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== Release ==
== Release ==
''Manichitrathazhu'' was released on 25 December 1993,<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=20 December 2018 |title=Fazil on his classic 'Manichithrathazhu': 'Everything came together to make the film happen' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/906298/fazil-on-his-classic-manichitrathazhu-everything-came-together-to-make-the-film-happen |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121181643/https://scroll.in/reel/906298/fazil-on-his-classic-manichitrathazhu-everything-came-together-to-make-the-film-happen }}</ref> and performed well at the box office, becoming the highest-grossing Malayalam film ever, to that date.<ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Anu |date=5 December 2016 |title=Mohanlal's Manichitrathazhu gets a trailer after 23 years |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-manichitrathazhu-gets-trailer-after-23-years-707053 |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704150716/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-manichitrathazhu-gets-trailer-after-23-years-707053 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2018 |title=25 Years Of Manichithrathazhu: Shobhana, Director Fazil Pay Tribute To Iconic Malayalam Film |work=[[HuffPost]] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/25-years-of-manichithrathazhu-shobhana-director-fazil-pay-tribute-to-iconic-malayalam-film_in_5c208d7de4b08aaf7a8a9647 |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111417/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/25-years-of-manichithrathazhu-shobhana-director-fazil-pay-tribute-to-iconic-malayalam-film_in_5c208d7de4b08aaf7a8a9647 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IBNRanking" /> It ran for more than 365 days in some centres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2016 |title=10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523456.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728160923/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523456.cms |archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> The film had a collection of {{INR}}7 crore.<ref name="gross">{{Cite web |date=24 September 1994 |title=Malayalam cinema faces a threat |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/46344d1a8344a1f9652572df003429af/$FILE/A0190307.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213203/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/46344d1a8344a1f9652572df003429af/$FILE/A0190307.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=16 March 2011 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>
''Manichitrathazhu'' was released on December 25, 1993,<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=20 December 2018 |title=Fazil on his classic 'Manichithrathazhu': 'Everything came together to make the film happen' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/906298/fazil-on-his-classic-manichitrathazhu-everything-came-together-to-make-the-film-happen |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121181643/https://scroll.in/reel/906298/fazil-on-his-classic-manichitrathazhu-everything-came-together-to-make-the-film-happen }}</ref> and performed well at the box office, becoming the highest-grossing Malayalam film at the time of its release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Anu |date=5 December 2016 |title=Mohanlal's Manichitrathazhu gets a trailer after 23 years |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-manichitrathazhu-gets-trailer-after-23-years-707053 |access-date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704150716/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-manichitrathazhu-gets-trailer-after-23-years-707053 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2018 |title=25 Years Of Manichithrathazhu: Shobhana, Director Fazil Pay Tribute To Iconic Malayalam Film |work=[[HuffPost]] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/25-years-of-manichithrathazhu-shobhana-director-fazil-pay-tribute-to-iconic-malayalam-film_in_5c208d7de4b08aaf7a8a9647 |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225111417/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/25-years-of-manichithrathazhu-shobhana-director-fazil-pay-tribute-to-iconic-malayalam-film_in_5c208d7de4b08aaf7a8a9647 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IBNRanking" /> It ran for more than 365 days in some centres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2016 |title=10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523456.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728160923/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/10-Mollywood-films-that-ran-for-the-longest-time/photostory/52523456.cms |archive-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> The film grossed ₹7.5 crore with a distributor share of ₹3 crore.<ref name="gross">{{Cite web |date=24 September 1994 |title=Malayalam cinema faces a threat |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/46344d1a8344a1f9652572df003429af/$FILE/A0190307.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725213203/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9/46344d1a8344a1f9652572df003429af/$FILE/A0190307.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=16 March 2011 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>


== Awards ==
== Awards ==

Revision as of 17:56, 21 June 2024

Manichitrathazhu
Featuring Mohanlal and Suresh Gopi, with Fazil holding to a camera at the bottom
Theatrical release poster
Directed byFazil
Written byMadhu Muttam
Produced bySwargachitra Appachan
Starring
Cinematography
Edited byT. R. Shekar
Music by
Production
company
Distributed bySwargachitra
Release date
  • 25 December 1993 (1993-12-25)
Running time
157 minutes
CountryIndia
LanguageMalayalam
Box office₹7.5 crore

Manichitrathazhu (transl. The Ornate Lock) is a 1993 Indian Malayalam-language epic psychological horror film directed by Fazil, written by Madhu Muttam, and produced by Swargachitra Appachan.[1] The film stars Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi and Shobana in addition to Nedumudi Venu, Innocent, Vinaya Prasad, K.P.A.C.Lalitha, Sridhar, K.B. Ganesh Kumar, Sudheesh, Thilakan and others in supporting roles.[2] The story is inspired by a tragedy that happened in an Ezhava tharavad, the Alummoottil meda (an old traditional mansion), located at Muttom (near Haripad), belonging to a central Travancore Channar family, in the 19th century.[3] The writer of the film, Madhu K Panicker or Madhu Muttam, is a member of the Alummoottil Tharavad.[4]

Directors Sibi Malayil, Priyadarshan and Siddique–Lal served as the second-unit directors.[5] The cinematography was by Venu, Anandakuttan and Sunny Joseph served as the second-unit cinematographers, the film was edited by T. R. Shekar. The original songs featured in the movie were composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan, while the original score was composed by Johnson. The film won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment and Shobhana was awarded the National Film Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Ganga / Nagavalli.[6][7]

The film dealt with an unusual theme which was not common in Indian cinema at the time.[8] The film completed 300 days of run in many theatres.[9] Manichitrathazhu was remade in four languages – in Kannada as Apthamitra which in turn was remade in Tamil as Chandramukhi (with some plot changes), in Bengali as Rajmohol and in Hindi as Bhool Bhulaiyaa – all being commercially successful. Geethaanjali, a spin-off directed by Priyadarshan and Mohanlal reprising the role of Dr. Sunny Joseph was made in 2013. Manichitrathazhu is considered by many critics as one of the best films ever made in Malayalam cinema and developed a cult following in the years after its release.[10][11] It is often regarded as the best psychological thriller ever made in India.[12]

Plot

Nakulan and his wife Ganga are on a holiday in their Kerala village. His maternal uncle Thambi learns that Nakulan is planning to stay at the Madampalli mansion, his ancestral house, despite attempts from the locals to dissuade them. The couple moves in, and later a worried Thambi warns Ganga to keep away from certain corners of the house. Bhasura , Nakulan's maternal aunt and Thambi's sister, reveals the reason why everyone fears the mansion. Around 150 years ago, the family's patriarch, a "Karanavar" named Sankaran Thambi travelled to Tanjore in Tamil Nadu, where he met and lusted after a danseuse named Nagavalli. However, she did not reciprocate his feelings as she was already in love with fellow dancer Ramanathan. As a result, Karanavar took her back to his palace by force. Unbeknownst to him, Nagavalli made arrangements for Ramanathan to stay in a house just outside the mansion and met him secretly. When Karanavar discovered this, he slayed Nagavalli and as a result, her bloodthirsty spirit started wreaking havoc in the village. The anxious Karanavar, with the help of priests and sorcerers from all over the state, tamed the spirit by locking it in a room located in the palace's south-west corner, which later came to be known as the Thekkini. The Karanavar too died by suicide in a few weeks' time. Back to the present, Alli , Bhasura's daughter and Nakulan's cousin, is in love with Mahadevan , a college lecturer and poet and their marriage is fixed. Mahadevan stays at the same house which was once Ramanathan's hideout.

After hearing Nagavalli's story, Ganga, who believes that it is all fabricated to keep thieves from entering the plush mansion, wishes to check it out. Ganga with the help of Alli gets a duplicate key to the Thekkini and successfully opens the door. Subsequently, strange things begin to happen in the household, like an apparition frightening the inmates at night, things inexplicably breaking, and Ganga's saree catching fire. Suspicion falls on Sridevi , also Nakulan's cousin who is Thambi's daughter, as she is known to have a troubled past featuring a broken marriage and also spends most of the time with Ganga. Nakulan immediately calls Dr. Sunny , his close friend and a renowned psychiatrist, to solve the case. As soon as Sunny comes, a mysterious being/person tries to kill Alli. Sunny also investigates other incidents such as attempts to harm Nakulan by poisoning his tea and a mysterious person singing and dancing almost every night inside Nagavalli's locked room.

Ganga mysteriously disappears during a Kathakali dance which is attended by the entire family. Sunny notices her absence and searches for her, only to find Ganga, who is supposedly being harassed by Mahadevan. Nakulan enters too and beats Mahadevan unaware of the fact that the latter is in fact innocent. Confidentially, Sunny reveals to Nakulan and Mahadevan that Ganga suffers from split personality disorder following an abandoned childhood and has further faced trauma after her parents forcibly took her away from her village and grandmother to whom she was emotionally attached. Sunny also reveals that Ganga's mind is attracted to folklore and fantasy, resulting in Ganga imagining herself in the brutally murdered Nagavalli's shoes. To worsen the situation, her mind pictures Mahadevan as Nagavalli's lover Ramanathan, as both men stay at the same house.

Sunny explains that the only way to cure Ganga is to make her believe that Nagavalli killed the evil Karanavar on Durgashtami, which is an impossible task as Ganga has started picturing her own husband Nakulan as the evil patriarch who severed Nagavalli. Sunny is in a dilemma as he is unable to save Ganga as well as Nakulan. Simultaneously, Thambi and family having lost faith in Sunny calls Pullattuparam Brahmadathan Namboodiri , a family friend and respected Tantric expert, to suggest a cure to the problems.

As fate has it, Namboodiri and Sunny are old friends with immense respect for each other's professional excellence. Despite Namboodiri initially brushing off Sunny's ideas to cure Ganga (while letting Nakulan stay intact) as impractical, he agrees to lend any help possible after realising Sunny's determination.

On Durgashtami eve, before carrying out his plan, Sunny asks Nakulan to trigger Ganga and see for himself. When Nakulan does so, she display's Nagavalli's anger, which shocks him. A worried Nakulan shouts at Ganga, stunning her back to normal. She falls unconscious and Nakulan lets her rest. But later that night, Sunny, Nakulan and Mahadevan witness Ganga transforming into Nagavalli, wearing the long dead danseuse's attire and dancing madly. Mahadevan, who is Ramanathan before Ganga's eyes, leads her to the rituals performed by Brahmadathan Namboodiri. The Namboodiri converses with Nagavalli and assures that she'll be able to behead the Karanavar and take her revenge. Nakulan is brought before "Nagavalli" and just before she attempts to slice him, Namboodiri sprays smoke before her and while she is distracted, Sunny turns the platform over, revealing a lifeless dummy in place of Nakulan. Nakulan gets out and escapes while Ganga slays the dummy, calming Nagavalli as she finally has her revenge. Ganga falls unconscious as Nagavalli leaves her and Sunny gently makes her aware that she is Ganga and just Ganga.

Nakulan and Ganga are all set to return to Kolkata while Sunny reveals to Sridevi that he likes her and wishes to marry her, and also asks Thambi for his blessing. He leaves along with the couple while Sridevi watches them through a window from upstairs.

Cast

Shobhana was awarded the National Film Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Ganga / Nagavalli.
  • Mohanlal as Dr. Sunny,[13] the psychiatrist friend of Nakulan, from America, who solves Ganga's personality disorder
  • Suresh Gopi as Nakulan, Ganga's husband and The village chief in Ganga's hallucination of Nagavalli[13]
  • Shobana as in a dual roles:
    • as Ganga Nakulan, a slightly modern lady from Kolkata who grows curious about the legends heard from Nakulan's ancestoral house, later develop's split personality disorder (voiceover by Bhagyalakshmi)
    • as Nagavalli, the dancer from the legends[13] (voiceover by Durga)[14]
  • Nedumudi Venu as Thampi, maternal uncle of Nakulan
  • Vinaya Prasad as Sreedevi, Thampi's elder daughter[13] who was earlier to have been Nakulan's bride before his marriage to Ganga, Dr. Sunny's Love interest (voiceover by Anandavally)
  • Sridhar as Mahadevan, professor living next door to Alummoottil tharavadu and dancer Ramanathan in Ganga's hallucination
  • Rudra as Alli,[13] daughter of Unnithan engaged to Mahadevan, (voiceover by Ambily)
  • Sudheesh as Chandhu, Thampi's son, Sridevi's younger brother
  • Innocent as Unnithan[13] Nakulan's another maternal uncle
  • K. P. A. C. Lalitha as Bhasura, Nakulan's maternal aunt, wife of Unnithan
  • Thilakan as Pullattuparam Brahmadathan Namboothiripad, the sorcerer who locked Nagavally's spirit in Thekkini and later comes in helping solve Ganga's disorder
  • Kuthiravattam Pappu as Kattuparamban, native of Muttam
  • K. B. Ganesh Kumar as Dasappan Kutty[13] helper of Unnithan
  • Vaijayanthi as Jayasree,[13] Thampi's younger daughter
  • Kuttyedathi Vilasini as Thampi's wife

Production

Filming

The haunting Thekkini was created inside the Vasan House in Chennai, the house of late S. S. Vasan, the founder of Gemini Studios. It was one of the film’s key locations apart from Padmanabhapuram Palace and Hill Palace. The major parts of the film were filmed at Hill Palace, Tripunithura and the climax was filmed at Padmanabhapuram Palace.[15] The painting of Nagavalli was made by artist Shri R. Madhavan, drawn without a live model.[16]

Dubbing credits

Shobana's voice was dubbed by two dubbing artistes—Bhagyalakshmi and Durga. Bhagyalakshmi dubbed her voice for Ganga, while Durga gave voice to the character's alter-ego, Nagavalli. Nagavalli's voice is heard only in the minor part of the film compared to Ganga's. Durga was not credited in the film or its publicity material and until 2016, the popular belief was that Bhagyalakshmi solely dubbed both voices.[17][18]

In January 2016, in an article Ormapookkal published by Manorama Weekly, Fazil revealed that initially Bhagyalakshmi dubbed for both Ganga and Nagavalli, but during post-production, some of the crew, including editor Shekar, had a feeling that both voices sounded somewhat similar even though Bhagyalakshmi tried altering her voice for Nagavalli. Since Nagavalli's dialogue are in Tamil language, Fazil hired Tamil dubbing artist Durga for the part. But he forgot to inform it to Bhagyalakshmi, hence she was also unaware of it for a long time. Fazil did not credit Durga in the film; according to him, it was a difficult to make changes in the titles at that time, which was already prepared and her portion in the film was minor. The credits included only Bhagyalakshmi as the dubbing artiste for Shobana.[19] Other dubbing artistes were Anandavally and Ambili, who dubbed for Vinaya Prasad and Rudra.[20]

Soundtrack

The soundtrack for the film was composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan which went on to become one of the most popular film albums in Malayalam.[21] The album consists of nine tracks. The lyrics sung are in Malayalam and Tamil written by Bichu Thirumala and Madhu Muttam for Malayalam and Vaali for Tamil.[22]

Manichitrathazhu
Soundtrack album by
M. G. Radhakrishnan
Released24 December 1993
Recorded1993
VenueChennai
StudioKodandapani Audio Laboratories
GenreFilm Soundtrack
Length64:50
LabelWilson Audios
ProducerM. G. Radhakrishnan
M. G. Radhakrishnan chronology
Advaitham
(1991) 		Manichitrathazhu
(1993) 		Devaasuram
(1993)
No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length
1."Pazham Tamil"Bichu ThirumalaK. J. Yesudas 
2."Varuvaanillaruminn"Madhu MuttamK. S. Chithra 
3."Oru Murai Vanthu"Vaali (Tamil), Bichu ThirumalaK. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra 
4."Kumbham Kulathil Ariyathe"Bichu ThirumalaK. J. Yesudas 
5."Akkuthikkuthanakkombil"Bichu ThirumalaG. Venugopal, K. S. Chithra, Sujatha Mohan, M. G. Radhakrishnan 
6."Palavattam Pookkaalam"Madhu MuttamK. J. Yesudas 
7."Uthunga Sailangalkkum"Bichu ThirumalaSujatha Mohan 
8."Oru Murai (Reprise)"VaaliSujatha Mohan 
9."Varuvaanillarumee Vayizhe"Madhu MuttamK. S. Chithra 
10.""Oru Murai" (Tamil Version)"VaaliSujatha Mohan 

Release

Manichitrathazhu was released on December 25, 1993,[23] and performed well at the box office, becoming the highest-grossing Malayalam film at the time of its release.[24][25][26] It ran for more than 365 days in some centres.[27] The film grossed ₹7.5 crore with a distributor share of ₹3 crore.[28]

Awards

Award Ceremony Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
National Film Awards 41st National Film Awards Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Swargachitra Appachan, Fazil Won [29]
Best Actress Shobana Won
Kerala State Film Awards 34th Kerala State Film Awards Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value Swargachitra Appachan, Fazil Won [30]
Best Actress Shobana Won
Best Makeup Artist P. N. Mani Won

Themes

Certain themes that were discussed in the movie were Ganga’s yearning for intimacy with her husband Nakulan, Mental health disorders and why it’s important to turn to science rather than trust conventional modes of treatments as well as Dr Sunny and Ganga’s passionate friendship, all of which were rare in Indian cinema. These themes were not established in the later adaptations in other languages.[31]

Legacy

Manichitrathazhu is considered as a classic and is hailed as one of the best films ever made in Malayalam cinema.[8] The film has consistently fetched maximum ratings for its television screenings.[8] Even twenty years after its release it has been screened more than 12 times a year on an average on Kerala's leading TV channel, Asianet.[8] The film has received the maximum TRP rating on every screening; TRP ratings have increased every year, a rare record for a film produced in Kerala.[8][32] For many Malayalis, Manichitrathazhu is a part of their cultural lives.[33]

In a 2013 online poll in India by IBN Live, Manichitrathazhu was voted second among India's Greatest Films, by audience. The poll was conducted as part of the celebration of Indian cinema completing 100 years. The poll constituted a list of 100 films from different Indian languages.[26] A saree featuring Shobhana in a song scene from this film was released in the market as the Nagavali saree.[34]

One of the most memorable or defining scenes of the movie where Nakulan provokes Ganga to transform into the Nagavalli persona was recreated in later Malayalam films like Om Shanti Oshana.[35] The film was re-released in theatres after 30 years on November 2023.[36]

Remakes

Language Title Year Cast Director Notes
Kannada Apthamitra 2004 Vishnuvardhan, Soundarya P. Vasu Some Plot Changes made according to the director
Tamil Chandramukhi 2005 Rajinikanth, Jyothika
Bengali Rajmohol 2005 Prosenjit Chatterjee, Anu Choudhury Swapan Saha
Hindi Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2007 Akshay Kumar, Vidya Balan Priyadarshan

Spin-off

A spin-off titled Geethaanjali was released on 14 November 2013, directed by Priyadarshan with Mohanlal reprising his role as Sunny in lead role and Suresh Gopi returned as Nakulan but in a cameo appearance.[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Made in Malayalam". The Times of India. 6 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  2. ^ "High five". The Hindu. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  3. ^ Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict. Pluto Press. 2000. p. 264. ISBN 0-7453-1693-X. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  4. ^ "'Romancham' to 'Manichitrathazhu': Horror films based on real events". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  5. ^ Nair, Sree Prasad (22 April 2016). "4 Mohanlal film remakes that Akshay Kumar owned". CatchNews.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  6. ^ "30 years on, 'Manichitrathazhu' still a blockbuster at Keraleeyam!". Onmanorama. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  7. ^ Staff, T. N. M. (4 November 2023). "Thirty years later, Manichitrathazhu has 2000 people waiting in queue for four hours". The News Minute. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Of Bhool Bhulaiya, and a classic dumbed down". Rediff.com. 16 October 2007. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  9. ^ George, A. B. (14 April 2020). "Highest Grossing Malayalam Movies (Year 1980–1999)". FilmBiopsy. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  10. ^ "Best Malayalam Movies: 10 Malayalam films to watch before you die". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  11. ^ "Shobana reminisces on impact of Manichitrathazhu on film's "27 birthday"". The Times of India. 22 December 2020. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  12. ^ "India's 'best' psychological thriller turns 25". The Week. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Rajan, Silpa (24 September 2021). "#FilmyFriday: Manichitrathazhu: A classic psychological thriller, weaved with elements of horror". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  14. ^ "Durga, the crouching Nagavalli in 'Manichithrathazhu'". OnManorama. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  15. ^ Menon, Neelima (24 December 2018). ""It Will Be A Huge Flop". 20 Fascinating Facts About The Making Of Manichitrathazhu, In Fazil's Words". Film Companion. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  16. ^ "നാഗവല്ലിയെ വരച്ചത് ആര്, ഇതാ ഉത്തരവുമായി ഒരു കുറിപ്പ്". Asianet News (in Malayalam). 6 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  17. ^ James, Anu (9 January 2016). "It wasn't Bhagyalakshmi who dubbed for classic character Nagavalli in Manichitrathazhu, director Fazil reveals". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  18. ^ "Fazil gives dubbing artist Durga her due after 23 years, maybe she should have said 'Vidamaate'". thenewsminute.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  19. ^ James, Anu (11 January 2016). "Nagavalli-Manichitrathazhu controversy: Dubbing artist Bhagyalakshmi, director Fazil break their silence". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  20. ^ Biscoot Regional (20 September 2013). "Manichitrathazhu 1993: Malayalam Full Movie | #Malayalam Movie Online | Mohanlal Movies | Shobana". YouTube. Biscoot Regional. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  21. ^ "Revisiting Manichitrathazhu ahead of Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2: How Shobana's Nagavalli can make a million Manjulikas pale". The Indian Express. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  22. ^ "Manichitrathazhu at MSI". Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
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