Draft:British concession of Hankow: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Kuan-wen, 95th Viceroy of Hu-kuang with his suite.jpg|thumb|This photograph taken by William Jocelyn on the deck of the HMS Furious (1850) depicts Kuan-wen, 85th Viceroy of Hu-kuang with his suite.]] |
[[File:Kuan-wen, 95th Viceroy of Hu-kuang with his suite.jpg|thumb|This photograph taken by William Jocelyn on the deck of the HMS Furious (1850) depicts Kuan-wen, 85th Viceroy of Hu-kuang with his suite.]] |
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On March 11, 1861, an expedition led by Admiral James Hope reached the city and it was decided as a site for future concessions in China.<ref name=":0" /> The area determined for the concession had boundaries that extended up the [[Yangtze]] 838.2 metres and inland 368.808 metres. Lengthy negotiations between the [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]], [[Guanwen|Kuan-wen, 95th Viceroy of Hu-kuang]], and [[Hanyang, Wuhan|Han-yang]] prefect Liu Ch’i-yü over the lease for the concession, pricing of lots, and the payments to be issued to the evicted Chinese were finally concluded in the September of 1862.<ref name=":0" /> |
On March 11, 1861, an expedition led by Admiral James Hope reached the city and it was decided as a site for future concessions in China.<ref name=":0" /> The area determined for the concession had boundaries that extended up the [[Yangtze]] 838.2 metres and inland 368.808 metres. Lengthy negotiations between the [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]], [[Guanwen|Kuan-wen, 95th Viceroy of Hu-kuang]], and [[Hanyang, Wuhan|Han-yang]] prefect Liu Ch’i-yü over the lease for the concession, pricing of lots, and the payments to be issued to the evicted Chinese were finally concluded in the September of 1862.<ref name=":0" /> |
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[[File:Hankow Bund c. 1900.jpg|thumb|The Han-k’ou Bund lined with Victorian buildings and trees.]] |
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By the end of 1861, thirteen foreign firms had already established themselves in [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]]. Due to the low-lying location of the concession, it was decided that a bund would be constructed. When the Han-k’ou Bund was completed in 1863, it was essentially a mirror of the [[The Bund|Shanghai Bund]]. Tall Victorian-style building and trees lined the spacious Han-k’ou Bund. The Han-k’ou bund |
By the end of 1861, thirteen foreign firms had already established themselves in [[Hankou|Han-k’ou]]. Due to the low-lying location of the concession, it was decided that a bund would be constructed. When the Han-k’ou Bund was completed in 1863, it was essentially a mirror of the [[The Bund|Shanghai Bund]]. Tall Victorian-style building and trees lined the spacious Han-k’ou Bund. The Han-k’ou bund also served as a port used to unload and load cargo ships. |
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=== Withdrawal === |
=== Withdrawal === |
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Revision as of 14:10, 24 June 2024
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Last edited by Hankow idk (talk | contribs) 5 months ago. (Update) |
| British concession of Hankow 漢口英租界 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foreign concession of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | |||||||||
| 1861–1927 | |||||||||
.svg) Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | |||||||||
| Historical era | 19th century and the 20th century | ||||||||
• Established | 1861 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1927 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  China | ||||||||
| British concession of Hankow | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 漢口英租界 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Hankow British Concession | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The British concession of Hankow (Chinese: 漢口英租界; Wade–Giles: Han-k'ou Ying Tsu-chieh) was one of the twelve British concession in the late Ch'ing dynasty and the Republic of China. It was established after the conclusion of the Second Opium War in 1861 and dissolved during the Northern Expedition in 1927. The British concession of Hankow was one of the five foreign concessions located within Hankou, present-day Wu-han, Hupeh.
History
Pre-establishment
Prior to the establishment of the British concession of Hankow, Han-k’ou served as a major junction on the Yangtze River for westerners and Chinese alike.[1] The strategic location of Han-k’ou as the intersection of the Yangtze and the Han River made it a vital port city. Roman Catholic missions had been established in the city as early as 1696.[1] Russian tea merchants travelling across China probably visited the city as well.[1] Because of the early influence of the Russian tea merchants, the first factories established in Han-k’ou produced Brick tea and tablet tea.[2]
In the mid-19th century, Han-k’ou was devastated by the Taiping Rebellion. During the Taiping Rebellion, Han-k’ou was a site of intense fighting and was captured and recaptured by both sides many times.[3] In the November of 1852, Han-k’ou was partly razed by the defending Ch'ing forces in a effort to slow down to advance of the Taipings.[3] But, on December 27, 1852, Han-k’ou falls to the advancing Taiping troops. But in the February of 1853, Ch’ing forces led by General Hsiang Rung recaptured the three cities of Wu-han. In the fall of 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom launched the Western Expedition to recapture the Wu-han area. In the October of 1854, the Ch’ing army expelled the Taiping forces from Han-k’ou again. In the January of 1855, Han-k’ou and Han-yang were recaptured by Taiping for the last time. In the summer of 1855, Ch’ing forces led by Hu Lin-i besieged the Wu-han area and Han-k’ou became the site of intense fighting yet again. On the December 19, 1856, the fighting around the Han-k’ou area finally came to an end with the recapture of Wu-ch’ang by the Ch’ing troops. Han-k’ou, Wu-ch’ang, and Han-yang emerged from the war a burning heap of rubble.[4]
After the Second Opium War, James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the British negotiator of the Treaty of Tientsin (1858), embarked on a trip down the Yangtze River to survey sites for potential treaty ports. Han-k’ou quickly caught his attention due to its rapid recovery from the Taiping Rebellion, bustling commercial sector, and favourable location on the Yangtze River.[1] Three years after the signing of the Treaty of Tientsin, in the March of 1861, Han-k’ou was officially opened as a treaty port.[5] The opening Han-k’ou as a treaty port provided the British with far more than just commercial benefits. Being the furthest city that ocean-going vessels could reach into China’s heartland, it enabled Britain a dominant “sphere of influence” over the thousand navigable kilometres of the Yangtze.[6]
Establishment
On March 11, 1861, an expedition led by Admiral James Hope reached the city and it was decided as a site for future concessions in China.[1] The area determined for the concession had boundaries that extended up the Yangtze 838.2 metres and inland 368.808 metres. Lengthy negotiations between the James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, Kuan-wen, 95th Viceroy of Hu-kuang, and Han-yang prefect Liu Ch’i-yü over the lease for the concession, pricing of lots, and the payments to be issued to the evicted Chinese were finally concluded in the September of 1862.[1]
By the end of 1861, thirteen foreign firms had already established themselves in Han-k’ou. Due to the low-lying location of the concession, it was decided that a bund would be constructed. When the Han-k’ou Bund was completed in 1863, it was essentially a mirror of the Shanghai Bund. Tall Victorian-style building and trees lined the spacious Han-k’ou Bund. The Han-k’ou bund also served as a port used to unload and load cargo ships.
Withdrawal
References
- ^ a b c d e f "The British Concession and the First Years of the Treaty Port · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka". omeka.reed.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ "Tea Bricks and Hides: Hankou's Early Industrialization · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka". omeka.reed.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ a b "Taiping Rebellion · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka". omeka.reed.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ "The Destruction and Rebuilding of Hankou · Hankou, Spring 2019 · Reed Omeka". omeka.reed.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "Hankou | Wuhan, Yangtze River, Trade Hub | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Nield, Robert (2015-03-09). China's Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era, 1840–1943 (1 ed.). Hong Kong University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt17w8gkt. ISBN 978-988-8313-53-2. JSTOR j.ctt17w8gkt.