Draft:British concession of Hankow: Difference between revisions
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The '''British concession of Hankow''' ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: 漢口英租界; [[Wade–Giles]]: ''Han-k'ou Ying Tsu-chieh'') was one of the twelve British concession in the late [[Qing dynasty|Ch'ing dynasty]] and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. It was established after the conclusion of the [[Second Opium War]] in 1861 and dissolved during the [[Northern Expedition]] in 1927. The British concession of Hankow was one of the five foreign concessions located within [[Hankou]], present-day [[Wuhan]], [[Hupeh]]. |
The '''British concession of Hankow''' ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: 漢口英租界; [[Wade–Giles]]: ''Han-k'ou Ying Tsu-chieh'') was one of the twelve British concession in the late [[Qing dynasty|Ch'ing dynasty]] and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. It was established after the conclusion of the [[Second Opium War]] in 1861 and dissolved during the [[Northern Expedition]] in 1927. The British concession of Hankow was one of the five foreign concessions located within [[Hankou]], present-day [[Wuhan|Wu-han]], [[Hupeh]]. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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=== Pre-establishment === |
=== Pre-establishment === |
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Prior to the establishment of the British concession of Hankow, [[Hankou| |
Prior to the establishment of the British concession of Hankow, [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] served as a major junction on the Yangtze River for westerners and Chinese alike.<ref name=":0" /> The strategic location of [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] as the intersection of the Yangtze and the Han River made it a vital port city. [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] missions had been established in the city as early as 1696.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The British Concession and the First Years of the Treaty Port · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka |url=https://omeka.reed.edu/s/hankou/page/the-british-concession-and-the-opening-of-hankou |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=omeka.reed.edu}}</ref> Russian tea merchants travelling across China probably visited the city as well.<ref name=":0" /> Because of the early influence of the Russian tea merchants, the first factories established in [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] produced Russian [[Brick tea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tea Bricks and Hides: Hankou's Early Industrialization · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka |url=https://omeka.reed.edu/s/hankou/page/matches-tea-bricks-and-hides |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=omeka.reed.edu}}</ref> |
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In the mid-19th century, [[Hankou| |
In the mid-19th century, [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] was devastated by the [[Taiping Rebellion]]. During the [[Taiping Rebellion]], [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] was a site of intense fighting and was captured and recaptured by both sides many times.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Taiping Rebellion · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka |url=https://omeka.reed.edu/s/hankou/page/taiping-rebellion |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=omeka.reed.edu}}</ref> In the November of 1852, [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] was partly razed by the defending [[Qing dynasty|Ch'ing]] forces in a effort to slow down to advance of the Taipings.<ref name=":1" /> But, on December 27, 1852, [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] falls to the advancing Taiping troops. But in the February of 1853, [[Qing dynasty|Ch’ing]] forces led by General Hsiang Rung recaptured the three cities of [[Wuhan|Wu-han]]. In the fall of 1853, the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] launched the [[Western Expedition]] to recapture the [[Wuhan|Wu-han]] area. In the October of 1854, the [[Qing dynasty|Ch’ing]] army expelled the Taiping forces from [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] again. In the January of 1855, [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] and [[Hanyang, Wuhan|Han-yang]] were recaptured by the Taipings for the last time. In the summer of 1855, [[Qing dynasty|Ch’ing]] forces led by [[Hu Linyi|Hu Lin-i]] besieged the [[Wuhan|Wu-han]] area and [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] became the site of intense fighting yet again. On the December 19, 1856, the fighting around the [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]] area finally came to an end with the recapture of [[Wuchang, Wuhan|Wu-ch’ang]] by the [[Qing dynasty|Ch’ing]] troops. [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]], [[Wuchang, Wuhan|Wu-ch’ang]], and [[Hanyang, Wuhan|Han-yang]] emerged from the fighting a burning heap of rubble.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Destruction and Rebuilding of Hankou · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka |url=https://omeka.reed.edu/s/hankou/page/the-destruction-and-rebuilding-of-hankou |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=omeka.reed.edu}}</ref> |
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=== Establishment === |
=== Establishment === |
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Revision as of 14:35, 21 June 2024
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Last edited by Hankow idk (talk | contribs) 5 months ago. (Update) |
| British concession of Hankow 漢口英租界 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foreign concession of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | |||||||||
| 1861–1927 | |||||||||
.svg) Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | |||||||||
| Historical era | 19th century and the 20th century | ||||||||
• Established | 1861 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1927 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | China | ||||||||
| British concession of Hankow | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 漢口英租界 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Hankow British Concession | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The British concession of Hankow (Chinese: 漢口英租界; Wade–Giles: Han-k'ou Ying Tsu-chieh) was one of the twelve British concession in the late Ch'ing dynasty and the Republic of China. It was established after the conclusion of the Second Opium War in 1861 and dissolved during the Northern Expedition in 1927. The British concession of Hankow was one of the five foreign concessions located within Hankou, present-day Wu-han, Hupeh.
History
Pre-establishment
Prior to the establishment of the British concession of Hankow, Han-k’ou served as a major junction on the Yangtze River for westerners and Chinese alike.[1] The strategic location of Han-k’ou as the intersection of the Yangtze and the Han River made it a vital port city. Roman Catholic missions had been established in the city as early as 1696.[1] Russian tea merchants travelling across China probably visited the city as well.[1] Because of the early influence of the Russian tea merchants, the first factories established in Han-k’ou produced Russian Brick tea.[2]
In the mid-19th century, Han-k’ou was devastated by the Taiping Rebellion. During the Taiping Rebellion, Han-k’ou was a site of intense fighting and was captured and recaptured by both sides many times.[3] In the November of 1852, Han-k’ou was partly razed by the defending Ch'ing forces in a effort to slow down to advance of the Taipings.[3] But, on December 27, 1852, Han-k’ou falls to the advancing Taiping troops. But in the February of 1853, Ch’ing forces led by General Hsiang Rung recaptured the three cities of Wu-han. In the fall of 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom launched the Western Expedition to recapture the Wu-han area. In the October of 1854, the Ch’ing army expelled the Taiping forces from Han-k’ou again. In the January of 1855, Han-k’ou and Han-yang were recaptured by the Taipings for the last time. In the summer of 1855, Ch’ing forces led by Hu Lin-i besieged the Wu-han area and Han-k’ou became the site of intense fighting yet again. On the December 19, 1856, the fighting around the Han-k’ou area finally came to an end with the recapture of Wu-ch’ang by the Ch’ing troops. Han-k’ou, Wu-ch’ang, and Han-yang emerged from the fighting a burning heap of rubble.[4]
Establishment
Withdrawal
References
- ^ a b c "The British Concession and the First Years of the Treaty Port · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka". omeka.reed.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ "Tea Bricks and Hides: Hankou's Early Industrialization · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka". omeka.reed.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ a b "Taiping Rebellion · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka". omeka.reed.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ "The Destruction and Rebuilding of Hankou · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka". omeka.reed.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-21.