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| colspan="6" style=" border-bottom: 1px solid black;|In 2007, [[Joshua Wurman]] along with other researchers, published that a [[Doppler on Wheels]] recorded {{convert|135|m/s|mph km/h|abbr=on}} approximately {{convert|32|m|ft}} above the radar level.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31| title=Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas| journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society| volume=88| issue=1| pages=31–46| year=2007| last1=Wurman| first1=Joshua| last2=Alexander| first2=Curtis| last3=Robinson| first3=Paul| last4=Richardson| first4=Yvette| bibcode=2007BAMS...88...31W| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="2024RadarPaper">{{cite journal |last1=Lyza |first1=Anthony W. |last2=Flournoy |first2=Matthew D. |last3=Alford |first3=A. Addison |title=Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation |journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]] |date=19 March 2024 |volume=-1 |issue=aop |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/aop/MWR-D-23-0242.1/MWR-D-23-0242.1.xml |access-date=19 March 2024 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[University of Oklahoma]] via the [[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> In 2021, Wurman along with other researchers, revised the data using improved techniques and published that the Doppler on Wheels actually recorded {{convert|321|mph|km/h}} in the tornado.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wurman |first1=Joshua |last2=Kosiba |first2=Karen |last3=Pereira |first3=Brian |last4=Robinson |first4=Paul |last5=Frambach |first5=Andrew |last6=Gilliland |first6=Alycia |last7=White |first7=Trevor |last8=Aikins |first8=Josh |last9=Trapp |first9=Robert J. |last10=Nesbitt |first10=Stephen |last11=Hanshaw |first11=Maiana N. |last12=Lutz |first12=Jon |title=The Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM) |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |date=August 2021 |volume=102 |issue=8 |pages=E1499–E1525 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0285.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/102/8/BAMS-D-20-0285.1.xml |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Dow2024"/>
| colspan="6" style=" border-bottom: 1px solid black;|In 2007, [[Joshua Wurman]] along with other researchers, published that a [[Doppler on Wheels]] recorded {{convert|135|m/s|mph km/h|abbr=on}} approximately {{convert|32|m|ft}} above the radar level.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31| title=Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas| journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society| volume=88| issue=1| pages=31–46| year=2007| last1=Wurman| first1=Joshua| last2=Alexander| first2=Curtis| last3=Robinson| first3=Paul| last4=Richardson| first4=Yvette| bibcode=2007BAMS...88...31W| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="2024RadarPaper">{{cite journal |last1=Lyza |first1=Anthony W. |last2=Flournoy |first2=Matthew D. |last3=Alford |first3=A. Addison |title=Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation |journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]] |date=19 March 2024 |volume=-1 |issue=aop |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/aop/MWR-D-23-0242.1/MWR-D-23-0242.1.xml |access-date=19 March 2024 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[University of Oklahoma]] via the [[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> In 2021, Wurman along with other researchers, revised the data using improved techniques and published that the Doppler on Wheels actually recorded {{convert|321|mph|km/h}} in the tornado.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wurman |first1=Joshua |last2=Kosiba |first2=Karen |last3=Pereira |first3=Brian |last4=Robinson |first4=Paul |last5=Frambach |first5=Andrew |last6=Gilliland |first6=Alycia |last7=White |first7=Trevor |last8=Aikins |first8=Josh |last9=Trapp |first9=Robert J. |last10=Nesbitt |first10=Stephen |last11=Hanshaw |first11=Maiana N. |last12=Lutz |first12=Jon |title=The Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM) |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |date=August 2021 |volume=102 |issue=8 |pages=E1499–E1525 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0285.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/102/8/BAMS-D-20-0285.1.xml |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Dow2024"/>
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! style="background-color:#{{#invoke:Storm categories|color|cat5}}|EF5
| {{dts|May 24, 2011}}
| [[2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado|El Reno, Oklahoma]]
| {{convert|289|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|295.5|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|296|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
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| colspan="6" style=" border-bottom: 1px solid black;|[[RaXPol]] recorded a wind gust of {{convert|124.8|m/s|mph km/h|abbr=on}} about {{convert|60-70|m|ft|order=flip}} above the radar level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houser |first1=Jana Lesak |last2=Bluestein |first2=Howard B. |last3=Snyder |first3=Jeffrey C. |date=2016-11-01 |title=A Finescale Radar Examination of the Tornadic Debris Signature and Weak-Echo Reflectivity Band Associated with a Large, Violent Tornado |journal=Monthly Weather Review |language=EN |volume=144 |issue=11 |pages=4101–4130 |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-15-0408.1 |issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, this data was later revised to be {{convert|132.1|m/s|mph km/h|abbr=on}} at {{convert|22|m|ft|order=flip|abbr=on}} above the radar level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Snyder |first1=Jeffrey C. |last2=Bluestein |first2=Howard B. |date=2014-08-01 |title=Some Considerations for the Use of High-Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination |journal=Weather and Forecasting |language=EN |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=799–827 |doi=10.1175/WAF-D-14-00026.1 |issn=1520-0434 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="2024RadarPaper"/>
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! style="background-color:#{{#invoke:Storm categories|color|cat3}}|EF3
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| {{convert|313|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|313|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
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| colspan="6" style=" border-bottom: 1px solid black;|A Doppler on Wheels recorded winds between {{convert|257|-|336|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at or less than {{convert|100|m|ft}} above the radar level in a suction vortex inside the tornado.<ref name="2024RadarPaper"/> This was later revised by the Doppler on Wheels team to {{convert|291|-|336|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Dow2024"/> In 2015, [[Howard Bluestein]], along with other researchers, reported that the radar did capture at least a moment of winds of {{convert|313|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bluestein |first=Howard B. |last2=Snyder |first2=Jeffrey C. |last3=Houser |first3=Jana B. |date=2015-06-01 |title=A Multiscale Overview of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/30/3/waf-d-14-00152_1.xml |journal=Weather and Forecasting |language=EN |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=525–552 |doi=10.1175/WAF-D-14-00152.1 |issn=1520-0434}}</ref>
| colspan="6" style=" border-bottom: 1px solid black;|A [[Doppler on Wheels]] recorded winds between {{convert|257|-|336|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at or less than {{convert|100|m|ft}} above the radar level in a suction vortex inside the tornado.<ref name="2024RadarPaper"/> This was later revised by the Doppler on Wheels team to {{convert|291|-|336|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Dow2024"/> In 2015, [[Howard Bluestein]], along with other researchers, reported that the radar did capture at least a moment of winds of {{convert|313|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bluestein |first=Howard B. |last2=Snyder |first2=Jeffrey C. |last3=Houser |first3=Jana B. |date=2015-06-01 |title=A Multiscale Overview of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/30/3/waf-d-14-00152_1.xml |journal=Weather and Forecasting |language=EN |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=525–552 |doi=10.1175/WAF-D-14-00152.1 |issn=1520-0434}}</ref>
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! style="background-color:#{{#invoke:Storm categories|color|cat4}}" |EF4
! style="background-color:#{{#invoke:Storm categories|color|cat4}}" |EF4

Revision as of 02:02, 25 June 2024

This is a list of tornadoes which have been observed by mobile radars.

Background

See also: Doppler on Wheels, RaXPol, and SMART-R

List

See also: Tornado records § Highest winds observed in a tornado

Several tornadoes throughout the last few decades have been observed by various mobile radars. However, only the most notable ones are used for academic research and subsequently published.[1] This is a list of known tornadoes which were observed by mobile radars.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Official rating Date Location Minimum wind speed Maximum wind speed Highest confirmed wind speed
F5 May 3, 1999 Bridge Creek, Oklahoma 281 mph (452 km/h) 321 mph (517 km/h) 321 mph (517 km/h)
In 2007, Joshua Wurman along with other researchers, published that a Doppler on Wheels recorded 135 m/s (300 mph; 490 km/h) approximately 32 metres (105 ft) above the radar level.[2][1] In 2021, Wurman along with other researchers, revised the data using improved techniques and published that the Doppler on Wheels actually recorded 321 miles per hour (517 km/h) in the tornado.[3][4]
EF5 May 24, 2011 El Reno, Oklahoma 289 mph (465 km/h) 295.5 mph (475.6 km/h) 296 mph (476 km/h)
RaXPol recorded a wind gust of 124.8 m/s (279 mph; 449 km/h) about 200–230 feet (60–70 m) above the radar level.[5] However, this data was later revised to be 132.1 m/s (295 mph; 476 km/h) at 72 ft (22 m) above the radar level.[6][1]
EF3 May 31, 2013 El Reno, Oklahoma 291 mph (468 km/h) 336 mph (541 km/h) 313 mph (504 km/h)
A Doppler on Wheels recorded winds between 257–336 mph (414–541 km/h) at or less than 100 metres (330 ft) above the radar level in a suction vortex inside the tornado.[1] This was later revised by the Doppler on Wheels team to 291–336 mph (468–541 km/h).[4] In 2015, Howard Bluestein, along with other researchers, reported that the radar did capture at least a moment of winds of 313 miles per hour (504 km/h).[7]
EF4 May 21, 2024 Greenfield, Iowa 309 mph (497 km/h) 318 mph (512 km/h) 271 mph (436 km/h)
A Doppler on Wheels recorded winds of 263–271 mph (423–436 km/h) approximately 30–50 m (98–164 ft; 30–50 m) above the radar level. Following calculations to more accurately figuring out the winds, it was published that they recorded winds of 309–318 mph (497–512 km/h).[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Lyza, Anthony W.; Flournoy, Matthew D.; Alford, A. Addison (19 March 2024). "Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation". Monthly Weather Review. -1 (aop). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University of Oklahoma via the American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  2. ^ Wurman, Joshua; Alexander, Curtis; Robinson, Paul; Richardson, Yvette (2007). "Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 88 (1): 31–46. Bibcode:2007BAMS...88...31W. doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31.
  3. ^ Wurman, Joshua; Kosiba, Karen; Pereira, Brian; Robinson, Paul; Frambach, Andrew; Gilliland, Alycia; White, Trevor; Aikins, Josh; Trapp, Robert J.; Nesbitt, Stephen; Hanshaw, Maiana N.; Lutz, Jon (August 2021). "The Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 102 (8): E1499 – E1525. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0285.1. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b c "Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM) statement concerning preliminary peak wind speed determinations based on Doppler On Wheels (DOW) data obtained in the Greenfield, Iowa tornado of 21 May 2024" (PDF). Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area: University of Illinois. 23 June 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  5. ^ Houser, Jana Lesak; Bluestein, Howard B.; Snyder, Jeffrey C. (2016-11-01). "A Finescale Radar Examination of the Tornadic Debris Signature and Weak-Echo Reflectivity Band Associated with a Large, Violent Tornado". Monthly Weather Review. 144 (11): 4101–4130. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0408.1. ISSN 1520-0493.
  6. ^ Snyder, Jeffrey C.; Bluestein, Howard B. (2014-08-01). "Some Considerations for the Use of High-Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination". Weather and Forecasting. 29 (4): 799–827. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00026.1. ISSN 1520-0434.
  7. ^ Bluestein, Howard B.; Snyder, Jeffrey C.; Houser, Jana B. (2015-06-01). "A Multiscale Overview of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013". Weather and Forecasting. 30 (3): 525–552. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00152.1. ISSN 1520-0434.
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