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== History ==
== History ==
The Besermyan are of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinor |first=Denis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TM2NQ78dP2wC&dq=Besermens&pg=PA765 |title=Handbuch Der Orientalistik |date=1988 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-07741-6 |pages=765 |language=en}}</ref> and are probably the result of a group of [[Volga Tatars]] who were assimilated by the [[Udmurt people|Udmurts]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&dq=Besermens&pg=PA104 |title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |last2=Pappas |first2=Lee Brigance |last3=Pappas |first3=Nicholas Charles |date=1994 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-27497-8 |pages=104–105 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wixman |first=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpcuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Besermens&pg=PA26 |title=Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook |date=2017-07-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-47540-0 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&dq=Besermens&pg=PA324 |title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5 |pages=324 |language=en}}</ref> In the 13th century during his travel to Mongolia, papal envoy [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpine|Plano Carpini]] claimed that the Besermyan were subjects of the Mongols. Russian chronicles sometimes made mention of the Besermyan but it's unclear whether the term was meant to denote the modern group as it was a common derivation of the term "musulman" (Muslim).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Akiner|first=Shirin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUe0AAAAQBAJ|title=Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union|publisher=Routledge|year=1986|isbn=978-1-136-14266-6|pages=103|language=en}}</ref> It is likely that the term had broader usage before it became an [[ethnonym]].<ref name=":0" />
The Besermyan are of [[Udmurts|Udmurt]] and [[Volga Tatars|Tatar]] origin,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinor |first=Denis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TM2NQ78dP2wC&dq=Besermens&pg=PA765 |title=Handbuch Der Orientalistik |date=1988 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-07741-6 |pages=765 |language=en}}</ref> and are probably the result of a group of [[Volga Tatars]] who were assimilated by the [[Udmurt people|Udmurts]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&dq=Besermens&pg=PA104 |title=An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires |last2=Pappas |first2=Lee Brigance |last3=Pappas |first3=Nicholas Charles |date=1994 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-27497-8 |pages=104–105 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wixman |first=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpcuDwAAQBAJ&dq=Besermens&pg=PA26 |title=Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook |date=2017-07-28 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-47540-0 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&dq=Besermens&pg=PA324 |title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5 |pages=324 |language=en}}</ref> In the 13th century during his travel to Mongolia, papal envoy [[Giovanni da Pian del Carpine|Plano Carpini]] claimed that the Besermyan were subjects of the Mongols. Russian chronicles sometimes made mention of the Besermyan but it's unclear whether the term was meant to denote the modern group as it was a common derivation of the term "musulman" (Muslim).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Akiner|first=Shirin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUe0AAAAQBAJ|title=Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union|publisher=Routledge|year=1986|isbn=978-1-136-14266-6|pages=103|language=en}}</ref> It is likely that the term had broader usage before it became an [[ethnonym]].<ref name=":0" />


== Culture ==
== Culture ==

Revision as of 23:37, 16 June 2024

Besermyan
Regions with significant populations
Udmurtia (Russia)
 Russia2,201 (2010)[1]
Languages
Udmurt (Besermyan dialect)
Religion
Majority: Sunni Islam
Minority: Russian Orthodoxy
Related ethnic groups
Other Permians
Especially Udmurts

The Besermyan, Biserman, Besermans or Besermens (Template:Lang-ru, Template:Lang-udm, Template:Lang-tt-Cyrl) are a numerically small Permian people in Russia.[2]

The Russian Empire Census of 1897 listed 10,800 Besermans. There were 10,000 Besermans in 1926, but the Russian Census of 2002 found only 3,122 of them.[3]

The Besermyan live in the districts of Yukamenskoye, Glazov, Balezino, and Yar in the northwest of Udmurtia. There are ten villages of pure Besermyan ethnicity in Russia, and 41 villages with a partial Besermyan population.

A map of where the Besermyan peoples live.

History

The Besermyan are of Udmurt and Tatar origin,[4][5] and are probably the result of a group of Volga Tatars who were assimilated by the Udmurts.[6][7][8] In the 13th century during his travel to Mongolia, papal envoy Plano Carpini claimed that the Besermyan were subjects of the Mongols. Russian chronicles sometimes made mention of the Besermyan but it's unclear whether the term was meant to denote the modern group as it was a common derivation of the term "musulman" (Muslim).[4] It is likely that the term had broader usage before it became an ethnonym.[4]

Culture

The language of the Besermyan is a dialect of the Udmurt language with Tatar influences.[6] Although they speak a dialect of Udmurt, the Besermyan consider themselves a distinct people.[9]

Some Besermyan traditions differ from other Udmurtian customs due to the Islamic influence during the Volga Bulgaria and Khanate of Kazan periods.

The Besermyan used to historically practice their own indigenous religion.[2] According to scholar Shirin Akiner, most current Besermyan practice Sunni Islam.[4] Some Besermyan also practice Christianity.[9] The Russians began converting the Besermyan to Christianity around the middle of the 18th century.[2]

Genetics

According to a 2019 study, the Besermyan's autosomal genetic admixture can be modeled as mostly Srubnaya-like and about 25 percent Nganasan-like.[10]

References

  1. ^ Официальный сайт Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. Информационные материалы об окончательных итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года [Official site of the National Population Census 2010. Informational materials about the final outcome Russian Census 2010] (in Russian). RU: GKS.
  2. ^ a b c Bondarenko, Dmitri; Kazankov, Alexander; Khaltourina, Daria; Korotayev, Andrey (2005). "Ethnographic Atlas XXXI: Peoples of Easternmost Europe". Ethnology. 44 (3): 262. doi:10.2307/3774059. ISSN 0014-1828. JSTOR 3774059.
  3. ^ demoskop.ru: Alphabetical list of peoples of the Russian Empire Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b c d Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union. Routledge. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-136-14266-6.
  5. ^ Sinor, Denis (1988). Handbuch Der Orientalistik. BRILL. p. 765. ISBN 978-90-04-07741-6.
  6. ^ a b Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8.
  7. ^ Wixman, Ronald (2017-07-28). Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-315-47540-0.
  8. ^ Dalby, Andrew (2015). Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 324. ISBN 978-1-4081-0214-5.
  9. ^ a b Bremmer, Ian; Taras, Ray (1996). New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-521-57101-2.
  10. ^ Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Zaibert, Victor; Lavryashina, Maria; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Yusupov, Yuldash (2019). "The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 966–976. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..966J. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 6542712. PMID 31036896.
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