prudish" exterior.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rose-kennedy-1569369.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140701133706/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rose-kennedy-1569369.html|archive-date= July 1, 2014|title= Obituary: Rose Kennedy|first= Godfrey|last= Hodgson|work= [[The Independent]]|date= January 24, 1995 }}</ref> [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] described her mother-in-law in her correspondence to Father Joseph Leonard, an Irish priest: "I don't think Jack's mother is too bright&nbsp;– and she would rather say a [[rosary]] than read a book."<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/letters-from-jackie-the-unlikely-friendship-between-an-american-student-and-an-irish-priest-1.1792254?page=2 Letters from Jackie], ''[[The Irish Times]]'', May 13, 2014</ref>
 Kennedy stated that she felt completely fulfilled as a full-time homemaker. In her 1974 autobiography, ''Times to Remember'', she wrote, "I looked on child rearing not only as a work of love and duty but as a profession that was fully as interesting and challenging as any honorable profession in the world and one that demanded the best I could bring to it..... What greater aspiration and challenge are there for a mother than the hope of raising a great son or daughter?"<ref>Kennedy, Rose. ''Times to Remember''. [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 1974. {{ISBN|978-0385476577}}. pp. 66, 70.</ref>
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 Rose campaigned for her three sons, John, Robert, and Edward, from 1946 to 1976 in their political races for the [[United States House of Representatives]], the [[United States Senate]], and the [[President of the United States|presidency]]. In addition to being asked to attend and speak at events, she was increasingly asked to give interviews for television and books, and to write articles about her life, her family, or her faith.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Personal Papers |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/rofkpp |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |access-date=7 May 2024}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> [[Pierre Salinger]] once noted that Rose made prospective voters feel more important by preparing her remarks carefully and addressing them on intimate terms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/rose-fitzgerald-kennedy |website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>
 After her son John was elected president in [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]], Rose "became a sort of quiet celebrity" and appeared on the [[International Best Dressed List]].<ref name="Obituary" />
 After suffering a [[stroke]] in 1984, she used a wheelchair for the remaining 11 years of her life. Kennedy maintained her residence at the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port and was cared for by private nurses and staff. She [[centenarian|turned 100 years old]] on July 22, 1990. Kennedy died from complications from [[pneumonia]] in Hyannis Port on January 22, 1995, aged 104.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/23/obituaries/rose-kennedy-political-matriarch-dies-at-104.html|title=Rose Kennedy, Political Matriarch, Dies at 104|author=Robert D. McFadden|newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 23, 1995}}</ref>
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 [[Category:1995 deaths]]
 [[Category:American women centenarians]]
-[[Category:American centenarians]]
 [[Category:20th-century American memoirists]]
 [[Category:American people of Irish descent]]

v t e Robert F. Kennedy
November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968 64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964 United States senator from New York, 1965–1968
Life	1948 Palestine visit Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Civil rights Freedom Riders Voter Education Project Baldwin–Kennedy meeting 1964 Democratic National Convention Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation Mississippi Delta tour Kennedy Compound Hickory Hill home
Electoral	1964 U.S. Senate election 1968 presidential campaign primaries Boiler Room Girls
Speeches	Law Day Address (1961) Day of Affirmation Address (1966) Conflict in Vietnam and at Home (1968) University of Kansas (1968) Ball State (1968) On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (1968) "On the Mindless Menace of Violence" (1968)
Books	The Enemy Within (1960) The Pursuit of Justice (1964) To Seek a Newer World (1967) Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1969)
Assassination	Sirhan Sirhan Ambassador Hotel Conspiracy theories Gravesite
Legacy and memorials	Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Human Rights Award Journalism Award Book Award Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Brooklyn Memorial Landmark for Peace Memorial Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice Kennedy–King College Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools Robert F. Kennedy Bridge
Popular culture	Robert F. Kennedy in media Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment (1963 documentary) Robert Kennedy Remembered (1968 documentary) "Abraham, Martin and John" (1968 song) The Missiles of October (1974 docudrama) Kennedy (1983 miniseries) Blood Feud (1983 film) Prince Jack (1985 film) Robert Kennedy and His Times (1985 miniseries) Hoover vs. The Kennedys (1987 miniseries) Thirteen Days (2000 film) RFK (2002 film) Bobby (2006 film) RFK Must Die (2007 documentary) The Kennedys (2011 miniseries) Ethel (2012 documentary) Killing Kennedy (2013 film) Jackie (2016 film) Bobby Kennedy for President (2018 miniseries)
Family, family tree	Ethel Skakel (wife) Kathleen Kennedy (daughter) Joseph Patrick Kennedy (son) Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (son) Michael LeMoyne Kennedy (son) Kerry Kennedy (daughter) Christopher G. Kennedy (son) Max Kennedy (son) Douglas Harriman Kennedy (son) Rory Kennedy (daughter) Maeve Kennedy McKean (granddaughter) Joseph P. Kennedy III (grandson) Max Kennedy Jr. (grandson) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father) Rose Kennedy (mother) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother) John F. Kennedy (brother presidency) Rosemary Kennedy (sister) Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish (sister) Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister) Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister) Jean Kennedy Smith (sister) Ted Kennedy (brother) Patrick J. Kennedy (grandfather) Mary Augusta Kennedy (grandmother) John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather)
Category

v t e Ted Kennedy
February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009 United States Senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009
Electoral history	U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 1962 (special) 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 1980 United States presidential election (Democratic primaries) Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign
Books	My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C. (2006) True Compass (2009)
Speeches	The Dream Shall Never Die
Family, family tree	Joan Bennett Kennedy (first wife) Victoria Reggie Kennedy (second wife, widow) Kara Kennedy (daughter) Edward M. Kennedy Jr. (son) Patrick J. Kennedy II (son) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father) Rose Kennedy (mother) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother) John F. Kennedy (brother presidency) Rosemary Kennedy (sister) Kathleen Kennedy (sister) Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister) Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister) Robert F. Kennedy (brother) Jean Kennedy Smith (sister) Patrick J. Kennedy I (grandfather) John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather)
Related	Awards and honors Political positions Kennedy Compound Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act Chappaquiddick incident Mary Jo Kopechne Friends of Ireland Chappaquiddick (2018 film)
Category

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Czech Republic Netherlands Latvia Korea Poland Israel Catalonia
People	Trove
Other	IdRef NARA SNAC