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| num_episodes = 16
| num_episodes = 16
| network = [[NBC]]
| network = [[NBC]]
| first_aired = September 12th, 1972
| first_aired = {{Start date|1972|9|12}}
| last_aired = January 16th, 1973
| last_aired = {{End date|1973|1|16}}
| episode_list = List of Bonanza episodes
| episode_list = List of Bonanza episodes
}}
}}
The fourteenth season of the American [[Westerns on television|Western television]] series '''''[[Bonanza]]''''' premiered on [[NBC]] on September 12th, 1972, with the final episode airing January 16th, 1973.{{sfn|Shapiro|1997|pp=107, 111}} It was the final season for the series. The series was developed and produced by [[David Dortort]]. Season fourteen starred [[Lorne Greene]] and [[Michael Landon]], the first season following the death of [[Dan Blocker]]. The season consisted of 16 episodes of a series total 431 hour-long episodes, the entirety of which was produced in [[Color television|color]].{{sfn|Shapiro|1997|pp=5, 65–157}} Season fourteen moved to a new timeslot of Tuesdays from 8:00{{Nbsp}}pm{{Ndash}}9:00{{Nbsp}}pm on [[NBC]].{{sfn|Brooks|Marsh|2007|p=164}} The final season fell out of the top 30 in the [[Nielsen Ratings|Nielsen ratings]].<ref name="ratings">{{cite web |title=TV Ratings: 1972–1973 |url=https://classictvguide.com/tvratings/1972.htm |access-date=September 14, 2023 |work=ClassicTVGuide.com}}</ref>
The fourteenth season of the American [[Westerns on television|Western television]] series '''''[[Bonanza]]''''' premiered on [[NBC]] on September 12, 1972, with the final episode airing January 16, 1973.{{sfn|Shapiro|1997|pp=107, 111}} This was the final season for the series. The series was developed and produced by [[David Dortort]]. Season fourteen starred [[Lorne Greene]] and [[Michael Landon]], the first season following the death of [[Dan Blocker]]. The season consisted of 16 episodes of a series total 431 hour-long episodes, the entirety of which was produced in [[Color television|color]].{{sfn|Shapiro|1997|pp=5, 65–157}} Season fourteen moved to a new timeslot of Tuesdays from 8:00{{Nbsp}}pm{{Ndash}}9:00{{Nbsp}}pm on [[NBC]].{{sfn|Brooks|Marsh|2007|p=164}} The final season fell out of the top 30 in the [[Nielsen Ratings|Nielsen ratings]].<ref name="ratings">{{cite web |title=TV Ratings: 1972–1973 |url=https://classictvguide.com/tvratings/1972.htm |access-date=September 14, 2023 |work=ClassicTVGuide.com}}</ref>


==Synopsis==
==Synopsis==


''Bonanza'' is set around the [[Ponderosa Ranch#TV origins of the fictional Ponderosa Ranch|Ponderosa Ranch]] near [[Virginia City, Nevada]] and chronicles the weekly adventures of the Cartwright family. In season 14, it consists of [[Ben Cartwright (character)|Ben Cartwright]] ([[Lorne Greene]]) and his son [[Little Joe Cartwright|Joseph]] ([[Michael Landon]]) and [[Bonanza#Mitch Vogel – Jamie Hunter/Cartwright|Jamie Hunter Cartwright]] ([[Mitch Vogel]]), a teenage orphan who is adopted by Ben. Veteran actor [[Victor Sen Yung]] played the ranch cook, Hop Sing. In the ninth season, [[David Canary]] was added to the cast as ranch hand/foreman [[Bonanza#David Canary – "Candy" Canaday|Candy Canady]]. [[Tim Matheson]] was introduced as ex-prisoner and newly hired ranch-hand Griff King.
''Bonanza'' is set around the [[Ponderosa Ranch#TV origins of the fictional Ponderosa Ranch|Ponderosa Ranch]] near [[Virginia City, Nevada]] and chronicles the weekly adventures of the Cartwright family. In season 14, this consists of [[Ben Cartwright (character)|Ben Cartwright]] ([[Lorne Greene]]) and his son [[Little Joe Cartwright|Joseph]] ([[Michael Landon]]) and [[Bonanza#Mitch Vogel – Jamie Hunter/Cartwright|Jamie Hunter Cartwright]] ([[Mitch Vogel]]), a teenage orphan who is adopted by Ben. Veteran actor [[Victor Sen Yung]] played the ranch cook, Hop Sing. In the ninth season, [[David Canary]] was added to the cast as ranch hand/foreman [[Bonanza#David Canary – "Candy" Canaday|Candy Canady]]. [[Tim Matheson]] was introduced as ex-prisoner and newly hired ranch-hand Griff King.


==Cast and characters==
==Cast and characters==
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| DirectedBy= [[Michael Landon]]
| DirectedBy= [[Michael Landon]]
| WrittenBy=Michael Landon
| WrittenBy=Michael Landon
| OriginalAirDate_1=September 12th, 1972
| OriginalAirDate_1={{start date|1972|9|12}}
| OriginalAirDate_2=September 19th, 1972
| OriginalAirDate_2={{start date|1972|9|19}}
| ShortSummary= Part 1: Little Joe falls in love with Alice Harper (played by a young [[Bonnie Bedelia]]) who he meets while rescuing her gambler brother John ([[Andrew Robinson (actor)|Andy Robinson]]) from a poker game gone bad.
| ShortSummary= Part 1: Little Joe falls in love with Alice Harper (played by a young [[Bonnie Bedelia]]) who he meets while rescuing her gambler brother John ([[Andrew Robinson (actor)|Andy Robinson]]) from a poker game gone bad.
Part 2: After Little Joe and Alice Harper are married, she is murdered at their new home. Joe returns to find their house burnt to the ground and his beautiful bride dead.
Part 2: After Little Joe and Alice Harper are married, she is murdered at their new home. Joe returns to find their house burnt to the ground and his beautiful bride dead.
Line 78: Line 78:
| DirectedBy=[[Nicholas Webster]]
| DirectedBy=[[Nicholas Webster]]
| WrittenBy=[[Don Ingalls]]
| WrittenBy=[[Don Ingalls]]
| OriginalAirDate=Septembr 26th, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|9|26}}
| ShortSummary=Ben helps ex-convict John Dundee ([[Robert Lansing (actor)|Robert Lansing]]) re-adjust to society. However, Dundee's boorish attitude complicates matters.
| ShortSummary=Ben helps ex-convict John Dundee ([[Robert Lansing (actor)|Robert Lansing]]) re-adjust to society. However, Dundee's boorish attitude complicates matters.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
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| DirectedBy=[[Alf Kjellin]]
| DirectedBy=[[Alf Kjellin]]
| WrittenBy= [[Douglas Day Stewart]]
| WrittenBy= [[Douglas Day Stewart]]
| OriginalAirDate=October 3rd, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|10|3}}
| ShortSummary=Jamie joins an elite club. However, when a classmate dies from cardiac arrhythmia during the initiation, the club's president Ted Hoag ([[Ron Howard]]) is blamed.
| ShortSummary=Jamie joins an elite club. However, when a classmate dies from cardiac arrhythmia during the initiation, the club's president Ted Hoag ([[Ron Howard]]) is blamed.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
Line 98: Line 98:
| DirectedBy=[[Lewis Allen (director)|Lewis Allen]]
| DirectedBy=[[Lewis Allen (director)|Lewis Allen]]
| WrittenBy=[[Robert Pirosh]]
| WrittenBy=[[Robert Pirosh]]
| OriginalAirDate=October 10th, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|10|10}}
| ShortSummary=Ben becomes horrified while inspecting living conditions at the Nevada State Prison. So are the frustrated inmates, who take Ben hostage and make a series of demands to improve conditions.
| ShortSummary=Ben becomes horrified while inspecting living conditions at the Nevada State Prison. So are the frustrated inmates, who take Ben hostage and make a series of demands to improve conditions.
Note: first episode of Griff King.
Note: first episode of Griff King.
Line 109: Line 109:
| DirectedBy=[[Leo Penn]]
| DirectedBy=[[Leo Penn]]
| WrittenBy=[[Jack B. Sowards]]
| WrittenBy=[[Jack B. Sowards]]
| OriginalAirDate=October 17th, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|10|17}}
| ShortSummary=In a sequel episode to "Riot," Ben helps parolee Griff King adjust to life outside of prison, giving him a job as a ranch hand.
| ShortSummary=In this sequel episode to "Riot," Ben helps parolee Griff King adjust to life outside of prison, giving him a job as a ranch hand.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
}}
}}
Line 119: Line 119:
| DirectedBy=[[Nicholas Colasanto]]
| DirectedBy=[[Nicholas Colasanto]]
| WrittenBy=Joel Murcott
| WrittenBy=Joel Murcott
| OriginalAirDate=October 24th, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|10|24}}
| ShortSummary= Ben and a pregnant woman ([[Sian Barbara Allen]]) are held hostage by a gang of robbers, who are plotting a stagecoach robbery and are determined to prevent interference by anyone with the name Cartwright.
| ShortSummary= Ben and a pregnant woman ([[Sian Barbara Allen]]) are held hostage by a gang of robbers, who are plotting a stagecoach robbery and are determined to prevent interference by anyone with the name Cartwright.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
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| DirectedBy=[[Nicholas Colasanto]]
| DirectedBy=[[Nicholas Colasanto]]
| WrittenBy=[[Stanley Roberts (screenwriter)|Stanley Roberts]]
| WrittenBy=[[Stanley Roberts (screenwriter)|Stanley Roberts]]
| OriginalAirDate=October 31st, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|10|31}}
| ShortSummary=Samuel Clemens ([[Ken Howard]]) makes his return to Virginia City, this time offering tall tales over an unsolved murder that was tied to a claim jumping.
| ShortSummary=Samuel Clemens ([[Ken Howard]]) makes his return to Virginia City, this time offering tall tales over an unsolved murder that was tied to a claim jumping.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
Line 139: Line 139:
| DirectedBy= [[E. W. Swackhamer]]
| DirectedBy= [[E. W. Swackhamer]]
| WrittenBy=Jack B. Sowards
| WrittenBy=Jack B. Sowards
| OriginalAirDate=November 21st, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|11|14}}
| ShortSummary=Joe is given a beautiful, black stallion for his birthday present, but winds up sacrificing it when he rides to the rescue of a young boy who was accidentally shot by his outlaw father.
| ShortSummary=Joe is given a beautiful, black stallion for his birthday present, but winds up sacrificing it when he rides to the rescue of a young boy who was accidentally shot by his outlaw father.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
Line 149: Line 149:
| DirectedBy= Alf Kjellin
| DirectedBy= Alf Kjellin
| WrittenBy= Stanley Roberts
| WrittenBy= Stanley Roberts
| OriginalAirDate=November 28th, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|11|28}}
| ShortSummary=Dr. James Wills ([[Mike Farrell]]) is Virginia City's new town doctor. He can bring many new procedures to Nevada Territory. However, Dr. Wills is addicted to morphine, which results in trouble ... and in the end, tragedy.
| ShortSummary=Dr. James Wills ([[Mike Farrell]]) is Virginia City's new town doctor. He can bring many new procedures to Nevada Territory. However, Dr. Wills is addicted to morphine, which results in trouble ... and in the end, tragedy.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
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| DirectedBy= Michael Landon
| DirectedBy= Michael Landon
| WrittenBy= Michael Landon
| WrittenBy= Michael Landon
| OriginalAirDate=December 12th, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|12|5}}
| ShortSummary= Griff's friend, widowed farmer Jonathan May ([[Jack Albertson]]), wants to adopt two young orphans, one of whom is unable to talk. When Jonathan is told he cannot adopt the boys, Griff decides to set the adoption agency folks straight on what a loving father is.
| ShortSummary= Griff's friend, widowed farmer Jonathan May ([[Jack Albertson]]), wants to adopt two young orphans, one of whom is unable to talk. When Jonathan is told he cannot adopt the boys, Griff decides to set the adoption agency folks straight on what a loving father is.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
Line 169: Line 169:
| DirectedBy= [[William F. Claxton]]
| DirectedBy= [[William F. Claxton]]
| WrittenBy= John Hawkins
| WrittenBy= John Hawkins
| OriginalAirDate=December 19th, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|12|19}}
| ShortSummary= Jamie buys an Irish setter named April. However, April was a runt and - according to its rightful owner - should be put to sleep because it is a disgrace to the breed. When April competes in a field trial, the dog's owner soon learns that it's not the size of the dog that matters, but the size of the fight in the dog.
| ShortSummary= Jamie buys an Irish setter named April. However, April was a runt and - according to its rightful owner - should be put to sleep because it is a disgrace to the breed. When April competes in a field trial, the dog's owner soon learns that it's not the size of the dog that matters, but the size of the fight in the dog.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
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| DirectedBy= Leo Penn
| DirectedBy= Leo Penn
| WrittenBy= [[Richard J. Collins|Richard Collins]]
| WrittenBy= [[Richard J. Collins|Richard Collins]]
| OriginalAirDate=December 26th, 1972
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1972|12|26}}
| ShortSummary= Jamie becomes friends with Kelly Edwards ([[Pamela Franklin]]), who is abused by her husband, Dan. The catch: the husband happens to be the new teacher at the Virginia City School.
| ShortSummary= Jamie becomes friends with Kelly Edwards ([[Pamela Franklin]]), who is abused by her husband, Dan. The catch: the husband happens to be the new teacher at the Virginia City School.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
Line 189: Line 189:
| DirectedBy= Lewis Allen
| DirectedBy= Lewis Allen
| WrittenBy= {{StoryTeleplay|s= Arthur Heinemann|t= Joel Murcott and Arthur Heinemann}}
| WrittenBy= {{StoryTeleplay|s= Arthur Heinemann|t= Joel Murcott and Arthur Heinemann}}
| OriginalAirDate=January 2nd, 1973
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1973|1|2}}
| ShortSummary= A man posing as Candy robs one of Ben's elderly business associates; during the robbery, the woman suffers a fatal heart attack. Candy is quickly arrested and brought to trial.
| ShortSummary= A man posing as Candy robs one of Ben's elderly business associates; during the robbery, the woman suffers a fatal heart attack. Candy is quickly arrested and brought to trial.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
Line 199: Line 199:
| DirectedBy= William F. Claxton
| DirectedBy= William F. Claxton
| WrittenBy= [[Ward Hawkins]]
| WrittenBy= [[Ward Hawkins]]
| OriginalAirDate=January 9th, 1973
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1973|1|9}}
| ShortSummary= Unknown to the Cartwrights, Griff is asked to be a government witness in helping to bring a gang of war criminals to justice and Griff is asked to pose as the husband of beautiful Theodora Duffy ([[Karen Carlson]]), whom the Cartwrights think Griff had abandoned years ago.
| ShortSummary= Unknown to the Cartwrights, Griff is asked to be a government witness in helping to bring a gang of war criminals to justice and Griff is asked to pose as the husband of beautiful Theodora Duffy ([[Karen Carlson]]), whom the Cartwrights think Griff had abandoned years ago.
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358
Line 209: Line 209:
| DirectedBy= Michael Landon
| DirectedBy= Michael Landon
| WrittenBy= Michael Landon
| WrittenBy= Michael Landon
| OriginalAirDate=January 16th, 1973
| OriginalAirDate={{start date|1973|1|16}}
| ShortSummary= During a delivery run, Joe meets Cpl. Bill Tanner ([[Tom Skerritt]]), who turns out to be a war-deranged madman who enjoys stalking down his helpless victims before killing them. After stealing Joe's wagon and his supplies, the psychotic Tanner explains that Joe just became his latest "prey."
| ShortSummary= During a delivery run, Joe meets Cpl. Bill Tanner ([[Tom Skerritt]]), who turns out to be a war-deranged madman who enjoys stalking down his helpless victims before killing them. After stealing Joe's wagon and his supplies, the psychotic Tanner explains that Joe just became his latest "prey."
| LineColor=c5b358
| LineColor=c5b358

Revision as of 15:31, 19 June 2024

Bonanza
Season 14
Cast of Bonanza in 1959
Cast of Bonanza in 1959
Starring
No. of episodes16
Release
Original networkNBC
Original releaseSeptember 12, 1972 (1972-09-12) –
January 16, 1973 (1973-01-16)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 13
List of episodes

The fourteenth season of the American Western television series Bonanza premiered on NBC on September 12, 1972, with the final episode airing January 16, 1973.[1] This was the final season for the series. The series was developed and produced by David Dortort. Season fourteen starred Lorne Greene and Michael Landon, the first season following the death of Dan Blocker. The season consisted of 16 episodes of a series total 431 hour-long episodes, the entirety of which was produced in color.[2] Season fourteen moved to a new timeslot of Tuesdays from 8:00 pm–9:00 pm on NBC.[3] The final season fell out of the top 30 in the Nielsen ratings.[4]

Synopsis

Bonanza is set around the Ponderosa Ranch near Virginia City, Nevada and chronicles the weekly adventures of the Cartwright family. In season 14, this consists of Ben Cartwright (Lorne Greene) and his son Joseph (Michael Landon) and Jamie Hunter Cartwright (Mitch Vogel), a teenage orphan who is adopted by Ben. Veteran actor Victor Sen Yung played the ranch cook, Hop Sing. In the ninth season, David Canary was added to the cast as ranch hand/foreman Candy Canady. Tim Matheson was introduced as ex-prisoner and newly hired ranch-hand Griff King.

Cast and characters

See also: List of Bonanza characters

Main cast

Recurring

Guest cast

Background and production

Casting

Season 14 included a number of changes in casting. Dan Blocker died in May 1972 after season thirteen ended, leaving only Greene and Landon as original top billed cast. David Canary, who had left over a contract dispute after four seasons returned as Candy Canady with opening credits billing. Tim Matheson was introduced as ex-prisoner and newly hired ranch-hand Griff King.

Episodes

See also: List of Bonanza episodes
Bonanza, season 14 episodes
No.
overall		No. in
season		TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date
4161"Forever"Michael LandonMichael LandonSeptember 12, 1972 (1972-09-12)
4172September 19, 1972 (1972-09-19)

Part 1: Little Joe falls in love with Alice Harper (played by a young Bonnie Bedelia) who he meets while rescuing her gambler brother John (Andy Robinson) from a poker game gone bad.

Part 2: After Little Joe and Alice Harper are married, she is murdered at their new home. Joe returns to find their house burnt to the ground and his beautiful bride dead.
4183"Heritage of Anger"Nicholas WebsterDon IngallsSeptember 26, 1972 (1972-09-26)
Ben helps ex-convict John Dundee (Robert Lansing) re-adjust to society. However, Dundee's boorish attitude complicates matters.
4194"The Initiation"Alf KjellinDouglas Day StewartOctober 3, 1972 (1972-10-03)
Jamie joins an elite club. However, when a classmate dies from cardiac arrhythmia during the initiation, the club's president Ted Hoag (Ron Howard) is blamed.
4205"Riot!"Lewis AllenRobert PiroshOctober 10, 1972 (1972-10-10)

Ben becomes horrified while inspecting living conditions at the Nevada State Prison. So are the frustrated inmates, who take Ben hostage and make a series of demands to improve conditions.

Note: first episode of Griff King.
4216"New Man"Leo PennJack B. SowardsOctober 17, 1972 (1972-10-17)
In this sequel episode to "Riot," Ben helps parolee Griff King adjust to life outside of prison, giving him a job as a ranch hand.
4227"Ambush at Rio Lobo"Nicholas ColasantoJoel MurcottOctober 24, 1972 (1972-10-24)
Ben and a pregnant woman (Sian Barbara Allen) are held hostage by a gang of robbers, who are plotting a stagecoach robbery and are determined to prevent interference by anyone with the name Cartwright.
4238"The 26th Grave"Nicholas ColasantoStanley RobertsOctober 31, 1972 (1972-10-31)
Samuel Clemens (Ken Howard) makes his return to Virginia City, this time offering tall tales over an unsolved murder that was tied to a claim jumping.
4249"Stallion"E. W. SwackhamerJack B. SowardsNovember 14, 1972 (1972-11-14)
Joe is given a beautiful, black stallion for his birthday present, but winds up sacrificing it when he rides to the rescue of a young boy who was accidentally shot by his outlaw father.
42510"The Hidden Enemy"Alf KjellinStanley RobertsNovember 28, 1972 (1972-11-28)
Dr. James Wills (Mike Farrell) is Virginia City's new town doctor. He can bring many new procedures to Nevada Territory. However, Dr. Wills is addicted to morphine, which results in trouble ... and in the end, tragedy.
42611"The Sound of Sadness"Michael LandonMichael LandonDecember 5, 1972 (1972-12-05)
Griff's friend, widowed farmer Jonathan May (Jack Albertson), wants to adopt two young orphans, one of whom is unable to talk. When Jonathan is told he cannot adopt the boys, Griff decides to set the adoption agency folks straight on what a loving father is.
42712"The Bucket Dog"William F. ClaxtonJohn HawkinsDecember 19, 1972 (1972-12-19)
Jamie buys an Irish setter named April. However, April was a runt and - according to its rightful owner - should be put to sleep because it is a disgrace to the breed. When April competes in a field trial, the dog's owner soon learns that it's not the size of the dog that matters, but the size of the fight in the dog.
42813"First Love"Leo PennRichard CollinsDecember 26, 1972 (1972-12-26)
Jamie becomes friends with Kelly Edwards (Pamela Franklin), who is abused by her husband, Dan. The catch: the husband happens to be the new teacher at the Virginia City School.
42914"The Witness"Lewis AllenStory by : Arthur Heinemann
Teleplay by : Joel Murcott and Arthur Heinemann		January 2, 1973 (1973-01-02)
A man posing as Candy robs one of Ben's elderly business associates; during the robbery, the woman suffers a fatal heart attack. Candy is quickly arrested and brought to trial.
43015"The Marriage of Theodora Duffy"William F. ClaxtonWard HawkinsJanuary 9, 1973 (1973-01-09)
Unknown to the Cartwrights, Griff is asked to be a government witness in helping to bring a gang of war criminals to justice and Griff is asked to pose as the husband of beautiful Theodora Duffy (Karen Carlson), whom the Cartwrights think Griff had abandoned years ago.
43116"The Hunter"Michael LandonMichael LandonJanuary 16, 1973 (1973-01-16)
During a delivery run, Joe meets Cpl. Bill Tanner (Tom Skerritt), who turns out to be a war-deranged madman who enjoys stalking down his helpless victims before killing them. After stealing Joe's wagon and his supplies, the psychotic Tanner explains that Joe just became his latest "prey."

Release

For season fourteen, Bonanza was moved from its previous Sunday night 9:00 pm–10:00 pm timeslot to Tuesdays from 8:00 pm–9:00 pm on NBC.[3] On Tuesdays, it was opposite Maude and Hawaii Five-O on CBS and Temperatures Rising and the Tuesday Movie of the Week on ABC.[5]

Reception

The move from Sunday to Tuesday did not help the show's declining ratings. Hawaii Five-O was already the leader on Tuesdays, at 12 overall in the Nielsen ratings for the previous season.[6] By the 1972 season, Hawaii Five-O gained in the ratings, lifting Maude along with it, topping the Tuesday ratings and securing the number 3 and 4 spots respectively overall. Bonanza fell out of the top 30.[4]

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Shapiro 1997, pp. 107, 111.
  2. ^ Shapiro 1997, pp. 5, 65–157.
  3. ^ a b Brooks & Marsh 2007, p. 164.
  4. ^ a b "TV Ratings: 1972–1973". ClassicTVGuide.com. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  5. ^ Brooks & Marsh 2007, pp. 1594–1595.
  6. ^ "TV Ratings: 1971–1972". classictvguide.com. Retrieved 2023-10-11.

Bibliography

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