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== Earthquake == |
== Earthquake == |
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Dunedin was hit by an earthquake at about 7.49pm on 9 April 1974.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Gorman |first=Paul |date=14 July 2016 |title=Could Dunedin be hit by a large, local earthquake? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/science/81763237/could-dunedin-be-hit-by-a-large-local-earthquake |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> Another earthquake struck the city a few seconds later, which was longer and stronger.<ref name=":1" /> It was magnitude 4.9 (there is scientific debate about whether it was 4.9 or 5.0<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Gorman |first=Paul |date=26 September 2020 |title=The day the earth moved |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/day-earth-moved |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[The Otago Daily Times]]}}</ref>)<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=18 September 2010 |title=The last good shake |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/last-good-shake |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Magnitude 4.9, Tue Apr 9 1974 7:49 PM |url=https://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/1555709 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[GeoNet]] |language=en}}</ref> and measured VIII (''Severe'') or VII (''Very strong'') on the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale]] (sources vary),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Littlewood |first=Matthew |date=8 April 2024 |title=Information event to commemorate earthquake |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/information-event-commemorate-earthquake |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> and had an epicentre that was offshore, about 5 kilometres south of the suburb of [[St Clair, New Zealand|St Clair]],<ref name=":1" /> and had a depth of 12 to 20 kilometres.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The Dunedin Earthquake, 9 April 1974 Part 1 |url=https://bulletin.nzsee.org.nz/index.php/bnzsee/article/view/1230/1194 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> This one caused power outages and chimneys to fall down,<ref name=":1" /> and an overloaded telephone system. It was also reported to have caused broken windows and cracks in "a number" of buildings.<ref name=":2" /> There were aftershocks at 8.20pm and 9.50pm, which a magnitude 3.7.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> It took about 45 minutes for power to be restored to [[Corstorphine, New Zealand|Corstorphine]].<ref name=":2" /> Seismologists are not entirely sure which fault the earthquake was located on.<ref name=":3" /> It is believed to have been on the [[Green Island Fault]], as it is the closest to the epicentre.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> A peak ground acceleration of 0.27g was measured in St Clair.<ref name=":3" /> |
Dunedin was hit by an earthquake at about 7.49pm on 9 April 1974.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Gorman |first=Paul |date=14 July 2016 |title=Could Dunedin be hit by a large, local earthquake? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/science/81763237/could-dunedin-be-hit-by-a-large-local-earthquake |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]}}</ref> Another earthquake struck the city a few seconds later, which was longer and stronger.<ref name=":1" /> It was magnitude 4.9 (there is scientific debate about whether it was 4.9 or 5.0<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Gorman |first=Paul |date=26 September 2020 |title=The day the earth moved |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/day-earth-moved |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[The Otago Daily Times]]}}</ref>)<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=18 September 2010 |title=The last good shake |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/last-good-shake |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Magnitude 4.9, Tue Apr 9 1974 7:49 PM |url=https://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/1555709 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[GeoNet]] |language=en}}</ref> and measured VIII (''Severe'') or VII (''Very strong'') on the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale]] (sources vary),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Littlewood |first=Matthew |date=8 April 2024 |title=Information event to commemorate earthquake |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/information-event-commemorate-earthquake |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Otago Daily Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> and had an epicentre that was offshore, about 5 kilometres south of the suburb of [[St Clair, New Zealand|St Clair]],<ref name=":1" /> and had a depth of 12 to 20 kilometres.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The Dunedin Earthquake, 9 April 1974 Part 1 |url=https://bulletin.nzsee.org.nz/index.php/bnzsee/article/view/1230/1194 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> This one caused power outages and chimneys to fall down,<ref name=":1" /> and an overloaded telephone system. It was also reported to have caused broken windows and cracks in "a number" of buildings.<ref name=":2" /> There were aftershocks at 8.20pm and 9.50pm, which a magnitude 3.7.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> It took about 45 minutes for power to be restored to [[Corstorphine, New Zealand|Corstorphine]].<ref name=":2" /> Seismologists are not entirely sure which fault the earthquake was located on.<ref name=":3" /> It is believed to have been on the [[Green Island Fault]], as it is the closest to the epicentre.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> A peak ground acceleration of 0.27g was measured in St Clair.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> |
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The Earthquake and War Damage Commission received about 3,000 damage claims,<ref name=":1" /> and paid out about $3.5 million (in 2024 terms),<ref name=":0" /> which is "extraordinarily large" for an earthquake of this magnitude,<ref name=":5" /> and was the highest since the [[1968 Inangahua earthquake]].<ref name=":8" /> The claims were mainly about falling chimneys and masonry,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 2005 |title=Seismic Risk in the Otago Region |url=https://www.orc.govt.nz/media/2907/seismic-risk-in-the-otago-region-with-maps.pdf |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Otago Regional Council]] |pages=21-22}}</ref> with chimney damage being "consistent and widespread" in the "southern suburbs of the alluvium between Otago Peninsula and St Clair" according to Adams and Keans, and occurred throughout the rest of the city but in lower numbers.<ref name=":4" /> Claims also included plumbing damage interior plaster being cracked.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Bricks fell out of [[Knox Church, Dunedin|Knox Church]].<ref name=":3" /> Damage was mostly minor.<ref name=":2" /> |
The Earthquake and War Damage Commission received about 3,000 damage claims,<ref name=":1" /> and paid out about $3.5 million (in 2024 terms),<ref name=":0" /> which is "extraordinarily large" for an earthquake of this magnitude,<ref name=":5" /> and was the highest since the [[1968 Inangahua earthquake]].<ref name=":8" /> The claims were mainly about falling chimneys and masonry,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=March 2005 |title=Seismic Risk in the Otago Region |url=https://www.orc.govt.nz/media/2907/seismic-risk-in-the-otago-region-with-maps.pdf |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=[[Otago Regional Council]] |pages=21-22}}</ref> with chimney damage being "consistent and widespread" in the "southern suburbs of the alluvium between Otago Peninsula and St Clair" according to Adams and Keans, and occurred throughout the rest of the city but in lower numbers.<ref name=":4" /> Claims also included plumbing damage interior plaster being cracked.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Bricks fell out of [[Knox Church, Dunedin|Knox Church]].<ref name=":3" /> Damage was mostly minor.<ref name=":2" /> |
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Revision as of 08:26, 14 June 2024
Sources:[1]
Geologic setting
Eastern Otago is considered "tectontically stable", meaning that the area does not experience many earthquakes, with most earthquakes being felt there originating in Fiordland, which is "highly active". Near Dunedin is the Akatore Fault[2] and the Green Island Fault.
Earthquake
Dunedin was hit by an earthquake at about 7.49pm on 9 April 1974.[3] Another earthquake struck the city a few seconds later, which was longer and stronger.[3] It was magnitude 4.9 (there is scientific debate about whether it was 4.9 or 5.0[4])[5][6] and measured VIII (Severe) or VII (Very strong) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale (sources vary),[7][4] and had an epicentre that was offshore, about 5 kilometres south of the suburb of St Clair,[3] and had a depth of 12 to 20 kilometres.[5][8][6] This one caused power outages and chimneys to fall down,[3] and an overloaded telephone system. It was also reported to have caused broken windows and cracks in "a number" of buildings.[5] There were aftershocks at 8.20pm and 9.50pm, which a magnitude 3.7.[3][4] It took about 45 minutes for power to be restored to Corstorphine.[5] Seismologists are not entirely sure which fault the earthquake was located on.[4] It is believed to have been on the Green Island Fault, as it is the closest to the epicentre.[5][4] A peak ground acceleration of 0.27g was measured in St Clair.[4][1]
The Earthquake and War Damage Commission received about 3,000 damage claims,[3] and paid out about $3.5 million (in 2024 terms),[7] which is "extraordinarily large" for an earthquake of this magnitude,[1] and was the highest since the 1968 Inangahua earthquake.[8] The claims were mainly about falling chimneys and masonry,[7][9] with chimney damage being "consistent and widespread" in the "southern suburbs of the alluvium between Otago Peninsula and St Clair" according to Adams and Keans, and occurred throughout the rest of the city but in lower numbers.[9] Claims also included plumbing damage interior plaster being cracked.[4][9] Bricks fell out of Knox Church.[4] Damage was mostly minor.[5]
On the 50th anniversary of the earthquake an event was held, which included a short film about the earthquake, which was made by a student of Otago University.[7]
As of 1990, it is the strongest earthquake to hit Dunedin since it was founded in the 1840s.[4][2]
False alarms from automatic warning systems caused all of Dunedin's available fire appliances to be dispatched.[4]
Side note: 1957 earthquake (delete this later)
After the earthquake on 2 December 1957, the Otago Daily Times reported that "a rumour quickly spread that a Russian satellite had landed on St Clair beach. After receiving many telephone calls, a group of reporters hastened to investigate, but only a blank stretch of sand and the rolling ocean greeted them."[4]
References
- ^ a b c Bishop, D. G. (30 September 1974). "The Dunedin earthquake, 9 April, 1974: Part 2: local effects". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. 7 (3): 123–129. doi:10.5459/bnzsee.7.3.123-129. ISSN 2324-1543.
- ^ a b Adams, R. D.; Kean, R. J. (30 September 1974). "The Dunedin earthquake, 9 April 1974: Part 1: seismological studies". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. 7 (3): 115–122. doi:10.5459/bnzsee.7.3.115-122. ISSN 2324-1543.
- ^ a b c d e f Gorman, Paul (14 July 2016). "Could Dunedin be hit by a large, local earthquake?". Stuff. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gorman, Paul (26 September 2020). "The day the earth moved". The Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f "The last good shake". Otago Daily Times. 18 September 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Magnitude 4.9, Tue Apr 9 1974 7:49 PM". GeoNet. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d Littlewood, Matthew (8 April 2024). "Information event to commemorate earthquake". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ a b "The Dunedin Earthquake, 9 April 1974 Part 1". New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ a b c "Seismic Risk in the Otago Region" (PDF). Otago Regional Council. March 2005. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
External links
- Map of damage in shops by GNS Science