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Coordinates: 46°01′N 112°31′W / 46.02°N 112.51°W / 46.02; -112.51
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==History==
==History==
[[Image:Berkeley pit1984.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Berkeley Pit in May 1984. Note the water level compared to the current water level in fisheye view, below.]]
[[Image:Berkeley pit1984.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Berkeley Pit in May 1984. Note the water level compared to the current water level in fisheye view, below.]]
⚫
[[Image:Butte MT Berkeley Pit April 2005 Composite Fisheye View.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Composite Fisheye View of the Berkeley Pit, April 2005]]
The underground Berkeley Mine was located on a prominent [[Vein (geology)|vein]] extending to the southeast from the main Anaconda vein system (sometimes called "the richest hill on earth"<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Copper_Camp/6McEAAAACAAJ?hl=en |title=Copper Camp: The Lusty Story of Butte, Montana, the Richest Hill on Earth |collaboration=Writers Project of Montana |date=2001 |publisher=Riverbend Publishing |isbn=978-1-931832-04-5 |language=en}}</ref>). When [[open pit]] mining operations began in July 1955, near the Berkeley Mine shaft, the older mine gave its name to the pit. The open-pit style of mining superseded underground operations because it was far more economical and much less dangerous than underground mining.
The underground Berkeley Mine was located on a prominent [[Vein (geology)|vein]] extending to the southeast from the main Anaconda vein system (sometimes called "the richest hill on earth"<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Copper_Camp/6McEAAAACAAJ?hl=en |title=Copper Camp: The Lusty Story of Butte, Montana, the Richest Hill on Earth |collaboration=Writers Project of Montana |date=2001 |publisher=Riverbend Publishing |isbn=978-1-931832-04-5 |language=en}}</ref>). When [[open pit]] mining operations began in July 1955, near the Berkeley Mine shaft, the older mine gave its name to the pit. The open-pit style of mining superseded underground operations because it was far more economical and much less dangerous than underground mining.


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== Pollution, toxicity, and cleanup ==
== Pollution, toxicity, and cleanup ==
⚫
[[Image:Butte MT Berkeley Pit April 2005 Composite Fisheye View.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Composite Fisheye View of the Berkeley Pit, April 2005]]
[[Image:Butte MT Berkley Pit close up of telephone polls for scale.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Perspective: Power line poles descending the walls of the pit. The poles are located slightly to the right of center in the above Composite Fisheye View, April 2005.]]
[[Image:Butte MT Berkley Pit close up of telephone polls for scale.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Perspective: Power line poles descending the walls of the pit. The poles are located slightly to the right of center in the above Composite Fisheye View, April 2005.]]


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{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_697.html|title=NASA - Berkeley Pit: Butte, Montana|publisher=www.nasa.gov|access-date=October 9, 2009}}</ref> The pit itself was added to the federal Superfund site list in 1987. The Berkeley Pit is a low spot and acts like a sump for contaminated water. For this reason, it is currently an active part of the remedy for this operable unit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Protective Water Level |url=https://pitwatch.org/learn/protective-water-level/ |access-date=May 7, 2024 |website=PitWatch |publisher=Berkeley Pit Public Education Committee |quote=}}</ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_697.html|title=NASA - Berkeley Pit: Butte, Montana|publisher=www.nasa.gov|access-date=October 9, 2009}}</ref> The pit itself was added to the federal Superfund site list in 1987. The Berkeley Pit is a low spot and acts like a sump for contaminated water. For this reason, it is currently an active part of the remedy for this operable unit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Protective Water Level |url=https://pitwatch.org/learn/protective-water-level/ |access-date=May 7, 2024 |website=PitWatch |publisher=Berkeley Pit Public Education Committee |quote=}}</ref>


=== Water ===
⚫
A waterfowl protection program began in 1996 after a flock of snow geese was discovered deceased on the pit by researchers performing water quality testing. A total of 342 carcasses were recovered.<ref name=Adams/> [[ARCO]], the custodian of the pit, denied that the toxic water caused the death of the geese, attributing the deaths to an acute [[aspergillosis]] infection that may have been caused by a grain fungus, as substantiated by [[Colorado State University]] [[necropsy]] findings.<ref name=Adams/> These findings were disputed by the State of Montana on the basis of its own lab tests.<ref name=Adams>{{cite web|title=Did toxic stew cook the goose?|url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/49/1520|access-date=November 18, 2018|publisher=High Country News|author=Adams, Duncan|date=December 11, 1995}}</ref> Necropsies showed their esophagi were lined with burns and sores from exposure to acidic metalliferous water.
⚫
A pilot water treatment project was initiated in 2019. It began treating and releasing Berkeley Pit water into Silver Bow Creek at the confluence with Blacktail Creek. This was done to protect the local [[groundwater]] from eventually becoming contaminated by rising pit water.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saks |first=Nora |date=2 October 2019 |title=Butte Reaches Superfund Milestone, Releasing Berkeley Pit Water Into Silver Bow Creek |url=https://www.mtpr.org/post/butte-reaches-superfund-milestone-releasing-berkeley-pit-water-silver-bow-creek |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Montana Public Radio |language=en}}</ref> The plant cost $19 million and was designed to treat ten million gallons of water per day.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Emeigh |first1=John |date=7 August 2019 |title=Berkeley Pit water treatment plant is almost operational |url=https://www.kpax.com/berkeley-pit-water-treatment-plant-is-almost-operational |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=kpax.com |publisher=[[KPAX-TV]]}}</ref>


=== Waterfowl ===
⚫
On November 28, 2016, upwards of 60,000 [[snow geese]] landed in the pit during inclement weather. Once discovered, officials made efforts to haze the birds off of the pit's water and prevent more from landing in the area. An official report issued in 2017 by the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] found that the 3,000 to 4,000 snow geese that died succumbed due to gorge drinking the acidic metalliferous water.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metals, acid in Berkeley Pit water killed geese, report confirms|url=https://mtstandard.com/news/local/metals-acid-in-berkeley-pit-water-killed-geese-report-confirms/article_0d30c9c3-ae67-56cf-9314-bb1685a1a42d.html|access-date=November 18, 2018|work=Montana Standard|author=Dunlap, Susan|date=April 18, 2017}}</ref>
⚫
In 1996, 342 snow geese carcasses were recovered from the pit by researchers performing water quality testing.<ref name="Adams" /> [[ARCO]], the custodian of the pit, denied that the toxic water caused the death of the geese, attributing the deaths to an acute [[aspergillosis]] infection that may have been caused by a grain fungus, as substantiated by [[Colorado State University]] [[necropsy]] findings.<ref name="Adams" /> These findings were disputed by the State of Montana on the basis of its own lab tests.<ref name="Adams">{{cite web|title=Did toxic stew cook the goose?|url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/49/1520|access-date=November 18, 2018|publisher=High Country News|author=Adams, Duncan|date=December 11, 1995}}</ref> Necropsies showed their esophagi were lined with burns and sores from exposure to acidic metalliferous water. As a result, waterfowl protection efforts were initiated.


⚫
On November 28, 2016, upwards of 60,000 [[snow geese]] landed in the pit during inclement weather. Once discovered, officials made efforts to haze the birds off of the pit's water and prevent more from landing in the area. Three to four thousand of the geese died. An official report issued in 2017 by the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] found that the dead geese succumbed due to drinking the acidic metalliferous water.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metals, acid in Berkeley Pit water killed geese, report confirms|url=https://mtstandard.com/news/local/metals-acid-in-berkeley-pit-water-killed-geese-report-confirms/article_0d30c9c3-ae67-56cf-9314-bb1685a1a42d.html|access-date=November 18, 2018|work=Montana Standard|author=Dunlap, Susan|date=April 18, 2017}}</ref>
⚫
After this event, Atlantic Richfield (AR) and Montana Resources (MR) further enhanced the waterfowl protection efforts which had been in place since 1996. A new Waterfowl Protection Plan was developed and allowed for adaptive management, testing, and incorporation new tools and techniques. Deterrents such as Phoenix Wailers, a type of noise machine, and propane cannons that mimic gunshots are placed around the rim of the pit to keep birds from landing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands of Montana snow geese die after landing in toxic, acidic mine pit|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/12/07/montana-snow-geese-searching-for-pond-land-in-toxic-mine-pit-thousands-die/?noredirect=on|access-date=November 18, 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|author=Guarino, Ben|date=December 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Migratory birds shooed away by drone, fireworks, lasers|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/26/migratory-birds-shooed-away-by-drone-fireworks-las/|access-date=November 18, 2018|work=The Spokesman-Review|agency=Associated Press|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> When waterfowl do land on the surface of the pit, personnel use firearms, hand-held lasers, and unmanned craft to haze them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saks|first=Nora|title=Most Montana Superfund Work Continues Despite Stay-At-Home Directive|url=https://www.mtpr.org/post/most-montana-superfund-work-continues-despite-stay-home-directive|access-date=2020-08-10|website=Montana Public Radio|date=10 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>


⚫
After this event, Atlantic Richfield (AR) and Montana Resources (MR) further enhanced the waterfowl protection efforts which had been in place since 1996. A new Waterfowl Protection Plan was developed and allowed for adaptive management, testing, and incorporation new tools and techniques. Deterrents such as Phoenix Wailers, a type of noise machine, and propane cannons that mimic gunshots are placed around the rim of the pit to keep birds from landing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands of Montana snow geese die after landing in toxic, acidic mine pit|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/12/07/montana-snow-geese-searching-for-pond-land-in-toxic-mine-pit-thousands-die/?noredirect=on|access-date=November 18, 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|author=Guarino, Ben|date=December 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Migratory birds shooed away by drone, fireworks, lasers|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/26/migratory-birds-shooed-away-by-drone-fireworks-las/|access-date=November 18, 2018|work=The Spokesman-Review|agency=Associated Press|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> When waterfowl do land on the surface of the pit, personnel use firearms, hand-held lasers, and unmanned craft to haze them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saks|first=Nora|title=Most Montana Superfund Work Continues Despite Stay-At-Home Directive|url=https://www.mtpr.org/post/most-montana-superfund-work-continues-despite-stay-home-directive|access-date=2020-08-10|website=Montana Public Radio|date=10 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
A pilot project was initiated in 2019 and began treating and releasing Berkeley Pit water into Silver Bow Creek at the confluence with Blacktail Creek. This was done to protect the local [[groundwater]] from eventually becoming contaminated by rising pit water.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saks|first=Nora|title=Butte Reaches Superfund Milestone, Releasing Berkeley Pit Water Into Silver Bow Creek|url=https://www.mtpr.org/post/butte-reaches-superfund-milestone-releasing-berkeley-pit-water-silver-bow-creek|access-date=2020-08-10|website=Montana Public Radio|date=2 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The plant cost $19 million and was designed to treat ten million gallons of water per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kpax.com/berkeley-pit-water-treatment-plant-is-almost-operational|title=Berkeley Pit water treatment plant is almost operational|last1=Emeigh|first1=John|date=7 August 2019|website=kpax.com|publisher=[[KPAX-TV]]|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>


===Important dates===
===Important dates===

Revision as of 19:50, 24 June 2024

Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area
Superfund site
Berkeley Pit (center) and Yankee Doodle Tailings Pond (upper left) with terraced levels/access roadways. The city of Butte is at lower right.
Geography
CityButte
CountySilver Bow
StateMontana
Coordinates46°01′N 112°31′W / 46.02°N 112.51°W / 46.02; -112.51
Butte is located in the United States
Butte
Butte
Location in the United States
Butte is located in Montana
Butte
Butte
Location in Montana
Information
CERCLIS IDMTD980502777
ContaminantsArsenic, cadmium,
copper, zinc, lead
Progress
Proposed30 December 1982
Listed8 September 1983
List of Superfund sites

The Berkeley Pit is a former open pit copper mine in the western United States, located in Butte, Montana. It is one mile (1.6 km) long by one-half mile (800 m) wide, with an approximate maximum depth of 1,780 feet (540 m). It is filled to a depth of about 900 feet (270 m) with water that is acidic (4.1 - 4.5 pH level), about the acidity of beer or tomatoes.[1] As a result, the pit's water is laden with heavy metals and dissolved metals that leach from the rock in a natural process known as acid rock drainage. The dissolved metals include but are not limited to copper, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, and sulfuric acid.

The mine was opened in 1955 and operated by the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, and later by the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO), until its closure on April, 22 in 1982.[2] When the pit was closed, the water pumps in the nearby Kelley Mine, 3,800 ft (1,200 m) below the surface, were turned off, and groundwater began to slowly fill the Berkeley Pit, rising at about the rate of one foot (30 cm) per month. Since its closure, the water level in the pit has risen to within 150 feet (46 m) of the "protective water level", above which the polluted water might flow into a nearby creek and other local water sources.[3] As a result, a water treatment plant has been operating at the site since October 2019.[4]

The Berkeley Pit can be visited by tourists, with a viewing stand and small visitor center.[5][6]

History

The Berkeley Pit in May 1984. Note the water level compared to the current water level in fisheye view, below.
Composite Fisheye View of the Berkeley Pit, April 2005

The underground Berkeley Mine was located on a prominent vein extending to the southeast from the main Anaconda vein system (sometimes called "the richest hill on earth"[7]). When open pit mining operations began in July 1955, near the Berkeley Mine shaft, the older mine gave its name to the pit. The open-pit style of mining superseded underground operations because it was far more economical and much less dangerous than underground mining.

Within the first year of operation, the pit extracted 17,000 tons of ore per day at a grade of 0.75% copper. Ultimately, about 1,000,000,000 tons of material were mined from the Berkeley Pit. Copper was the principal metal produced, although other metals were also extracted, including silver and gold.[8]

Two communities and much of Butte's previously crowded east side were consumed by land purchases to expand the pit during the 1970s.[9] The Anaconda Company bought the homes, businesses and schools of the working-class communities of Meaderville, East Butte, and McQueen, east of the pit site. Many of these homes were either destroyed, buried, or moved to the southern end of Butte. Residents were compensated at market value for their acquired property.[citation needed]

Pollution, toxicity, and cleanup

Perspective: Power line poles descending the walls of the pit. The poles are located slightly to the right of center in the above Composite Fisheye View, April 2005.

The Berkeley Pit is located within the Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit, a part of the Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site.[10] The pit itself was added to the federal Superfund site list in 1987. The Berkeley Pit is a low spot and acts like a sump for contaminated water. For this reason, it is currently an active part of the remedy for this operable unit.[3]

Water

A pilot water treatment project was initiated in 2019. It began treating and releasing Berkeley Pit water into Silver Bow Creek at the confluence with Blacktail Creek. This was done to protect the local groundwater from eventually becoming contaminated by rising pit water.[11] The plant cost $19 million and was designed to treat ten million gallons of water per day.[12]

Waterfowl

In 1996, 342 snow geese carcasses were recovered from the pit by researchers performing water quality testing.[13] ARCO, the custodian of the pit, denied that the toxic water caused the death of the geese, attributing the deaths to an acute aspergillosis infection that may have been caused by a grain fungus, as substantiated by Colorado State University necropsy findings.[13] These findings were disputed by the State of Montana on the basis of its own lab tests.[13] Necropsies showed their esophagi were lined with burns and sores from exposure to acidic metalliferous water. As a result, waterfowl protection efforts were initiated.

On November 28, 2016, upwards of 60,000 snow geese landed in the pit during inclement weather. Once discovered, officials made efforts to haze the birds off of the pit's water and prevent more from landing in the area. Three to four thousand of the geese died. An official report issued in 2017 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service found that the dead geese succumbed due to drinking the acidic metalliferous water.[14]

After this event, Atlantic Richfield (AR) and Montana Resources (MR) further enhanced the waterfowl protection efforts which had been in place since 1996. A new Waterfowl Protection Plan was developed and allowed for adaptive management, testing, and incorporation new tools and techniques. Deterrents such as Phoenix Wailers, a type of noise machine, and propane cannons that mimic gunshots are placed around the rim of the pit to keep birds from landing.[15][16] When waterfowl do land on the surface of the pit, personnel use firearms, hand-held lasers, and unmanned craft to haze them.[17]

Important dates

  • 1994 – September, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/DEQ issue Record of Decision (ROD) for Butte Mine Flooding Operable Unit.[18]
  • 1996 – April, Montana Resources (MR) and ARCO divert Horseshoe Bend (HSB) drainage water away from Berkeley Pit to slow filling rate, per ROD. [19]
  • 2000 – July, MR suspends mining operations due to high energy costs; HSB water allowed to flow back into pit, increasing pit filling rate. [19]
  • 2002 – March, US EPA and Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) enter into a Consent Decree with BP/ARCO and the Montana Resources Group (known as the Settling Defendants) for settlement of past and future costs for this site. [20]
  • 2002 (mid/late) – US EPA and MDEQ issue order for Settling Defendants to begin design of water treatment plant for HSB water. Settling Defendants issue contract and begin construction of treatment plant. [21]
  • 2003 – November, MR resumes mining operations.[19]
  • 2003 – November 17, HSB water treatment plant comes on line slowing pit filling rate.[19]

Geography

The mine is at 46°00′56″N 112°30′37″W / 46.01556°N 112.51028°W / 46.01556; -112.51028, at an altitude of 4,698 feet (1432 m) above mean sea level.

Geology

The Butte mining district is characterized by the Late Cretaceous Boulder batholith which metamorphosed surrounding rocks during the Laramide orogeny. Ore formation occurred with the intrusion of the Butte quartz monzonite pluton.[22] Mining of sulfide minerals began in the district in 1864. Placer deposits were mined out by 1867. Silver vein lodes were then the most productive until copper was discovered in 1881. Open-pit mining started in 1955. Copper has historically been the main metal produced, though lead, zinc, manganese, silver and gold have been produced at various times.[22]

  • Geologic cross section
    Geologic cross section
  • Butte District geologic map
    Butte District geologic map
  • Mineral zones
    Mineral zones

Organisms in the water

A protozoan species, Euglena mutabilis, was found to reside in the pit by Andrea A. Stierle and Donald B. Stierle, and the protozoans have been found to have adapted to the harsh conditions of the water.[23] Intense competition for the limited resources caused these species to evolve the production of highly toxic compounds to improve survivability; natural products such as berkeleydione, berkeleytrione,[24] and berkelic acid[25] have been isolated from these organisms which show selective activity against cancer cell lines. Some of these species ingest metals and are being investigated as an alternative means of cleaning the water.

Photos

  • The Berkeley Pit mine in Butte Montana.
    The Berkeley Pit mine in Butte Montana.
  • The Berkeley Pit mine in Butte Montana.
    The Berkeley Pit mine in Butte Montana.
  • The Berkeley Pit mine in Butte Montana.
    The Berkeley Pit mine in Butte Montana.

See also

References

  1. ^ Gammons & Icopini 2020 "Improvements to the Water Quality of the Berkeley Pit due to Copper Recovery and Sludge Disposal". Mine Water and the Environment, 2020.
  2. ^ "Anaconda to abandon Butte mine". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. April 24, 1982. p. 4A.
  3. ^ a b "Protective Water Level". PitWatch. Berkeley Pit Public Education Committee. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  4. ^ "Water Treatment". PitWatch. Berkeley Pit Public Education Committee. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
  5. ^ "Visit Us". PitWatch. Berkeley Pit Public Education Committee. Retrieved June 24, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "The Trolley". Butte-Silver Bow Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
  7. ^ Copper Camp: The Lusty Story of Butte, Montana, the Richest Hill on Earth. Riverbend Publishing. 2001. ISBN 978-1-931832-04-5.
  8. ^ "Berkeley Pit History". Colorado State University, Department of Biology. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
  9. ^ Thornton, Tracy (March 13, 2016). "McQueen photographs evoke bittersweet memories". Montana Standard. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  10. ^ "NASA - Berkeley Pit: Butte, Montana". www.nasa.gov. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  11. ^ Saks, Nora (2 October 2019). "Butte Reaches Superfund Milestone, Releasing Berkeley Pit Water Into Silver Bow Creek". Montana Public Radio. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
  12. ^ Emeigh, John (7 August 2019). "Berkeley Pit water treatment plant is almost operational". kpax.com. KPAX-TV. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  13. ^ a b c Adams, Duncan (December 11, 1995). "Did toxic stew cook the goose?". High Country News. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  14. ^ Dunlap, Susan (April 18, 2017). "Metals, acid in Berkeley Pit water killed geese, report confirms". Montana Standard. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  15. ^ Guarino, Ben (December 7, 2016). "Thousands of Montana snow geese die after landing in toxic, acidic mine pit". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  16. ^ "Migratory birds shooed away by drone, fireworks, lasers". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. September 16, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
  17. ^ Saks, Nora (10 April 2020). "Most Montana Superfund Work Continues Despite Stay-At-Home Directive". Montana Public Radio. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
  18. ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1994). EPA Superfund Record of Decision: Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area. Retrieved from https://semspub.epa.gov/work/08/1164465.pdf
  19. ^ a b c d Gammons, C.H., & Duaime, T.E. (2020). The Berkeley Pit and surrounding mine waters of Butte. Geology of Montana--Special Topics: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication, 122. Retrieved from https://mbmg.mtech.edu/pdf/geologyvolume/GammonsDuaimeMineWatersFinal.pdf
  20. ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency (2002, March 25). United States and Montana Reach Agreement with Mining Companies to Clean Up Berkeley Pit. [Press release] https://www.epa.gov/archive/epapages/newsroom_archive/newsreleases/746732fc9e0255f185256b88005adc40.html
  21. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Montana Department of Environmental Quality. (2002). Explanation of Significant Differences: Butte Mining Flooding Operable Unit Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area NPL Site. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/08/1140014.pdf
  22. ^ a b Edwin W. Tooker (1990). Gold in the Butte District, Montana in USGS Bulletin 1857 Gold in Copper Porphyry Copper Systems. United States Government Printing Office. p. E17-E27.
  23. ^ Gugliotta, Guy (2007-08-21). "Researchers Hope Creatures From Black Lagoon Can Help Fight Cancer". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  24. ^ Stierle, DB; Stierle, AA; Hobbs, JD; Stokken, J; Clardy, J (2004). "Berkeleydione and Berkeleytrione, New Bioactive Metabolites from an Acid Mine Organism". Organic Letters. 6 (6): 1049–1052. doi:10.1021/ol049852k. PMID 15012097.
  25. ^ Stierle, AA; Stierle, DB; Kelly, K (2006). "Berkelic Acid, A Novel Spiroketal with Selective Anticancer Activity from an Acid Mine Waste Fungal Extremophile". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 71 (14): 5357–5360. doi:10.1021/jo060018d. PMID 16808526.

Further reading

  • McClave, M. A. (1973). Control and distribution of supergene enrichment in the Berkeley Pit. in Guidebook. Butte District, Montana: Butte Field Meeting of Society of Economic Geologists. pp. K–1–K–4.
  • Shovers, B.; Fiege, M.; Martin, D.; Quivik, F. (1991). Butte and Anaconda revisited. Special Pub. 99. Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology.
  • Weed, W. H. (1912). Geology and ore deposits of the Butte District. Professional Paper 74. Montana: U.S. Geological Survey.
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