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== Behaviour ==
== Behaviour ==
Like many other rodents, lemmings have [[Population cycle|periodic]] population booms and then disperse in all directions, seeking food and shelter their natural habitats cannot provide. The [[Norway lemming]] and [[Siberian brown lemming|brown lemming]] are two of the few vertebrates which reproduce so quickly that their population fluctuations are chaotic,<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Peter Turchin|Turchin, Peter]] |title=Complex Population Dynamics: A Theoretical/Empirical Synthesis|year=2003|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=391|isbn=978-0-691-09021-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=9821362|pmc=1689487|year=1998|last1=Stenseth|first1=N. C.|title=Phase- and density-dependent population dynamics in Norwegian lemmings: Interaction between deterministic and stochastic processes|journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences|volume=265|issue=1409|pages=1957–68|last2=Chan|first2=K. S.|last3=Framstad|first3=E.|last4=Tong|first4=H.|doi=10.1098/rspb.1998.0526|jstor=51151}}</ref> rather than following linear growth to a [[carrying capacity]] or regular oscillations. Why lemming populations fluctuate with such great variance roughly every four years, before numbers drop to near extinction, is not known.<ref>[http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=91 Hinterland Who's Who – Lemmings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107145338/http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=91 |date=2011-11-07 }}</ref> Lemming behaviour and appearance are markedly different from those of other rodents, which are inconspicuously coloured and try to conceal themselves from their predators. Lemmings, by contrast, are conspicuously coloured and behave aggressively toward predators and even human observers. The lemming defence system is thought to be based on [[aposematism]] (warning display).<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1379296 |jstor=1379296 |title=Lemmus lemmus: A Possible Case of Aposematic Coloration and Behavior |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=461–469 |last1=Andersson |first1=Malte |year=1976 }}</ref> Fluctuations in the lemming population affect the behaviour of predators, and may fuel [[Irruptive growth|irruptions]] of birds of prey such as [[snowy owl]]s to areas further south.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/24/snowy-owl-lemming-population-us-canada |first=Darryl |last=Fears |title=Lemmings fuel biggest snowy-owl migration in 50 years |work=The Guardian |date=24 February 2014 |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>
Like many other rodents, lemmings have [[Population cycle|periodic]] population booms and then disperse in all directions, seeking food and shelter their natural habitats cannot provide. The [[Norway lemming]] and [[West Siberian lemming]] are two of the few vertebrates which reproduce so quickly that their population fluctuations are chaotic,<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Peter Turchin|Turchin, Peter]] |title=Complex Population Dynamics: A Theoretical/Empirical Synthesis|year=2003|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=391|isbn=978-0-691-09021-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=9821362|pmc=1689487|year=1998|last1=Stenseth|first1=N. C.|title=Phase- and density-dependent population dynamics in Norwegian lemmings: Interaction between deterministic and stochastic processes|journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences|volume=265|issue=1409|pages=1957–68|last2=Chan|first2=K. S.|last3=Framstad|first3=E.|last4=Tong|first4=H.|doi=10.1098/rspb.1998.0526|jstor=51151}}</ref> rather than following linear growth to a [[carrying capacity]] or regular oscillations. Why lemming populations fluctuate with such great variance roughly every four years, before numbers drop to near extinction, is not known.<ref>[http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=91 Hinterland Who's Who – Lemmings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107145338/http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=91 |date=2011-11-07 }}</ref> Lemming behaviour and appearance are markedly different from those of other rodents, which are inconspicuously coloured and try to conceal themselves from their predators. Lemmings, by contrast, are conspicuously coloured and behave aggressively toward predators and even human observers. The lemming defence system is thought to be based on [[aposematism]] (warning display).<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1379296 |jstor=1379296 |title=Lemmus lemmus: A Possible Case of Aposematic Coloration and Behavior |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=461–469 |last1=Andersson |first1=Malte |year=1976 }}</ref> Fluctuations in the lemming population affect the behaviour of predators, and may fuel [[Irruptive growth|irruptions]] of birds of prey such as [[snowy owl]]s to areas further south.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/24/snowy-owl-lemming-population-us-canada |first=Darryl |last=Fears |title=Lemmings fuel biggest snowy-owl migration in 50 years |work=The Guardian |date=24 February 2014 |access-date=9 March 2018}}</ref>
For many years, the population of lemmings was believed to change with the [[population cycle]], but now some evidence suggests their predators' populations, particularly those of the [[stoat]], may be more closely involved in changing the lemming population.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
For many years, the population of lemmings was believed to change with the [[population cycle]], but now some evidence suggests their predators' populations, particularly those of the [[stoat]], may be more closely involved in changing the lemming population.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}


Revision as of 00:54, 19 June 2024

This article is about the rodent. For the video game, see Lemmings (video game). For other uses, see Lemming (disambiguation).

Lemming
Norway lemming (Lemmus lemmus)
Norway lemming (Lemmus lemmus)
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Subfamily: Arvicolinae
Groups included
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa

A lemming is a small rodent, usually found in or near the Arctic in tundra biomes. Lemmings form the subfamily Arvicolinae (also known as Microtinae) together with voles and muskrats, which form part of the superfamily Muroidea, which also includes rats, mice, hamsters and gerbils. In popular culture, a longstanding myth holds that they exhibit herd mentality and jump off cliffs, committing mass suicide.

Description and habitat

Lemmings measure around 13–18 cm (5–7 in) in length and weigh around 23–34 g (0.8–1.2 oz). Lemmings are quite rounded in shape, with brown and black, long, soft fur. They have a very short tail, a stubby, hairy snout, short legs and small ears. They have a flattened claw on the first digit of their front feet, which helps them to dig in the snow. They are herbivorous, feeding mostly on mosses and grasses. They also forage through the snow surface to find berries, leaves, shoots, roots, bulbs, and lichens.[1] Lemmings choose their preferred dietary vegetation disproportionately to its occurrence in their habitat.[2] They digest grasses and sedges less effectively than related voles.[3] Like other rodents, they have incisors that grow continuously, allowing them to feed on much tougher forage.[clarification needed] Lemmings do not hibernate through the harsh northern winter. They remain active, finding food by burrowing through the snow. These rodents live in large tunnel systems beneath the snow in winter, which protect them from predators. Their burrows have rest areas, toilet areas and nesting rooms. They make nests out of grasses, feathers, and muskox wool (qiviut). In the spring, they move to higher ground, where they live on mountain heaths or in forests, continuously breeding before returning in autumn to the tundra.

Behaviour

Like many other rodents, lemmings have periodic population booms and then disperse in all directions, seeking food and shelter their natural habitats cannot provide. The Norway lemming and West Siberian lemming are two of the few vertebrates which reproduce so quickly that their population fluctuations are chaotic,[4][5] rather than following linear growth to a carrying capacity or regular oscillations. Why lemming populations fluctuate with such great variance roughly every four years, before numbers drop to near extinction, is not known.[6] Lemming behaviour and appearance are markedly different from those of other rodents, which are inconspicuously coloured and try to conceal themselves from their predators. Lemmings, by contrast, are conspicuously coloured and behave aggressively toward predators and even human observers. The lemming defence system is thought to be based on aposematism (warning display).[7] Fluctuations in the lemming population affect the behaviour of predators, and may fuel irruptions of birds of prey such as snowy owls to areas further south.[8] For many years, the population of lemmings was believed to change with the population cycle, but now some evidence suggests their predators' populations, particularly those of the stoat, may be more closely involved in changing the lemming population.[citation needed]

Misconceptions

Misconceptions about lemmings go back many centuries. In 1532, the geographer Jacob Ziegler of Bavaria proposed the theory that the creatures fell out of the sky during stormy weather[9][10] and then died suddenly when the grass grew in spring.[11] This description was contradicted by natural historian Ole Worm, who accepted that lemmings could fall out of the sky, but claimed that they had been brought over by the wind rather than created by spontaneous generation. Worm published dissections of a lemming, which showed that they are anatomically similar to most other rodents such as voles and hamsters, and the work of Carl Linnaeus proved that they had a natural origin.

A cartoon depicting lemmings jumping off a cliff en masse

(The German text translates to "Turn back!? Now that we've come this far!?!")[12]

Lemmings have become the subject of a widely popular misconception that they are driven to commit mass suicide when they migrate by jumping off cliffs. It is not a deliberate mass suicide, in which animals voluntarily choose to die, but rather a result of their migratory behavior. Driven by strong biological urges, some species of lemmings may migrate in large groups when population density becomes too great. They can swim and may choose to cross a body of water in search of a new habitat. In such cases, many drown if the body of water is an ocean or is so wide as to exceed their physical capabilities. Thus, the unexplained fluctuations in the population of Norwegian lemmings, and perhaps a small amount of semantic confusion (suicide not being limited to voluntary deliberation, but also the result of foolishness), helped give rise to the popular stereotype of the suicidal lemmings, particularly after this behaviour was staged in the Walt Disney documentary White Wilderness in 1958.[13] The misconception itself is much older, dating back to at least the late 19th century. In the August 1877 issue of Popular Science Monthly, apparently suicidal lemmings are presumed to be swimming the Atlantic Ocean in search of the submerged continent of Lemuria.[14]

Classification

The misconception of lemming "mass suicide" is long-standing and has been popularized by a number of factors.

The myth was mentioned in "The Marching Morons", a 1951 short story by Cyril M. Kornbluth.

In 1955, Disney Studio illustrator Carl Barks drew an Uncle Scrooge adventure comic with the title "The Lemming with the Locket". This comic, which was inspired by a 1953 American Mercury article, showed massive numbers of lemmings jumping over Norwegian cliffs.[15][16]

Lemmings also appear in Arthur C. Clarke's 1953 short story "The Possessed", where their suicidal urges are attributed to the lingering consciousness of an alien group mind, which had inhabited the species in the prehistoric past.[17]

Perhaps the most influential and infamous presentation of the myth was the 1958 Disney film White Wilderness, which won an Academy Award for Documentary Feature and in which producers threw lemmings off a cliff to their deaths to fake footage of a "mass suicide", as well as faked scenes of mass migration.[18] A Canadian Broadcasting Corporation documentary, Cruel Camera, found the lemmings used for White Wilderness were flown from Hudson Bay to Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where, far from "casting themselves bodily out into space" (as the film's narrator states), they were, in fact, dumped off the cliff by the camera crew from a truck.[19][20] Because of the limited number of lemmings at their disposal, which in any case were the wrong subspecies, the migration scenes were simulated using tight camera angles and a large, snow-covered turntable.

The song "Lemmings (Including 'Cog')" from the 1971 album Pawn Hearts by progressive rock band Van der Graaf Generator is about a person who sees their loved ones "crashing on quite blindly to the sea".[21]

The 1976 album "Howlin' Wind," which introduced Graham Parker and the Rumour, includes the song "Don't Ask Me Questions," whose lyrics include the lines, "I see the thousands screamin'/Rushin' for the cliffs/Just like lemmings/Into the sea."

The 1983 song Synchronicity II by The Police makes an allusion to the supposed suicidal tendencies of lemmings in its reference to commuters "packed like lemmings into shiny metal boxes, contestants in a suicidal race."

In 1991, a puzzle-platform video game called Lemmings was released, in which the player must save a certain percentage of the titular small humanoid creatures as they march heedlessly through a dangerous environment. The game and its sequels had sold 4 million copies by 1995.[22]

Lemmings are main characters of the 2016 French animated television series Grizzy and the Lemmings. As a humorous allusion to the popular myth, the series frequently features lemmings jumping down from elevated platforms.

In the animated Disney film Zootopia (2016), lemmings are employed as investment bankers of Lemmings Brothers, named after the bank that went bankrupt in 2008.[23]

References

  1. ^ Soininen, Eeva; Zinger, Lucie; Gielly, Ludovic; Yoccoz, Nigel; Henden, John-André; Ims, Rolf (4 April 2017). "Not only mosses: lemming winter diets as described by DNA metabarcoding". Polar Biology. 40 (10): 2097–2103. Bibcode:2017PoBio..40.2097S. doi:10.1007/s00300-017-2114-3. hdl:10037/12365. S2CID 43524891.
  2. ^ Batzli, George O; Pitelka, Frank A (1983). "Nutritional Ecology of Microtine Rodents: Food Habits of Lemmings near Barrow, Alaska". Journal of Mammalogy. 64 (4): 648–655. doi:10.2307/1380521. JSTOR 1380521.
  3. ^ Batzli, George O; Cole, F Russell (1979). "Nutritional Ecology of Microtine Rodents: Digestibility of Forage". Journal of Mammalogy. 60 (4): 740–750. doi:10.2307/1380189. JSTOR 1380189.
  4. ^ Turchin, Peter (2003). Complex Population Dynamics: A Theoretical/Empirical Synthesis. Princeton University Press. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-691-09021-4.
  5. ^ Stenseth, N. C.; Chan, K. S.; Framstad, E.; Tong, H. (1998). "Phase- and density-dependent population dynamics in Norwegian lemmings: Interaction between deterministic and stochastic processes". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 265 (1409): 1957–68. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0526. JSTOR 51151. PMC 1689487. PMID 9821362.
  6. ^ Hinterland Who's Who – Lemmings Archived 2011-11-07 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Andersson, Malte (1976). "Lemmus lemmus: A Possible Case of Aposematic Coloration and Behavior". Journal of Mammalogy. 57 (3): 461–469. doi:10.2307/1379296. JSTOR 1379296.
  8. ^ Fears, Darryl (24 February 2014). "Lemmings fuel biggest snowy-owl migration in 50 years". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  9. ^ Ulmi, Nic (2016-07-12). "Les lemmings, des conformistes fous?" (in French). Le Temps. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  10. ^ This notion is also featured in the folklore of the Inupiat and Yupik peoples at Norton Sound.
  11. ^ "Lemmings Suicide Myth". ABC Science. Karl S. Kruszelnicki Pty Ltd. 27 April 2004. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007.
  12. ^ "Translation, into English, (according to 'Google Translate'), of 'Umkehren!? Jetzt, wo wir schon so weit gekommen sind!?!'". translate.google.com. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  13. ^ Nicholls, Henry (21 November 2014). "The truth about Norwegian lemmings". BBC Earth. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  14. ^ Crotch, William Duppa (August 1877). "The Norwegian Lemming and its Migrations" . Popular Science Monthly. Vol. 11. D. Appleton & Company. pp. 412-413  – via Wikisource.
  15. ^ Lederer, Muriel. "Return of the Pied Piper". The American Mercury, Dec. 1953, pp. 33–34.
  16. ^ Blum, Geoffrey. (1996). "One Billion of Something", in: Uncle Scrooge Adventures by Carl Barks, #9.
  17. ^ Clarke, Arthur C. (2001). The Collected Stories of Arthur C. Clarke. Tor Books. pp. 423–427. ISBN 978-0-575-07065-3.
  18. ^ "'White Wilderness' Faked Lemming Suicides". Snopes.com. 12 December 2015.
  19. ^ Cruel Camera Archived 2009-01-17 at the Wayback Machine Time slice: 14:01–15:27
  20. ^ Moss, Tyler (10 June 2013). "Do Lemmings Really Run Off Cliffs to Their Death?". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
  21. ^ Van der Graaf Generator, "Lemmings", Genius Lyrics
  22. ^ "75 Power Players". Next Generation. No. 11. November 1995. p. 68.
  23. ^ Kahn, Juliet (2020-09-29). "Things Only Adults Notice In Zootopia". Looper. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
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