IIEST, Shibpur: Difference between revisions
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[[File:IIEST, Howrah, India.jpg|thumb|IIEST main entrance in Shibpur, Howrah.]] |
[[File:IIEST, Howrah, India.jpg|thumb|IIEST main entrance in Shibpur, Howrah.]] |
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'''Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur''', abbreviated as '''IIEST Shibpur''' is a [[public university|public]] [[technological university]] located at [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Founded in 1856,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/History |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Our History IIEST}}</ref> it is recognised as an [[Institute of National Importance]] under [[MHRD]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India |url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158429.pdf |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Higher Education {{!}} Government of India, Ministry of Education |url=https://www.education.gov.in/hi/institutions-national-importance-hi |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=www.education.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY, SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2014 |url=http://nitcouncil.org.in/data/pdf/nit-acts/nitser_2014.pdf |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Council of NITSER}}</ref> It is controlled by the [[Council of NITSER]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of NITs {{!}} COVID-19 Research at NITs & IIEST, Shibpur |url=http://nitcouncil.org.in/index.php/site/console/siteAboutCouncil |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=nitcouncil.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Identity crisis hurdle to IIEST success |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/identity-crisis-hurdle-to-iiest-success/cid/1416862 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Education, Government of India |url=https://www.mhrd.gov.in/nits |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=www.mhrd.gov.in}}</ref> It is the fourth oldest engineering institute in India after [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] |
'''Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur''', abbreviated as '''IIEST Shibpur''' is a [[public university|public]] [[technological university]] located at [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Founded in 1856,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/History |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Our History IIEST}}</ref> it is recognised as an [[Institute of National Importance]] under [[MHRD]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India |url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158429.pdf |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Higher Education {{!}} Government of India, Ministry of Education |url=https://www.education.gov.in/hi/institutions-national-importance-hi |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=www.education.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY, SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2014 |url=http://nitcouncil.org.in/data/pdf/nit-acts/nitser_2014.pdf |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Council of NITSER}}</ref> It is controlled by the [[Council of NITSER]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of NITs {{!}} COVID-19 Research at NITs & IIEST, Shibpur |url=http://nitcouncil.org.in/index.php/site/console/siteAboutCouncil |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=nitcouncil.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Identity crisis hurdle to IIEST success |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/identity-crisis-hurdle-to-iiest-success/cid/1416862 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Education, Government of India |url=https://www.mhrd.gov.in/nits |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=www.mhrd.gov.in}}</ref> It is the fourth oldest engineering institute in India after [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], [[IIT Roorkee]], [[College of Engineering, Pune|College of Engineering, Pune.]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghatol |first=A. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwTrvZ6hDC0C&pg=PA53 |title=Industry Institute Interaction |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-486-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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===Post 2010=== |
===Post 2010=== |
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In |
In October 2010 The [[union cabinet]] approved a proposal for the conversion of the Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU) at Shibpur to an Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, it will be an Institution of international standard and will produce quality manpower for the strategic sector of the country, research laboratories and quality teachers for the institutions of engineering and science education.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Oct 2010 |title=Upgradation of BESU, Shibpur to an IIEST, Shibpur at Howrah, West Bengal |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] 12-October, 2010 17:52 IST |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=66290 |url-status=live |access-date=12 Oct 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145441/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=66290 |archive-date=1 Jul 2023}}</ref> An amount of ₹ 592.20 crore has been earmarked for the project and it will be completed over a period of five years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2010 |title=Now, an Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology |work=[[Education Times]] October 14, 2010 05:34 PM |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.educationtimes.com/article/newsroom/69557607/now-an-indian-institute-of-engineering-science-and-technology |url-status=live |access-date=14 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701144420/https://www.educationtimes.com/article/newsroom/69557607/now-an-indian-institute-of-engineering-science-and-technology |archive-date=1 Jul 2023}}</ref> |
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In March 2014, the institute was conferred the status of an [[Institute of National Importance|INI]] and was renamed ''Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur'' by the Govt. of India by suitably amending the National Institutes of Technology and Science Education and Research Act, 2007. The conversion process of BESU to IIEST was mentored by [[IIT Kanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/pranab-nod-to-besu-upgrade/cid/1213434|title=Pranab nod to Besu upgrade|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=66290|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] inaugurated it as IIEST on 24 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.becs.ac.in/component/content/article/123-vcspeaks/2931-inauguration-of-iiest-shibpur-by-shri-pranab-mukherjee-the-president-of-india-on-24th-august-2014-article |title=Inauguration of IIEST, Shibpur by Shri Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India on 24th August 2014 |access-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325211936/http://www.becs.ac.in/component/content/article/123-vcspeaks/2931-inauguration-of-iiest-shibpur-by-shri-pranab-mukherjee-the-president-of-india-on-24th-august-2014-article |archive-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?1060 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103246/http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?1060 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |title=Press Releases Detail - The President of India}}</ref> |
In March 2014, the institute was conferred the status of an [[Institute of National Importance|INI]] and was renamed ''Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur'' by the Govt. of India by suitably amending the National Institutes of Technology and Science Education and Research Act, 2007. The conversion process of BESU to IIEST was mentored by [[IIT Kanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/pranab-nod-to-besu-upgrade/cid/1213434|title=Pranab nod to Besu upgrade|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=66290|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] inaugurated it as IIEST on 24 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.becs.ac.in/component/content/article/123-vcspeaks/2931-inauguration-of-iiest-shibpur-by-shri-pranab-mukherjee-the-president-of-india-on-24th-august-2014-article |title=Inauguration of IIEST, Shibpur by Shri Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India on 24th August 2014 |access-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325211936/http://www.becs.ac.in/component/content/article/123-vcspeaks/2931-inauguration-of-iiest-shibpur-by-shri-pranab-mukherjee-the-president-of-india-on-24th-august-2014-article |archive-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?1060 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103246/http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?1060 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |title=Press Releases Detail - The President of India}}</ref> |
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===Governance=== |
===Governance=== |
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Just like all NITs follow the same organization structure which has The [[President of India]] is the ex officio visitor of IIEST Shibpur, at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the [[Council of NITSER]]. Under the Council of NITSER is the board of governors of IIEST, Shibpur. The board of governors consists of the chairperson, director, and twelve members, which include government, industry, alumni, and faculty representation. Under the director, in the Senate Standing Committee, the director and the Secretary to the Senate, deans, department heads, and registrar. On |
Just like all NITs follow the same organization structure which has The [[President of India]] is the ex officio visitor of IIEST Shibpur, at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the [[Council of NITSER]]. Under the Council of NITSER is the board of governors of IIEST, Shibpur. The board of governors consists of the chairperson, director, and twelve members, which include government, industry, alumni, and faculty representation. Under the director, in the Senate Standing Committee, the director and the Secretary to the Senate, deans, department heads, and registrar. On September 2023 [[Tejaswini Ananth Kumar|T Kumar]] appointed as Chairperson of the Board of Governors of Institution for a period of next three years.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MAZUMDAR |first1=JHINUK |last2=CHOWDHURY |first2=SUBHANKAR CHOWDHURY |last3=RAKESH |first3=K.M |date=5 September 2023 |title=Karnataka BJP leader's appointment as IIEST-Shibpur board chairperson draws criticism from teachers |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] 05.09.23, 07:26 AM |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/karnataka-bjp-leaders-appointment-as-chairperson-of-iiest-board-draws-criticism-from-teachers/cid/1963879 |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> |
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===Departments=== |
===Departments=== |
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| NIRF_E_2023 = 35 |
| NIRF_E_2023 = 35 |
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IIEST Shibpur has ranked 401-450 among the top Universities in Asia category by the QS Asia Ranking 2024 |
IIEST Shibpur has ranked 401-450 among the top Universities in Asia category by the QS Asia Ranking 2024. |
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In India, IIEST Shibpur was ranked 66th overall and 35th among engineering institutes by the [[NIRF]] rankings in 2023.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_E_2023/> |
In India, IIEST Shibpur was ranked 66th overall and 35th among engineering institutes by the [[NIRF]] rankings in 2023.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_E_2023/> |
Revision as of 11:05, 20 June 2024
Motto | Uttiṣṭhita jāgrata prāpya varān nibodhata |
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Motto in English | Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached |
Type | Public technical research university |
Established | c. 1856 |
Budget | ₹171.43 crore (US$20 million) (FY2021–22 est.)[1] |
Chairperson | Tejaswini Ananth Kumar |
Director | Vemavarapu MSR Murthy[2] |
Academic staff | 284 (2023)[1] |
Students | 3,801 (2023)[1] |
Undergraduates | 2,667 (2023)[1] |
Postgraduates | 303 (2023)[1] |
831 (2023)[1] | |
Location | , , India 22°33′21″N 88°18′20″E / 22.55583°N 88.30556°E |
Campus | Urban 123 acres (50 ha) |
Website | www |
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, abbreviated as IIEST Shibpur is a public technological university located at Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India. Founded in 1856,[3] it is recognised as an Institute of National Importance under MHRD by the Government of India.[4][5][6] It is controlled by the Council of NITSER.[7][8][9] It is the fourth oldest engineering institute in India after College of Engineering, Guindy, IIT Roorkee, College of Engineering, Pune.[10][3]
History
Directors |
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The college was founded as the Civil Engineering College on 24 November 1856, in Writers' Building, Calcutta (now Kolkata).[11][12][13] The college was established as an independent entity in 1880 as Government College, Howrah, on the premises of Bishop's College in Shibpur, Howrah. In 1921, the name of the college was changed to Bengal Engineering College. B.E. College was previously affiliated to the University of Calcutta. At that time it contained only civil and mechanical engineering departments.[14] Several other departments were created subsequently over the years, the last among them being that of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics in 2010.
On 1 October 2004, the institution was conferred the status of a full-fledged university.[15] It was formally inaugurated as Bengal Engineering and Science University by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, the President of India, on 13 July 2005.[16] In November 2003, the Government of India announced that the S K Joshi Committee[17] would guide the selection of the five institutions to be the five new IITs.[18]
Post 2010
In October 2010 The union cabinet approved a proposal for the conversion of the Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU) at Shibpur to an Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, it will be an Institution of international standard and will produce quality manpower for the strategic sector of the country, research laboratories and quality teachers for the institutions of engineering and science education.[19] An amount of ₹ 592.20 crore has been earmarked for the project and it will be completed over a period of five years.[20]
In March 2014, the institute was conferred the status of an INI and was renamed Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur by the Govt. of India by suitably amending the National Institutes of Technology and Science Education and Research Act, 2007. The conversion process of BESU to IIEST was mentored by IIT Kanpur.[21][22] President of India, Pranab Mukherjee inaugurated it as IIEST on 24 August 2014.[23][24]
In June 2014, Govt. of West Bengal appointed IIEST Shibpur as the Mentor Institute for the Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani, which was inaugurated in June of the same year.[25][26]
In May 2017, the Government of India sanctioned a grant of ₹11 crore to the Institute for conducting Dr. Bholanath Chakroborty Fundamental Research Laboratory on Homeopathy under the ‘Ayush’ project to undertake focused, evidence-based research on homeopathy formulation and validate their mode of action.[27]
Organisation and administration
Governance
Just like all NITs follow the same organization structure which has The President of India is the ex officio visitor of IIEST Shibpur, at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the Council of NITSER. Under the Council of NITSER is the board of governors of IIEST, Shibpur. The board of governors consists of the chairperson, director, and twelve members, which include government, industry, alumni, and faculty representation. Under the director, in the Senate Standing Committee, the director and the Secretary to the Senate, deans, department heads, and registrar. On September 2023 T Kumar appointed as Chairperson of the Board of Governors of Institution for a period of next three years.[28]
Departments
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Schools
Eight schools of excellence in IIEST are:[29]
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Centres
Following are the multi-disciplinary centers located in IIEST Shibpur:[30]
- Center of Healthcare Science and Technology
- Centre for Excellence for Green Energy and Sensors System
Academics
Library
The institute's Ramanujan Central Library occupies 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft) and houses 158,000 books, 41,000 bound volumes of journals, and a collection of documents, such as patents, standards, technical reports and pamphlets.[31] The library has old and rare books and journals of the nineteenth century.[32]
Admission procedure
Undergraduate programs to the various engineering disciplines (4-year B. Tech. programs) and architecture (5-year B.Arch. program) are granted via JEE Main, taking 50% students from the home state (West Bengal) and 50% from other states.[33] Students from any discipline other than Architecture, on the basis of their performance, are allowed to change their disciplines at the end of the 1st Year (i.e., second semester) and may opt for dual degree (B.Tech.-M.Tech.) courses extending over 10 semesters as per terms and conditions specified by the institute.[34] For PG programs admission is through GATE for M.Tech. courses and Joint Entrance Screening Test for MSc.[35] Students are also admitted in Ph.D programs twice a year through online applications.[36]
Ranking and reputation
University and college rankings | |
---|---|
General – international | |
QS (Asia) (2024)[37] | 401-450 |
General – India | |
NIRF (Overall) (2023)[38] | 66 |
Engineering – India | |
NIRF (2023)[39] | 35 |
IIEST Shibpur has ranked 401-450 among the top Universities in Asia category by the QS Asia Ranking 2024.
In India, IIEST Shibpur was ranked 66th overall and 35th among engineering institutes by the NIRF rankings in 2023.[39]
Notable people
Notable faculty
- John Samuel Slater, principal[40]
- Sankar Sen, professor of the electrical engineering department.[41]
- Joseph Allen Stein, professor and head of the Department of Architecture[42]
Notable alumni
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. (July 2020) |
- Bimal Kumar Bose, scholar in Power Electronics, Chondra Chair of Excellence in Power Electronics, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tennessee, member of National Academy of Engineering[43]
- Rajen Mookerjee, industrialist, co-founder of Martin Burn & Co. and founder of Indian Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.[44]
- Shankar Nath Rimal, Nepalese civil engineer, designer of the modern Nepalese flag[45]
- Jatindranath Sengupta, poet and writer.[46]
References
- ^ a b c d e f "NIRF 2023" (PDF). IIEST Shibpur.
- ^ Mitra, Dipawali (20 April 2024). "IIEST Gets New Full-Time Director". The Times of India 20 April 2024, 04:14 IST. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Our History". Our History IIEST. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ "The Gazette of India" (PDF). Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ "Department of Higher Education | Government of India, Ministry of Education". www.education.gov.in. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ "THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF TECHNOLOGY, SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2014" (PDF). Council of NITSER. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ "Council of NITs | COVID-19 Research at NITs & IIEST, Shibpur". nitcouncil.org.in. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ "Identity crisis hurdle to IIEST success". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ "Ministry of Education, Government of India". www.mhrd.gov.in. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ Ghatol, A. A. (2004). Industry Institute Interaction. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7625-486-1.
- ^ Rose, John Holland; Newton, Arthur Percival; Dodwell, Henry; Benians, Ernest Alfred (1929). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive.
- ^ "Our History | IIEST". www.iiests.ac.in. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ "Director's Desk | IIEST". www.iiests.ac.in. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
- ^ "Our History | IIEST". IIEST, Shibpur. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Bengal Engineering And Science University, Shibpur – The University". becs.ac.in. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
- ^ "The Institute".
- ^ Upadhyaya, Yogesh K (23 March 2005). "The making of new IITs". Rediff.com March 23, 2005 12:23 IST. Archived from the original on 24 March 2005. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "Joshi Committee identifies 7 Institutions for Upgradation". Press Information Bureau 23-March, 2005 13:4 IST. 23 March 2005. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
- ^ "Upgradation of BESU, Shibpur to an IIEST, Shibpur at Howrah, West Bengal". Press Information Bureau 12-October, 2010 17:52 IST. Ministry of Human Resource Development. 12 October 2010. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- ^ "Now, an Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology". Education Times October 14, 2010 05:34 PM. New Delhi. 14 October 2010. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ "Pranab nod to Besu upgrade". www.telegraphindia.com.
- ^ "Press Information Bureau". pib.gov.in.
- ^ "Inauguration of IIEST, Shibpur by Shri Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India on 24th August 2014". Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
- ^ "Press Releases Detail - The President of India". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
- ^ "Bengal's first IIIT in Kalyani to start from July – Times of India". The Times of India.
- ^ "IIIT Kalyani :: About IIIT".
- ^ Mukherjee Pandey, Jhimli (6 May 2017). "IIEST starts cancer research based on homeopathy tenets". The Times of India May 6, 2017, 02:23 IST. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
- ^ MAZUMDAR, JHINUK; CHOWDHURY, SUBHANKAR CHOWDHURY; RAKESH, K.M (5 September 2023). "Karnataka BJP leader's appointment as IIEST-Shibpur board chairperson draws criticism from teachers". The Telegraph (India) 05.09.23, 07:26 AM. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
- ^ "Schools of Excellence".
- ^ "Multi-Disciplinary Centers".
- ^ "Library, IIESTS". newlibrary.iiests.ac.in.
- ^ "Ramanujan Central Library". library.iiests.ac.in. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ "Admissions- Undergraduate".
- ^ "Joint Seat Allocation Authority 2020". josaa.nic.in. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ "Admissions- Masters of Science".
- ^ "Ph.D Programme". oldwww.becs.ac.in.
- ^ "QS Asia University Rankings 2024". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 8 November 2023.
- ^ "National Institutional Ranking Framework 2023 (Overall)". National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Education. 5 June 2023.
- ^ a b "National Institutional Ranking Framework 2023 (Engineering)". National Institutional Ranking Framework. Ministry of Education. 5 June 2023.
- ^ "Narratives: J.S. Slater". Museum of the History of Science. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ "Former Bengal power minister Sankar Sen passes away". Outlook. 9 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ "Life and works of Joseph Allen Stein". 31 July 2019.
- ^ "Bimal K. Bose - IEEE Author Details".
- ^ "Sir Rajen Mookerjee". Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- ^ रातोपाटी. "यसरी बनेको थियो राष्ट्रिय झण्डाको डिजाइन्, चन्द्र–सूर्य र त्रिकोणको अर्थ के ?". RatoPati (in Nepali). Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Ahmed, Wakil (2012). "Sengupta, Jatindranath". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.