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'''Osemozotan''' ('''MKC-242''') is a [[binding selectivity|selective]] [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] [[agonist]] with some [[functional selectivity]], acting as a [[full agonist]] at presynaptic and a [[partial agonist]] at postsynaptic 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors.<ref name="pmid8786639"/> 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor stimulation influences the release of various [[neurotransmitter]]s including [[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], [[norepinephrine]], and [[acetylcholine]].<ref name= "Main">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuda T | title = Neuropharmacologic studies on the brain serotonin1A receptor using the selective agonist osemozotan | journal = Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 36 | issue = 12 | pages = 1871–82 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24292048 | doi = 10.1248/bpb.b13-00645 | doi-access = free }}</ref> 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors are inhibitory [[G protein-coupled receptor]].<ref name="pmid7894328">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saudou F, Hen R | title = 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in vertebrates and invertebrates | journal = Neurochemistry International | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 503–32 | date = December 1994 | pmid = 7894328 | doi = 10.1016/0197-0186(94)90150-3 | s2cid = 34436470 }}</ref> Osemozotan has [[antidepressant]], [[anxiolytic]], [[antiobsessional]], [[serenic]], and [[analgesic]] effects in animal studies,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abe M, Tabata R, Saito K, Matsuda T, Baba A, Egawa M | title = Novel benzodioxan derivative, 5-[3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl) amino]propoxy]-1,3-benzodioxole HCl (MKC-242), with anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects in animal models | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 278 | issue = 2 | pages = 898–905 | date = August 1996 | pmid = 8768745 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakaue M, Ago Y, Sowa C, Koyama Y, Baba A, Matsuda T | title = The 5-HT1A receptor agonist MKC-242 increases the exploratory activity of mice in the elevated plus-maze | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 458 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 141–4 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12498918 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)02786-3 }}</ref><ref name= "Marbles" >Abe, Michikazu, Hiroshi Nakai, Reiko Tabata, Ken-Ichi Saito, and Mitsuo Egawa. "Effect of 5-{3-[((2S)-1,4-Benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy}-1,3-benzodioxole HCL (MKC-242), a Novel 5-HT1A-Receptor Agonist, on Aggressive Behavior and Marble Burying Behavior in Mice." ''Jpn. J. Pharmacol.'' '''76''' (1998): 297-304.</ref><ref name="Main"/> and is used to investigate the role of 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors in modulating the release of [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] in the brain,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakaue M, Somboonthum P, Nishihara B, Koyama Y, Hashimoto H, Baba A, Matsuda T | title = Postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor activation increases in vivo dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 129 | issue = 5 | pages = 1028–34 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10696105 | pmc = 1571922 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703139 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ago Y, Koyama Y, Baba A, Matsuda T | title = Regulation by 5-HT1A receptors of the in vivo release of 5-HT and DA in mouse frontal cortex | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 45 | issue = 8 | pages = 1050–6 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14614948 | doi = 10.1016/S0028-3908(03)00304-6 | s2cid = 20463997 }}</ref> and their involvement in addiction to abused stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine.<ref name="pmid16863654"/><ref name="pmid16962650"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ago Y, Nakamura S, Baba A, Matsuda T | title = Neuropsychotoxicity of abused drugs: effects of serotonin receptor ligands on methamphetamine- and cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice | journal = Journal of Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–21 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18198473 | doi = 10.1254/jphs.FM0070121 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsuchida R, Kubo M, Kuroda M, Shibasaki Y, Shintani N, Abe M, Köves K, Hashimoto H, Baba A | display-authors = 6 | title = An antihyperkinetic action by the serotonin 1A-receptor agonist osemozotan co-administered with psychostimulants or the non-stimulant atomoxetine in mice | journal = Journal of Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 109 | issue = 3 | pages = 396–402 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19270432 | doi = 10.1254/jphs.08297FP | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsuchida R, Kubo M, Shintani N, Abe M, Köves K, Uetsuki K, Kuroda M, Hashimoto H, Baba A | display-authors = 6 | title = Inhibitory effects of osemozotan, a serotonin 1A-receptor agonist, on methamphetamine-induced c-Fos expression in prefrontal cortical neurons | journal = Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 728–31 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19336914 | doi = 10.1248/bpb.32.728 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
'''Osemozotan''' ('''MKC-242''') is a [[binding selectivity|selective]] [[5-HT1A receptor|5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor]] [[agonist]] with some [[functional selectivity]], acting as a [[full agonist]] at presynaptic and a [[partial agonist]] at postsynaptic 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors.<ref name="pmid8786639"/> 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor stimulation influences the release of various [[neurotransmitter]]s including [[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], [[norepinephrine]], and [[acetylcholine]].<ref name= "Main">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuda T | title = Neuropharmacologic studies on the brain serotonin1A receptor using the selective agonist osemozotan | journal = Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 36 | issue = 12 | pages = 1871–82 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24292048 | doi = 10.1248/bpb.b13-00645 | doi-access = free }}</ref> 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors are inhibitory [[G protein-coupled receptor]].<ref name="pmid7894328">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saudou F, Hen R | title = 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in vertebrates and invertebrates | journal = Neurochemistry International | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 503–32 | date = December 1994 | pmid = 7894328 | doi = 10.1016/0197-0186(94)90150-3 | s2cid = 34436470 }}</ref>
Osemozotan has been show to have [[antidepressant]], [[anxiolytic]], [[antiobsessional]], [[serenic]], and [[analgesic]] effects through animal studies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abe M, Tabata R, Saito K, Matsuda T, Baba A, Egawa M | title = Novel benzodioxan derivative, 5-[3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl) amino]propoxy]-1,3-benzodioxole HCl (MKC-242), with anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects in animal models | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 278 | issue = 2 | pages = 898–905 | date = August 1996 | pmid = 8768745 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakaue M, Ago Y, Sowa C, Koyama Y, Baba A, Matsuda T | title = The 5-HT1A receptor agonist MKC-242 increases the exploratory activity of mice in the elevated plus-maze | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 458 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 141–4 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12498918 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)02786-3 }}</ref><ref name="Marbles">Abe, Michikazu, Hiroshi Nakai, Reiko Tabata, Ken-Ichi Saito, and Mitsuo Egawa. "Effect of 5-{3-[((2S)-1,4-Benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy}-1,3-benzodioxole HCL (MKC-242), a Novel 5-HT1A-Receptor Agonist, on Aggressive Behavior and Marble Burying Behavior in Mice." ''Jpn. J. Pharmacol.'' '''76''' (1998): 297-304.</ref><ref name="Main" /> It is used to investigate the role of 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors in modulating the release of [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] in the brain<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakaue M, Somboonthum P, Nishihara B, Koyama Y, Hashimoto H, Baba A, Matsuda T | title = Postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor activation increases in vivo dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex | journal = British Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 129 | issue = 5 | pages = 1028–34 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10696105 | pmc = 1571922 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703139 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ago Y, Koyama Y, Baba A, Matsuda T | title = Regulation by 5-HT1A receptors of the in vivo release of 5-HT and DA in mouse frontal cortex | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 45 | issue = 8 | pages = 1050–6 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14614948 | doi = 10.1016/S0028-3908(03)00304-6 | s2cid = 20463997 }}</ref> and their involvement in addiction to stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine.<ref name="pmid16863654" /><ref name="pmid16962650" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ago Y, Nakamura S, Baba A, Matsuda T | title = Neuropsychotoxicity of abused drugs: effects of serotonin receptor ligands on methamphetamine- and cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice | journal = Journal of Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–21 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18198473 | doi = 10.1254/jphs.FM0070121 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsuchida R, Kubo M, Kuroda M, Shibasaki Y, Shintani N, Abe M, Köves K, Hashimoto H, Baba A | display-authors = 6 | title = An antihyperkinetic action by the serotonin 1A-receptor agonist osemozotan co-administered with psychostimulants or the non-stimulant atomoxetine in mice | journal = Journal of Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 109 | issue = 3 | pages = 396–402 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19270432 | doi = 10.1254/jphs.08297FP | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsuchida R, Kubo M, Shintani N, Abe M, Köves K, Uetsuki K, Kuroda M, Hashimoto H, Baba A | display-authors = 6 | title = Inhibitory effects of osemozotan, a serotonin 1A-receptor agonist, on methamphetamine-induced c-Fos expression in prefrontal cortical neurons | journal = Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 728–31 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19336914 | doi = 10.1248/bpb.32.728 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


==Pharmacodynamics==
==Pharmacodynamics==
The target of Osemozotan is 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors. This molecules bind with almost 1000 times greater affinity to 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors than most other 5-HT, dopamine, or adrenergic receptors.<ref name= "Main"/> With repeated exposure of Osemozotan at the 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors, there seems to be no change in the number of receptors, which is not typically seen with pharmaceutical [[agonist]]s.<ref name="pmid9195299">{{cite journal | vauthors = Asano S, Matsuda T, Yoshikawa T, Somboonthum P, Tasaki H, Abe M, Baba A | title = Interaction of orally administered 5-[3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy]-1,3-benzodioxole (MKC-242) with 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain | journal = Japanese Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–75 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9195299 | doi = 10.1254/jjp.74.69 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
The binding target of Osemozotan is 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors. Osemozotan binds with almost 1000 times greater affinity to 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors than to most other 5-HT, dopamine, or adrenergic receptors.<ref name= "Main"/> With repeated exposure of Osemozotan at the 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors, there seems to be no change in the number of receptors, which is not typically seen with pharmaceutical [[agonist]]s.<ref name="pmid9195299">{{cite journal | vauthors = Asano S, Matsuda T, Yoshikawa T, Somboonthum P, Tasaki H, Abe M, Baba A | title = Interaction of orally administered 5-[3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy]-1,3-benzodioxole (MKC-242) with 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain | journal = Japanese Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–75 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9195299 | doi = 10.1254/jjp.74.69 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


==Pharmacokinetics==
==Pharmacokinetics==
The pharmacokinetic data was collected from animal studies performed in mice and rats. The [[CMax]] was obtained 15 minutes after oral ingestion of Osemozotan, the [[area under the curve]] was 2,943&nbsp;ng x hr/mL and the [[half-life]] was 1.3 hours.<ref name= "Marbles" /> The pharmacokinetic testing has been able to help explain the longer acting pharmacologic effects of Osemozotan, and the increased potency. Osemozotan was shown to have increased duration of pharmacologic effects compared to [[azapirone]]s and requires a substantially lower dose to produce its pharmacologic effects.<ref name= "Marbles"/> This may be attractive to populations that will have to take this medication in that they may not have to take the medication as often throughout the day. In these studies there was a difference in dosage amount necessary for the indication it is used.<ref name= "Marbles" /> Osemozotan has not been found to be metabolized to [[1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine]], a common metabolite found with the azapirone class of medications.<ref name= "Marbles"/> 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine has affinity for receptors other than 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>, decreasing its specificity and increasing the risk of unwanted effects.<ref name= "Marbles" /> Since Osemozotan does not express this metabolite, it has greater specificity to 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> compared to other anxiolytic medications.
Pharmacokinetic data was collected from animal studies performed in mice and rats. The [[CMax]] was obtained 15 minutes after oral ingestion of Osemozotan, the [[area under the curve]] was 2,943&nbsp;ng x hr/mL and the [[half-life]] was 1.3 hours.<ref name= "Marbles" /> The pharmacokinetic testing has been able to help explain the longer acting pharmacologic effects of Osemozotan, and the increased potency. Osemozotan was shown to have increased duration of pharmacologic effects compared to [[azapirone]]s and requires a substantially lower dose to produce its pharmacologic effects.<ref name= "Marbles"/> This may be attractive to populations that will have to take this medication in that they may not have to take the medication as often throughout the day. In these studies there was a difference in dosage amount necessary for the indication it is used.<ref name= "Marbles" /> Osemozotan has not been found to be metabolized to [[1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine]], a common metabolite found with the azapirone class of medications.<ref name= "Marbles"/> 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine has affinity for receptors other than 5-HT<sub>1A</sub>, decreasing its specificity and increasing the risk of unwanted effects.<ref name= "Marbles" /> Since Osemozotan does not express this metabolite, it has greater specificity to 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> compared to other anxiolytic medications.


==Uses==
==Uses==
As mentioned above, Osemozotan is being investigated in its usage to treat pain, aggressive behavior, anxiety, depression, [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]], and drug dependence with methamphetamine and cocaine.<ref name= "Main" /><ref name= "Marbles" />
Osemozotan is being investigated in its usage to treat pain, aggressive behavior, anxiety, depression, [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]], and drug dependence with methamphetamine and cocaine.<ref name= "Main" /><ref name= "Marbles" />


===Pain===
===Pain===
It has been proposed that Osemozotan be used as an analgesic agent because of its activation of 5-HT <sub> 1A </sub> receptors that lead to inhibitory serotonin signaling pathway within the spinal cord to cause [[hypoalgesia]] and decrease mechanical [[allodynia]].<ref name= "Main" /><ref name="pmid24161684">{{cite journal | vauthors = Horiguchi N, Ago Y, Hasebe S, Higashino K, Asada K, Kita Y, Takuma K, Matsuda T | display-authors = 6 | title = Isolation rearing reduces mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of chronic inflammatory pain | journal = Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior | volume = 113 | pages = 46–52 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24161684 | doi = 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.017 | s2cid = 19975118 }}</ref>
It has been proposed that Osemozotan could be used as an analgesic agent because of its activation of 5-HT <sub> 1A </sub> receptors that lead to inhibitory serotonin signaling pathway within the spinal cord to cause [[hypoalgesia]] and decrease mechanical [[allodynia]].<ref name= "Main" /><ref name="pmid24161684">{{cite journal | vauthors = Horiguchi N, Ago Y, Hasebe S, Higashino K, Asada K, Kita Y, Takuma K, Matsuda T | display-authors = 6 | title = Isolation rearing reduces mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of chronic inflammatory pain | journal = Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior | volume = 113 | pages = 46–52 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24161684 | doi = 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.017 | s2cid = 19975118 }}</ref>


===Aggressive behavior===
===Aggressive behavior===
Line 65: Line 67:


===Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)===
===Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)===
Obsessive-Compulsive patients have been found to have increased 5-HT levels within the brain.<ref name="pmid8786639">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuda T, Yoshikawa T, Suzuki M, Asano S, Somboonthum P, Takuma K, Nakano Y, Morita T, Nakasu Y, Kim HS | display-authors = 6 | title = Novel benzodioxan derivative, 5-(3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2- ylmethyl)amino]propoxy)-1,3-benzodioxole HCl (MKC-242), with a highly potent and selective agonist activity at rat central serotonin1A receptors | journal = Japanese Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 357–66 | date = December 1995 | pmid = 8786639 | doi = 10.1254/jjp.69.357 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid2439924">{{cite journal | vauthors = McMillen BA, Scott SM, Williams HL, Sanghera MK | title = Effects of gepirone, an aryl-piperazine anxiolytic drug, on aggressive behavior and brain monoaminergic neurotransmission | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 335 | issue = 4 | pages = 454–64 | date = April 1987 | pmid = 2439924 | doi = 10.1007/bf00165563 | s2cid = 23396992 }}</ref> With the use of Osemozotan as a 5-HT <sub> 1A </sub> agonist, there will be a decrease in serotonergic activity within the brain, leading to possible anti-obsessional pharmacological action.<ref name= "Marbles" /> One animal mouse model used to test for OCD is known as the marble burying test in which the amount of marbles buried within a certain time frame is recorded.<ref name= "Marbles" /> Mice performed the marble burying test both with and without Osemozotan. With Osemozotan administration, the number of marbles buried was decreased with apparently little to no loss in motor coordination; these test results support the theory that Osemozotan may be useful in the treatment of OCD.<ref name= "Marbles" />
OCD patients have been found to have increased 5-HT levels within the brain.<ref name="pmid8786639">{{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuda T, Yoshikawa T, Suzuki M, Asano S, Somboonthum P, Takuma K, Nakano Y, Morita T, Nakasu Y, Kim HS | display-authors = 6 | title = Novel benzodioxan derivative, 5-(3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2- ylmethyl)amino]propoxy)-1,3-benzodioxole HCl (MKC-242), with a highly potent and selective agonist activity at rat central serotonin1A receptors | journal = Japanese Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 69 | issue = 4 | pages = 357–66 | date = December 1995 | pmid = 8786639 | doi = 10.1254/jjp.69.357 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid2439924">{{cite journal | vauthors = McMillen BA, Scott SM, Williams HL, Sanghera MK | title = Effects of gepirone, an aryl-piperazine anxiolytic drug, on aggressive behavior and brain monoaminergic neurotransmission | journal = Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology | volume = 335 | issue = 4 | pages = 454–64 | date = April 1987 | pmid = 2439924 | doi = 10.1007/bf00165563 | s2cid = 23396992 }}</ref> With the use of Osemozotan as a 5-HT <sub> 1A </sub> agonist, there will be a decrease in serotonergic activity within the brain, leading to possible anti-obsessional pharmacological action.<ref name= "Marbles" /> One animal mouse model used to test for OCD is known as the marble burying test in which the amount of marbles buried within a certain time frame is recorded.<ref name= "Marbles" /> Mice performed the marble burying test both with and without Osemozotan. With Osemozotan administration, the number of marbles buried was decreased with apparently little to no loss in motor coordination; these test results support the theory that Osemozotan may be useful in the treatment of OCD.<ref name= "Marbles" />


===Drug dependence===
===Drug dependence===

Revision as of 14:14, 11 June 2024

Osemozotan
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: uncontrolled
Identifiers
  • 5-(3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy)-1,3-benzodioxole
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H23NO4
Molar mass341.407 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C1[C@@H](OC2=CC=CC=C2O1)CNCCCOC3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4
  • InChI=1S/C19H21NO5/c1-2-5-18-16(4-1)22-12-15(25-18)11-20-8-3-9-21-14-6-7-17-19(10-14)24-13-23-17/h1-2,4-7,10,15,20H,3,8-9,11-13H2/t15-/m0/s1 ☒N
  • Key:MEEQBDCQPIZMLY-HNNXBMFYSA-N ☒N
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Osemozotan (MKC-242) is a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist with some functional selectivity, acting as a full agonist at presynaptic and a partial agonist at postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors.[1] 5-HT1A receptor stimulation influences the release of various neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine.[2] 5-HT1A receptors are inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor.[3]

Osemozotan has been show to have antidepressant, anxiolytic, antiobsessional, serenic, and analgesic effects through animal studies.[4][5][6][2] It is used to investigate the role of 5-HT1A receptors in modulating the release of dopamine and serotonin in the brain[7][8] and their involvement in addiction to stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine.[9][10][11][12][13]

Pharmacodynamics

The binding target of Osemozotan is 5-HT1A receptors. Osemozotan binds with almost 1000 times greater affinity to 5-HT1A receptors than to most other 5-HT, dopamine, or adrenergic receptors.[2] With repeated exposure of Osemozotan at the 5-HT1A receptors, there seems to be no change in the number of receptors, which is not typically seen with pharmaceutical agonists.[14]

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetic data was collected from animal studies performed in mice and rats. The CMax was obtained 15 minutes after oral ingestion of Osemozotan, the area under the curve was 2,943 ng x hr/mL and the half-life was 1.3 hours.[6] The pharmacokinetic testing has been able to help explain the longer acting pharmacologic effects of Osemozotan, and the increased potency. Osemozotan was shown to have increased duration of pharmacologic effects compared to azapirones and requires a substantially lower dose to produce its pharmacologic effects.[6] This may be attractive to populations that will have to take this medication in that they may not have to take the medication as often throughout the day. In these studies there was a difference in dosage amount necessary for the indication it is used.[6] Osemozotan has not been found to be metabolized to 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine, a common metabolite found with the azapirone class of medications.[6] 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine has affinity for receptors other than 5-HT1A, decreasing its specificity and increasing the risk of unwanted effects.[6] Since Osemozotan does not express this metabolite, it has greater specificity to 5-HT1A compared to other anxiolytic medications.

Uses

Osemozotan is being investigated in its usage to treat pain, aggressive behavior, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and drug dependence with methamphetamine and cocaine.[2][6]

Pain

It has been proposed that Osemozotan could be used as an analgesic agent because of its activation of 5-HT 1A receptors that lead to inhibitory serotonin signaling pathway within the spinal cord to cause hypoalgesia and decrease mechanical allodynia.[2][15]

Aggressive behavior

Osemozotan was found to decrease the number of fighting incidences[spelling?] in mice similar to buspirone, diazepam, and tandospirone but required a lower pharmacologic dose to produce beneficial effects.[6] Osemozotan showed dose-dependent anti-aggressive effects and was not shown to decrease motor coordination within the mice.[6]

Anxiety and depression

5-HT 1A receptors when stimulated have shown to have anxiolytic and antidepressant pharmacologic effects.[2]

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

OCD patients have been found to have increased 5-HT levels within the brain.[1][16] With the use of Osemozotan as a 5-HT 1A agonist, there will be a decrease in serotonergic activity within the brain, leading to possible anti-obsessional pharmacological action.[6] One animal mouse model used to test for OCD is known as the marble burying test in which the amount of marbles buried within a certain time frame is recorded.[6] Mice performed the marble burying test both with and without Osemozotan. With Osemozotan administration, the number of marbles buried was decreased with apparently little to no loss in motor coordination; these test results support the theory that Osemozotan may be useful in the treatment of OCD.[6]

Drug dependence

It has been noted that sensitization of cocaine may stem from action of the 5-HT 1A receptor.[10][17] While the role of 5-HT receptors with methamphetamine is still not certain, the use of osemozotan was found to decrease 5-HT levels in patients with repeated methamphetamine exposure; this may be a possibility for treatment of drug dependence with cocaine and methamphetamine.[9]

Prevalence of mental disease states

About 18% of American adults suffer from some type of anxiety disorder [18] and 1 in 5 adults in the United States are on some type of medication to help control or improve their behavior.[19] The prevalence of prescription medication use for mental illnesses has noticeably increased in the past few years, with increasing numbers in the younger adults and in men.[19] Around 60 billion dollars are spent annually for treatments dealing with mental illnesses.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Matsuda T, Yoshikawa T, Suzuki M, Asano S, Somboonthum P, Takuma K, et al. (December 1995). "Novel benzodioxan derivative, 5-(3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2- ylmethyl)amino]propoxy)-1,3-benzodioxole HCl (MKC-242), with a highly potent and selective agonist activity at rat central serotonin1A receptors". Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 69 (4): 357–66. doi:10.1254/jjp.69.357. PMID 8786639.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Matsuda T (2013). "Neuropharmacologic studies on the brain serotonin1A receptor using the selective agonist osemozotan". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 36 (12): 1871–82. doi:10.1248/bpb.b13-00645. PMID 24292048.
  3. ^ Saudou F, Hen R (December 1994). "5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in vertebrates and invertebrates". Neurochemistry International. 25 (6): 503–32. doi:10.1016/0197-0186(94)90150-3. PMID 7894328. S2CID 34436470.
  4. ^ Abe M, Tabata R, Saito K, Matsuda T, Baba A, Egawa M (August 1996). "Novel benzodioxan derivative, 5-[3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl) amino]propoxy]-1,3-benzodioxole HCl (MKC-242), with anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects in animal models". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 278 (2): 898–905. PMID 8768745.
  5. ^ Sakaue M, Ago Y, Sowa C, Koyama Y, Baba A, Matsuda T (January 2003). "The 5-HT1A receptor agonist MKC-242 increases the exploratory activity of mice in the elevated plus-maze". European Journal of Pharmacology. 458 (1–2): 141–4. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)02786-3. PMID 12498918.
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  7. ^ Sakaue M, Somboonthum P, Nishihara B, Koyama Y, Hashimoto H, Baba A, Matsuda T (March 2000). "Postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor activation increases in vivo dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex". British Journal of Pharmacology. 129 (5): 1028–34. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703139. PMC 1571922. PMID 10696105.
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  9. ^ a b Ago Y, Nakamura S, Uda M, Kajii Y, Abe M, Baba A, Matsuda T (September 2006). "Attenuation by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist osemozotan of the behavioral effects of single and repeated methamphetamine in mice". Neuropharmacology. 51 (4): 914–22. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.06.001. PMID 16863654. S2CID 38888234.
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  18. ^ "Facts & Statistics | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA".
  19. ^ a b "Report: 1 in 5 of U.S. Adults on behavioral meds".
  20. ^ "NIMH » Statistics".
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