Petropedetes: Difference between revisions
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== Description == |
== Description == |
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The genus '''''Petropedetes''''' is characterized by the following features: elongated and [[Glossary of leaf morphology|cordiform]]-shaped tongue, free and notched at the back; [[vomerine teeth]] behind the [[Choana|choanae]], closer to each other than the choanae; unwebbed fingers; and a distinct [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barej |first=Michael |last2=S. G. Pauwels |first2=Olivier |last3=Rödel |first3=Mark-Oliver |last4=Böhme |first4=Wolfgang |year=2010 |title=Review of the genus Petropedetes Reichenow, 1874 in Central Africa with the description of three new species (Amphibia: Anura: Petropedetidae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olivier-Pauwels/publication/236018700_Review_of_the_genus_Petropedetes_Reichenow_1874_in_Central_Africa_with_the_description_of_three_new_species_Amphibia_Anura_Petropedetidae/links/02e7e530370230439a000000/Review-of-the-genus-Petropedetes-Reichenow-1874-in-Central-Africa-with-the-description-of-three-new-species-Amphibia-Anura-Petropedetidae.pdf |journal=Zootaxa |publisher=Magnolia Press |pages=3 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.193288 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reichnow |first=A. |year=1874 |title=Eine Sammlung Lurche und Kriechthiere von Westafrika |trans-title=A collection of amphibians and reptiles from West Africa |journal=Archiv für Naturgeschichte |language=German |pages=287-298}}</ref> |
The genus '''''Petropedetes''''' is characterized by the following features: elongated and [[Glossary of leaf morphology|cordiform]]-shaped tongue, free and notched at the back; [[vomerine teeth]] behind the [[Choana|choanae]], closer to each other than the choanae; unwebbed fingers; and a distinct [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barej |first=Michael |last2=S. G. Pauwels |first2=Olivier |last3=Rödel |first3=Mark-Oliver |last4=Böhme |first4=Wolfgang |year=2010 |title=Review of the genus Petropedetes Reichenow, 1874 in Central Africa with the description of three new species (Amphibia: Anura: Petropedetidae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olivier-Pauwels/publication/236018700_Review_of_the_genus_Petropedetes_Reichenow_1874_in_Central_Africa_with_the_description_of_three_new_species_Amphibia_Anura_Petropedetidae/links/02e7e530370230439a000000/Review-of-the-genus-Petropedetes-Reichenow-1874-in-Central-Africa-with-the-description-of-three-new-species-Amphibia-Anura-Petropedetidae.pdf |journal=Zootaxa |publisher=Magnolia Press |pages=3 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.193288 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reichnow |first=A. |year=1874 |title=Eine Sammlung Lurche und Kriechthiere von Westafrika |trans-title=A collection of amphibians and reptiles from West Africa |journal=Archiv für Naturgeschichte |language=German |pages=287-298}}</ref> Additionally, ''P. nanator'' lack absence of tympanic papilla in breeding males.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Perett (1966) has denoted the osteological characteristics as robust and straight clavicles; a hardly bifurcated omosternum; and T-shaped terminal phalanges.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perett |first=J.-L |year=1966 |title=Les amphibiens du Cameroun |trans-title=The Amphibians of Cameroon |journal=Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abt. für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere |language=German |volume=8 |pages=289-464}}</ref> These changes vary per species and do not apply to all. |
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== Geographical variations<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barej |first=Michael |last2=S. G. Pauwels |first2=Olivier |last3=Rödel |first3=Mark-Oliver |last4=Böhme |first4=Wolfgang |year=2010 |title=Review of the genus Petropedetes Reichenow, 1874 in Central Africa with the description of three new species (Amphibia: Anura: Petropedetidae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olivier-Pauwels/publication/236018700_Review_of_the_genus_Petropedetes_Reichenow_1874_in_Central_Africa_with_the_description_of_three_new_species_Amphibia_Anura_Petropedetidae/links/02e7e530370230439a000000/Review-of-the-genus-Petropedetes-Reichenow-1874-in-Central-Africa-with-the-description-of-three-new-species-Amphibia-Anura-Petropedetidae.pdf |journal=Zootaxa |publisher=Magnolia Press |pages=4 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> == |
== Geographical variations<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barej |first=Michael |last2=S. G. Pauwels |first2=Olivier |last3=Rödel |first3=Mark-Oliver |last4=Böhme |first4=Wolfgang |year=2010 |title=Review of the genus Petropedetes Reichenow, 1874 in Central Africa with the description of three new species (Amphibia: Anura: Petropedetidae) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olivier-Pauwels/publication/236018700_Review_of_the_genus_Petropedetes_Reichenow_1874_in_Central_Africa_with_the_description_of_three_new_species_Amphibia_Anura_Petropedetidae/links/02e7e530370230439a000000/Review-of-the-genus-Petropedetes-Reichenow-1874-in-Central-Africa-with-the-description-of-three-new-species-Amphibia-Anura-Petropedetidae.pdf |journal=Zootaxa |publisher=Magnolia Press |pages=4 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> == |
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The West African specie [[Petropedetes natator]] are identical with other genus members on the basis of toes and fingertips, and the presence of femoral glands in males. However, they differ by the presence of morphological features such as external voice sacs, mandibular fangs, a ridge on the tongue and conformation of the rheophilous tadpole, from the Central African species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lamotte |first=M. |last2=Perett |first2=J.-L |last3=Dzieduszycka |first3=S. |year=1959 |title=Contribution à l'étude des Batraciens de l'Ouest africain. - IX. Les formes larvaires de Petropedetes palmipes, Conraua goliath et Acanthixalus spinosus |trans-title=Contribution to the study of Amphibians of West Africa. - IX. Larval forms of Petropedetes palmipes, Conraua goliath, and Acanthixalus spinosus |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire |language=French |volume=A |issue=21 |pages=726-776}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perett |first=J.-L |year=1984 |title=Identification de Petropedetes obscurus Ahl, 1924 (Amphibia, Phrynobatrachinae), conservés au Muséum de Berlin |trans-title=Identification of Petropedetes obscurus Ahl, 1924 (Amphibia, hrynobatrachinae), preserved at the Museum of Berlin. |journal=Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles |language=French |volume=107 |pages=165-170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amiet |first=J.-L |year=1989 |title=Quelques aspects de la biologie des Amphibiens Anoures du Cameroun |trans-title=Some aspects of the biology of Anuran Amphibians from Cameroon |journal=L'année biologique |language=French |volume=28 |pages=73-136}}</ref> |
The West African specie [[Petropedetes natator]] are identical with other genus members on the basis of toes and fingertips, and the presence of femoral glands in males. However, they differ by the presence of morphological features such as external voice sacs, mandibular fangs, a ridge on the tongue and conformation of the rheophilous tadpole, from the Central African species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lamotte |first=M. |last2=Perett |first2=J.-L |last3=Dzieduszycka |first3=S. |year=1959 |title=Contribution à l'étude des Batraciens de l'Ouest africain. - IX. Les formes larvaires de Petropedetes palmipes, Conraua goliath et Acanthixalus spinosus |trans-title=Contribution to the study of Amphibians of West Africa. - IX. Larval forms of Petropedetes palmipes, Conraua goliath, and Acanthixalus spinosus |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire |language=French |volume=A |issue=21 |pages=726-776}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perett |first=J.-L |year=1984 |title=Identification de Petropedetes obscurus Ahl, 1924 (Amphibia, Phrynobatrachinae), conservés au Muséum de Berlin |trans-title=Identification of Petropedetes obscurus Ahl, 1924 (Amphibia, hrynobatrachinae), preserved at the Museum of Berlin. |journal=Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles |language=French |volume=107 |pages=165-170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amiet |first=J.-L |year=1989 |title=Quelques aspects de la biologie des Amphibiens Anoures du Cameroun |trans-title=Some aspects of the biology of Anuran Amphibians from Cameroon |journal=L'année biologique |language=French |volume=28 |pages=73-136}}</ref> |
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The three East African species ''P. martiensenni, P. yakunsini, and P. dutoiti'' match the Central African species by the shape of finger limbs, presence of tympanic papilla and femoral glands.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klemens |first=M.W. |year=1998 |title=The male nuptial characteristics of Arthroleptides martiensseni Nieden, an endemic torrent frog from Tanzania's Eastern Arc Mountains |journal=Herpetological Journal |volume=8 |pages=35-40}}</ref> ''P yakusini'' males also share anatomical features such as enlarged arms and spines on throat, with the Central African species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Channing |first=A. |last2=Moyer |first2=D.C. |last3=Howell |first3=K.M. |year=2002 |title=Description of a new torrent frog in the genus Arthroleptides from Tanzania (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) |journal=Alytes |volume=20 |pages=13-27}}</ref> |
The three East African species ''P. martiensenni, P. yakunsini, and P. dutoiti'' match the Central African species by the shape of finger limbs, presence of tympanic papilla and femoral glands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Klemens |first=M.W. |year=1998 |title=The male nuptial characteristics of Arthroleptides martiensseni Nieden, an endemic torrent frog from Tanzania's Eastern Arc Mountains |journal=Herpetological Journal |volume=8 |pages=35-40}}</ref> ''P yakusini'' males also share anatomical features such as enlarged arms and spines on throat, with the Central African species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Channing |first=A. |last2=Moyer |first2=D.C. |last3=Howell |first3=K.M. |year=2002 |title=Description of a new torrent frog in the genus Arthroleptides from Tanzania (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) |journal=Alytes |volume=20 |pages=13-27}}</ref> |
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Nevertheless, all East African species are distinct from Central African on the basis of lacking vomerine teeth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nieden |first=F. |year=1911 |title=Verzeichnis der bei Amani in Deutschostafrika vorkommenden Reptilien und Amphibien |trans-title=List of reptiles and amphibians occurring at Amani in German East Africa |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin |language=German |pages=441-452}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loveridge |first=A. |year=1935 |title=Scientific results of an expedition to rain forest regions in Eastern Africa I. new reptiles and amphibians from East Africa. |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy |volume=79 |pages=1-19}}</ref> |
Nevertheless, all East African species are distinct from Central African on the basis of lacking vomerine teeth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nieden |first=F. |year=1911 |title=Verzeichnis der bei Amani in Deutschostafrika vorkommenden Reptilien und Amphibien |trans-title=List of reptiles and amphibians occurring at Amani in German East Africa |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin |language=German |pages=441-452}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loveridge |first=A. |year=1935 |title=Scientific results of an expedition to rain forest regions in Eastern Africa I. new reptiles and amphibians from East Africa. |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy |volume=79 |pages=1-19}}</ref> |
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== Habitat and Behavior == |
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'''''P. parkeri''''' are found in wet, mossy rocks in the forest. They inhabit large rocks crossed by small streams and gather on humid rocky surfaces near torrent water during breeding season. Outside of breeding season these species are found on leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanderson |first=I.T. |year=1936 |title=The amphibians of the Mamfe Division, Cameroon. - II. Ecology of the frogs |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |pages=165-208}}</ref> |
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'''''P. euskircheni''''' reside at higher altitudes such as [[Mount Kupe|Mt. Kupe]] and [[Mont Nlonako Wildlife Reserve|Mt. Nlonako]] in Cameroon. They have been observed near fast-flowing rivers and on tree and palm trunks. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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| Petropedetes | |
|---|---|
| |
| Petropedetes cameronensis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Petropedetidae |
| Genus: | Petropedetes Reichenow, 1874 |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Petropedetes is a genus of frogs in the family Petropedetidae, found in sub-saharan tropical Africa.[1] In 2002, the genus absorbed all three species of the genus Arthroleptides, but they were moved back in 2014. The informally assigned common name for frogs in this genus (and for frogs in certain other genera) is torrent frogs.
The following species are recognised in the genus Petropedetes:[2]
- Petropedetes cameronensis (Reichenow, 1874)
- Petropedetes euskircheni (Barej et al., 2010)
- Petropedetes johnstoni (Boulenger, 1888)
- Petropedetes juliawurstnerae (Barej et al., 2010)
- Petropedetes newtonii (Bocage, 1895) – Barej et al. (2010) considers P. darwinii occurring in Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea) a synonym of P. johnstoni.[3]
- Petropedetes palmipes Boulenger, 1905
- Petropedetes parkeri (Amiet, 1983)
- Petropedetes perreti (Amiet, 1973)
- Petropedetes vulpiae (Barej et al., 2010)
Description
The genus Petropedetes is characterized by the following features: elongated and cordiform-shaped tongue, free and notched at the back; vomerine teeth behind the choanae, closer to each other than the choanae; unwebbed fingers; and a distinct tympanum.[4][5] Additionally, P. nanator lack absence of tympanic papilla in breeding males.[6]
Perett (1966) has denoted the osteological characteristics as robust and straight clavicles; a hardly bifurcated omosternum; and T-shaped terminal phalanges.[7] These changes vary per species and do not apply to all.
Geographical variations[8]
The West African specie Petropedetes natator are identical with other genus members on the basis of toes and fingertips, and the presence of femoral glands in males. However, they differ by the presence of morphological features such as external voice sacs, mandibular fangs, a ridge on the tongue and conformation of the rheophilous tadpole, from the Central African species.[9][10][11]
The three East African species P. martiensenni, P. yakunsini, and P. dutoiti match the Central African species by the shape of finger limbs, presence of tympanic papilla and femoral glands.[6] P yakusini males also share anatomical features such as enlarged arms and spines on throat, with the Central African species.[12]
Nevertheless, all East African species are distinct from Central African on the basis of lacking vomerine teeth.[13][14]
Habitat and Behavior
P. parkeri are found in wet, mossy rocks in the forest. They inhabit large rocks crossed by small streams and gather on humid rocky surfaces near torrent water during breeding season. Outside of breeding season these species are found on leaves.[15]
P. euskircheni reside at higher altitudes such as Mt. Kupe and Mt. Nlonako in Cameroon. They have been observed near fast-flowing rivers and on tree and palm trunks.
References
- ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Petropedetidae Noble, 1931". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ "Names assigned to genus Petropedetes". Amphibian Species of the World 5.5 Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Petropedetes johnstoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58079A3065109. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58079A3065109.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ Barej, Michael; S. G. Pauwels, Olivier; Rödel, Mark-Oliver; Böhme, Wolfgang (2010). "Review of the genus Petropedetes Reichenow, 1874 in Central Africa with the description of three new species (Amphibia: Anura: Petropedetidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. Magnolia Press: 3. doi:10.5281/zenodo.193288 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Reichnow, A. (1874). "Eine Sammlung Lurche und Kriechthiere von Westafrika" [A collection of amphibians and reptiles from West Africa]. Archiv für Naturgeschichte (in German): 287–298.
- ^ a b Klemens, M.W. (1998). "The male nuptial characteristics of Arthroleptides martiensseni Nieden, an endemic torrent frog from Tanzania's Eastern Arc Mountains". Herpetological Journal. 8: 35–40.
- ^ Perett, J.-L (1966). "Les amphibiens du Cameroun" [The Amphibians of Cameroon]. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abt. für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere (in German). 8: 289–464.
- ^ Barej, Michael; S. G. Pauwels, Olivier; Rödel, Mark-Oliver; Böhme, Wolfgang (2010). "Review of the genus Petropedetes Reichenow, 1874 in Central Africa with the description of three new species (Amphibia: Anura: Petropedetidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. Magnolia Press: 4 – via ResearchGate.
- ^ Lamotte, M.; Perett, J.-L; Dzieduszycka, S. (1959). "Contribution à l'étude des Batraciens de l'Ouest africain. - IX. Les formes larvaires de Petropedetes palmipes, Conraua goliath et Acanthixalus spinosus" [Contribution to the study of Amphibians of West Africa. - IX. Larval forms of Petropedetes palmipes, Conraua goliath, and Acanthixalus spinosus]. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire (in French). A (21): 726–776.
- ^ Perett, J.-L (1984). "Identification de Petropedetes obscurus Ahl, 1924 (Amphibia, Phrynobatrachinae), conservés au Muséum de Berlin" [Identification of Petropedetes obscurus Ahl, 1924 (Amphibia, hrynobatrachinae), preserved at the Museum of Berlin.]. Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise des Sciences Naturelles (in French). 107: 165–170.
- ^ Amiet, J.-L (1989). "Quelques aspects de la biologie des Amphibiens Anoures du Cameroun" [Some aspects of the biology of Anuran Amphibians from Cameroon]. L'année biologique (in French). 28: 73–136.
- ^ Channing, A.; Moyer, D.C.; Howell, K.M. (2002). "Description of a new torrent frog in the genus Arthroleptides from Tanzania (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae)". Alytes. 20: 13–27.
- ^ Nieden, F. (1911). "Verzeichnis der bei Amani in Deutschostafrika vorkommenden Reptilien und Amphibien" [List of reptiles and amphibians occurring at Amani in German East Africa]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (in German): 441–452.
- ^ Loveridge, A. (1935). "Scientific results of an expedition to rain forest regions in Eastern Africa I. new reptiles and amphibians from East Africa". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy. 79: 1–19.
- ^ Sanderson, I.T. (1936). "The amphibians of the Mamfe Division, Cameroon. - II. Ecology of the frogs". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 165–208.